M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / The aim of this study was to produce evidence that homoeopathic medicines stimulate biological activity, that it is not psychosomatic healing, and that it has therapeutic benefits by creating an effect on living tissue, thereby providing the validity and credibility of homoeopathy as a healing science in practice. As well as to give the medical profession scientific evidence that homoeopathic medicine stimulates biological activity and has an effect on living tissue. Hypothesis one was concerned with the homoeopathically prepared Avena Sativa having an effect on the growth rate of the Zea Mays seeds. Hypothesis two was concerned with the different potencies of homoeopathically prepared Avena Sativa, namely the six x, nine x and twelve x potencies, having different effects on the growth rates of the Zea Mays seeds. A trial experiment was conducted to perfect the technique of the methodology that was to be used in the experiment. The experiment consisted of twelve groups of Zea Mays seeds (three control groups, three six x groups, three nine x groups and three twelve x groups) of the seed lot number SNK2943 SPM which were randomly selected. Throughout the experiment it was made certain that no cross contamination of the different potencies took place. Germination rolls were incubated at twenty five degrees Celsius for twenty four hours. The Zea Mays seeds, fifty per roll, were then placed on the germination rolls and placed in the incubation chamber for thirty nine hours. Twenty four hours before replant, fresh germination rolls were prepared and incubated. Seeds were then replanted on the fresh germination rolls and placed in the incubation chamber for a further forty eight hours. Twenty four hours before measurement and replant, fresh germination rolls were prepared and incubated. The length of the coelioptile and the mesocoelioptile respectively were determined with a digitiser, then replanted and placed back in the incubation chamber for a further forty eight hours. At the time of forty eight hours the length of the coelioptile and the mesocoelioptile respectively were determined with the digitiser. All data was recorded and the results were statistically analysed. The mean and standard deviations were determined for all the groups of the experiment. The correlation between the different groups was determined by the testing of a one-way analysis of variance. The average growth rate of the control group was compared with that of the different experimental groups, by means of a one-way anova. There was found to be a statistical significant difference between the control group and the six x group. The six x potency had an initial detrimental effect on the growth rate of the Zea Mays seeds, the six x group however, completely recovered from this initial detrimental effect at the time that the second measurement was taken. The average growth rate of the control group was then compared with that of the nine x and twelve x potency groups respectively, no statistical difference could be determined between these three groups. It was concluded that further research is necessary using a larger sample size, a larger number of consecutive potencies and that more measurements be taken of the seeds at closer time intervals.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Agroindustria / No disponible a texto completo / El grano de la avena se ha utilizado en la alimentación animal y en la humana. Los principales productos para el consumo humano son: avena en escamas (tanto de cocción rápida como lenta) y harina de avena, empleada en la producción de alimentos para bebés y elaboración de galletas. Para la utilización de un producto alimenticio, o parte de éste, es necesario conocer sus propiedades y como éstas afectan la elaboración y aceptabilidad de un alimento. Entre éstas se encuentran las propiedades tecnológicas, dentro de las cuales se hallan: índice de solubilidad (ISA), índice de absorción de agua (IAA), hinchamiento (HIN), capacidad de retención de agua (CRA), capacidad de absorción de aceite (CAA) y densidad aparente (DA) y las propiedades funcionales dentro las cuales se encuentran: polifenoles totales (PT), fibra dietética total (FDT), fibra dietética insoluble (FDI), fibra dietética soluble (FDS) y capacidad de atrapamiento de radicales libres (DPPH). Debido a lo anteriormente señalado, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las propiedades tecnológicas y funcionales de las harinas obtenidas a partir de escamas de avenas crudas y precocidas. La harina cruda de escamas de avena tuvo un 10,23% de humedad; parámetros de color L* 78,78%, a* 2,08%, b* 14,21%. La composición química en base a materia seca en 100g de muestra fue: proteínas 13,58g, extracto etéreo 7,96g, fibra cruda 0,17g, cenizas 1,34g y extracto no nitrogenado 66,70g. Mientras que para harina precocida provenientes de escamas presentó una humedad de 10,17%; parámetros de color L* 77,18%, a*2,44%, b* 14,13%. La composición química en base a materia seca en 100g de muestra fue: proteínas 15,35%, extracto etéreo 7,76%, fibra cruda 0,27g, cenizas 2,62g y extracto no nitrogenado 63,84. La precocción de las harinas provenientes de escamas de avena presentaron diferencias significativas con respecto a las harinas crudas de escamas de avena en el análisis granulométrico presentando un mayor porcentaje en los tamaños de 425 y 710 μm, mayor cantidad de cenizas (2,62g/100g), disminución de ENN (63,84g/100g), alta cantidad de FDT (20,88g/100g), mayor cantidad de FDS (6,95g/100g), mayor FDI (13,94g/100g), disminución IAA (5,89g/g) y aumento del CRA (3,27g/g). / The oat grain has been used in animal feed and human. The main products for human consumption are flake oats (quick cooking so much as slow) and oatmeal, used in the production of baby food and making cookies. For the use of a food product or part thereof, is necessary to know their properties and how this affects the development and acceptability of a food. These include technological properties, among which are: water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), swelling (SW), water holding capacity (WHC), oil absorption capacity (OAC) and bulk density (AD) and functional properties which are within: total polyphenols (TP), total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and trapping capacity free radical (TCFR). Due to the above, the objective of this research was to determine the technological and functional properties of flour obtained from raw oat flakes and precooked. The raw meal oat flakes had a 10,23% of moisture; parameters of color L* 78,78%, a* 2.08% and b* 14.21%. The chemical composition based on 100g of sample dry matter basis was: 13,58 g proteins, 7,96 g ethereal extract, 0,17 g crude fiber , 1,34 g ash and non nitrogen extract 66,70 g. While for precooked from scales presented a moisture of 10,17%; color parameters L* 77,18%, a* 2,44%, b* 14,13%. The chemical composition based on 100g of sample dry matter basis was: protein 15,35%, 7,76% ethereal extract, crude fiber 0,27 g, ash 2,62 g and non nitrogen extract 63,84g. The precooking of the flours from oat flakes sieve analysis presented in greater quantity in sizes of 425 and 710 microns, greater amount of ash (2,62 g/100g), decrease of NNE (63,84 g/100g), high amount of TDF (20,88g/100g), most of SDS (6,95g/100g), higher FDI (13,94g/100g), decreased WAI (5.89g/g) and increased WHC (3,27g/g).

La avena (Avena spp.) es un cultivo de múltiples usos, predominando los relacionados al consumo animal como forraje verde, heno y grano. El contenido de proteínas (con un buen balance de aminoácidos), de carbohidratos y de fibras, le confiere al grano de avena un alto valor nutritivo. El consumo de avena en la alimentación humana ha sido revalorizado en la actualidad por algunas propiedades favorables para la salud, en particular porque los betaglucanos contribuyen a disminuír el colesterol en sangre. La calidad del grano de avena se compone de parámetros físicos y químicos. Entre los primeros están el peso hectolítrico, el desarrollo ó calibre (que involucra tamaño, forma y uniformidad del grano) y el contenido de pepita. Entre los segundos la proteína, el contenido de aceite y las fibras. La industria emplea la pepita que es el grano sin las cubiertas. Hay aspectos físicos del grano que inciden en el rendimiento industrial. El peso hectolítrico es una medida empleada por el comercio y por la industria, en general alto peso hectolítrico se asocia con alto rendimiento industrial, aunque algunos autores consideran que el porcentaje de pepita estima mejor la calidad. El propósito de éste trabajo fue relacionar peso hectolítrico con peso de mil granos, porcentaje de pepita, desarrollo de grano y contenido de proteína en diez variedades cultivadas en Argentina. Adicionalmente se determinó el Rendimiento Industrial de esas variedades y se relacionó con los aspectos físicos estudiados. Los ensayos se realizaron en 2004 y 2005 en Barrow. Todos los aspectos analizados mostraron diferencias significativas entre cultivares y además interacción entre año y genotipo excepto para peso de mil granos. El peso hectolítrico tuvo una alta asociación con peso de mil, desarrollo y también con rendimiento de grano. No fue significativa la correlación hallada entre peso hectolítrico y porcentaje de pepita, probablemente porque no hubo grandes diferencias en el contenido de pepita en los materiales evaluados. El Rendimiento Industrial fue calculado según el procedimiento sugerido por Floss, que emplea el desarrollo de granos y el contenido de pepita. Los parámetros que más influyeron sobre él fueron el desarrollo de grano y el peso de mil granos. El peso hectolítrico estuvo correlacionado en forma altamente significativa con el Rendimiento Industrial, semejante a lo hallado con porcentaje de pepita. El no haber encontrado una correlación significativa entre el peso hectolítrico y porcentaje de pepita, pero sí entre peso hectolítrico y desarrollo, peso hectolítrico y peso de mil granos y peso hectolítrico y Rendim iento Industrial permite concluir que el peso hectolítrico es un estimador mas de la calidad molinera de la avena. Finalmente se propuso un Indice de Calidad integrando los parámetros físicos evaluados (peso hectolítrico, peso de mil granos, desarrollo del grano, porcentaje de pepita) y el porcentaje de proteína. Con él se puede calificar desde el punto de vista de calidad industrial materiales en proceso de selección. Este Indice podrá ser usado en los programas de mejoramiento para combinar genotipos de alto rendimiento agronómico con aquellos de alto Indice de Calidad para la obtención de cultivares destinados a la industria. De los cultivares evaluados en este estudio ocho presentaron un Indice de Calidad superior a Suregrain, antiguo cultivar referente en calidad. Se considera que los resultados de este trabajo se podrán aplicar en los programas de mejoramiento y que también pueden ser de utilidad para la industria. / Oats (Avena spp.) is a crop with multiple uses, but predominantly employed for feed or hay. Its protein, carbohydrate and fiber content as well as its good aminoacid balance confers to this cereal a high nutritive value. Human consumption of oats has recently been revalued due to its favourable effects upon health, particularly for its betaglucans content that lowers cholesterol levels in blood. Its quality for industrial processing can be classified in: a) physical parameters such as test weight, caliber (grain size, shape, uniformity) and groats-to-hull ratio; and b) chemical ones: protein, oil and fiber content. Groat (kernel without hull) is used in food processing. Test weight is both used in grain trading and in processing; it is considered a quality m easure because it is associated with high milling yield. Some other authors prefer groat-to-hull ratio as a better estimator of quality. The aim of this research was to establish the relation between test weight, thousand kernel weight, groat-to-hull ratio, caliber and protein in ten oats cultivars from Argentina. Additionally, their m illing yield was evaluated and related to the physical parameters studied. The grain used came from field plots sown at the Barrow Experimental Station during 2004 and 2005. All the quality traits studied showed significant differences between cultivars and also year by genotype interaction, except for one thousand kernel weight.Test weight had a high association with one thousand kernel weight, caliber and also with grain yield. No significant correlation was found between test weight and groat-to-hull ratio probably due to the fact that the selected cultivars didnt show large difference in groat content. Milling yield was calculated by means of the procedure suggested by Floss which utilizes caliber and groat-to-hull ratio. Parameters with higher influence upon milling yield were caliber and thousand kernel weight. Test weight was highly correlated with milling yield in a similar manner to what was found for groat-to-hull ratio. Even when no correlation was found between test weight and groat-to-hull ratio but there was a positive correlation between test weight and caliber, test weight and thousand kernel weight, and test weight and m illing yield, it can be concluded that test weight can also be an estimator of the milling quality of oats. Finally, a Quality Index is proposed, which includes for calculation the physical parameters studied (test weight, thousand kernel weight, caliber, and groat-to-hull ratio) and protein. This Index may be useful as a selection tool since its capable of ranking materials for their grain quality and detecting top lines that can be combined with high yield ones in order to produce good varieties with high milling aptitude. Eight cultivars evaluated in this study possessed a Quality Index superior to Suregrain, an old variety that has been used for years as a quality reference. The results of this work can be used in selection programs and by the oat processing industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Valdir Demetrio.pdf: 622433 bytes, checksum: f514e08a2ef95b9aedd71815d7287e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to evaluate the yield of biomass in the aerial part in five genotypes of oats in the system integration farming-livestock. The experimental delineament was in casual blocks in scheme of subdivided portions, with four repetitions. The portions were represented by the genotypes (Black Common, IAPAR 61, IPR 126, FAPA 2 and FUNDACEP FAPA 43) and in the sub-portion for the management of four systems of cuts in different times, being: M1 (a unique cut in the blossom); M2 (a cut in the vegetative phase and other in the blossom); M3 (two cuts in the vegetative phase and other in the blossom) and M4 (three cuts in the vegetative phase and other in the blossom). To the evaluated forage income in the vegetative phase, the management of three cuts was superior to the others, mainly for the oats of long cycle, discarding FAPA 2, with a production of 1912 kg ha-1 of dry mass. To the straw income as covering of the soil, appraised in the blossom, the management without cut (M1), a cut (M2) and two cuts (M3) in the vegetative phase were superior, in spite of the larger production of the genotypes IPR 126 and FAPA 2 if verified under two cuts, with 13909 kg ha-1, and 14407 kg ha-1 of dry mass, respectively. However, the genotypes of long cycle in the management of cuts M4 made possible a larger and better seasonal distribution in the forage production to the animals in a critical period of forage lack, where it was obtained an accumulated production of three cuts among 4243 kg ha-1 for IPR 126 and 4537 kg ha-1 for FAPA 2 of dry mass, without compromise the subsequent straw production as covering of the soil, where emphasized these same genotypes IPR 126, with production of 11184 kg ha-1 and FAPA 2, with 11055 kg ha-1 of dry mass. Such results allow concluding that in favorable edafoclimatic conditions and appropriate management it can reach high forage production, without affecting the subsequent straw production for the covering of the soil, thus, evidencing the high aptness of those genotypes of oats of long cycle to the integration system of farming-livestock, with emphasis for the genotypes IPR 126 and FAPA 2 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de biomassa da parte aérea em cinco genótipos de aveia no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pelos genótipos (Preta Comum, IAPAR 61, IPR 126, FAPA 2 e FUNDACEP FAPA 43) e nas subparcelas pelo manejo de quatro sistemas de cortes em épocas distintas, sendo: M1 (corte único no florescimento); M2 (um corte na fase vegetativa e outro no florescimento); M3 (dois cortes na fase vegetativa e outro no florescimento) e M4 (três cortes na fase vegetativa e outro no florescimento). Para o rendimento de forragem avaliado na fase vegetativa, o manejo de três cortes foi superior aos demais, principalmente para as aveias de ciclo longo, destacando-se a FAPA 2, com uma produção de 1912 Kg ha-1 de massa seca. Para o rendimento de palhada como cobertura do solo, avaliado no florescimento, o manejo sem corte (M1), um corte (M2) e dois cortes (M3) na fase vegetativa foram superiores, apesar da maior produção dos genótipos IPR 126 e FAPA 2 se verificar sob dois cortes, com 13909 Kg ha-1 e 14407 Kg ha-1 de massa seca, respectivamente. No entanto, os genótipos de ciclo longo no manejo de cortes M4 possibilitaram uma maior e melhor distribuição estacional na produção de forragem aos animais num período crítico de carência alimentar, onde foi obtido uma produção acumulada de três cortes entre 4243 Kg ha-1 para a IPR 126 e 4537 Kg ha-1 para a FAPA 2 de massa seca, sem comprometer a posterior produção de palhada como cobertura do solo, onde destacaram-se estes mesmos genótipos IPR 126, com produção de 11184 Kg ha-1 e FAPA 2, com 11055 Kg ha-1 de massa seca. Tais resultados permitem concluir que em condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis e manejo adequado pode-se alcançar alta produção de forragem, sem afetar a posterior produção de palhada para a cobertura do solo, evidenciando desta forma a alta aptidão desses genótipos de aveia de ciclo longo ao sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, com destaque para os genótipos IPR 126 e FAPA 2

The inability to control wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in oat (Avena sativa L.) crops by chemical means limits growers to the use of cultural control methods. Delayed seeding is the most commonly used measure; however, both crop yield and quality may suffer as a result. The objectives of this research were to i) determine if western Canadian oat genotypes differ in competitive ability, ii) determine the effect of increased plant populations on oat wild oat competition, iii) determine the effect of wild oat competition on oat quality, and iv) establish whether or not oat genotype and seed size affect germination characteristics under low temperature and moisture stress. These objectives were tested using field and laboratory experiments. Morphologically diverse oat genotypes differed in their ability to both tolerate wild oat competition and interfere with wild oat growth. Although low yielding under weed-free conditions, when subject to wild oat competition CDC Bell was able to maintain yield, reduce wild oat seed production and was the most competitive of the genotypes examined. Increased plant populations achieved through higher seeding rates provide an effective means by which to enhance the competitive ability of oat genotypes resulting in reduced yield loss and wild oat seed production. With the exception of the percentage of wild oat seed in harvested oat samples, wild oat competition had minimal effect on oat quality. Differences in germination characteristics were observed among the genotypes examined. Conclusions that emerge from this research are that i) oat genotypes differ in their ability to tolerate and interfere with wild oat competition, ii) increased plant populations may provide a long-term control measure that may reduce weed seed contribution to the soil seedbank as well as enhance the competitive ability of oat, iii) wild oat competition has minimal effect on milling oat quality with the exception of percentage of wild oat seed in harvested samples and iv) that median germination time varies among oat genotypes.

The inability to control wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in oat (Avena sativa L.) crops by chemical means limits growers to the use of cultural control methods. Delayed seeding is the most commonly used measure; however, both crop yield and quality may suffer as a result. The objectives of this research were to i) determine if western Canadian oat genotypes differ in competitive ability, ii) determine the effect of increased plant populations on oat wild oat competition, iii) determine the effect of wild oat competition on oat quality, and iv) establish whether or not oat genotype and seed size affect germination characteristics under low temperature and moisture stress. These objectives were tested using field and laboratory experiments. Morphologically diverse oat genotypes differed in their ability to both tolerate wild oat competition and interfere with wild oat growth. Although low yielding under weed-free conditions, when subject to wild oat competition CDC Bell was able to maintain yield, reduce wild oat seed production and was the most competitive of the genotypes examined. Increased plant populations achieved through higher seeding rates provide an effective means by which to enhance the competitive ability of oat genotypes resulting in reduced yield loss and wild oat seed production. With the exception of the percentage of wild oat seed in harvested oat samples, wild oat competition had minimal effect on oat quality. Differences in germination characteristics were observed among the genotypes examined. Conclusions that emerge from this research are that i) oat genotypes differ in their ability to tolerate and interfere with wild oat competition, ii) increased plant populations may provide a long-term control measure that may reduce weed seed contribution to the soil seedbank as well as enhance the competitive ability of oat, iii) wild oat competition has minimal effect on milling oat quality with the exception of percentage of wild oat seed in harvested samples and iv) that median germination time varies among oat genotypes.

The oat is a worldwide importance of winter cereal and Brazil stands out in the southern region as an alternative culture of winter. The cultivation of oats has several purposes, whether in crop rotation, soil cover, food and feed. Nitrogen fertilization is essential in the oat crop, since it has direct effects on yield components, working in the issuance and maintenance of fertile tillers. In order to evaluate the seeds of productivity in the agricultural harvest, the physiological seed quality and quality of oat seedlings after eight months of storage, depending on the application of nitrogen in coverage, in different farming systems, was We developed this study, conducted in two stages, the field and another laboratory. The field experiment was conducted in two cropping systems. Thus it was formed a ground cover plant residue with system with high C / N ratio (maize / oat) and other low C / N ratio (soybean / oat). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, following a factorial 4 x 2 x 2 for the factors nitrogen, cultivars and year, respectively. The levels were formed as follows: i) nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) applied 30 days after emergence; ii) oat cultivars (Barbarasul and Brisasul) and iii) agricultural year (2011 and 2012). The evaluated traits were seed yield, thousand grain weight, germination, vigor and root dry weight, dry weight of shoot and total dry mass of seedlings. It was observed that the system soy / oats, the main effects (nitrogen dose and genotype) promoted changes in characters. The results show that oat seeds when stored without temperature and humidity control can be used as a seed crop in the following year, provided that the management of nitrogen and other agronomic practices are properly carried out. Seedlings grown from seeds stored under controlled conditions do not show that the system soy / oats for development of seedlings with larger root dry matter, dry matter of shoot and total dry matter. Furthermore, this system had a higher stability in character when compared to the corn seedling system / oats. / A aveia branca é um cereal de inverno de importância mundial e no Brasil destaca-se na região sul como cultura alternativa de inverno. O cultivo da aveia tem diversos fins, seja na rotação de culturas, cobertura de solo, alimentação humana e animal. A adubação nitrogenada é fundamental na cultura da aveia branca, visto que tem efeitos diretos nos componentes de rendimento, atuando na emissão e manutenção de afilhos férteis. Com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade de sementes na safra agrícola, a qualidade fisiológica de sementes e a qualidade de plântulas de aveia branca após oito meses de armazenamento, em função da aplicação de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura, em distintos sistemas de cultivo, foi desenvolvido este estudo, conduzido em duas fases, uma de campo e outra de laboratório. O experimento de campo foi desenvolvido em dois sistemas de cultivo. Dessa forma, foi constituído um sistema com cobertura de solo com resíduo vegetal de elevada relação C/N (milho/aveia) e outro de reduzida relação C/N (soja/aveia). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, seguindo um esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2 para os fatores doses de nitrogênio, cultivares e ano, respectivamente. Os níveis foram assim constituídos: i) doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) aplicadas em 30 dias após a emergência; ii) cultivares de aveia (Barbarasul e Brisasul) e iii) ano agrícola (2011 e 2012). Os caracteres avaliados foram produtividade de sementes, massa de mil grãos, germinação, vigor e massa seca de raiz, massa seca de parte aérea e massa seca total de plântulas. Foi observado que no sistema soja/aveia, os efeitos principais (dose de nitrogênio e genótipo) promoveram alterações nos caracteres. Os resultados evidenciam que sementes de aveia branca quando armazenadas sem controle de temperatura e umidade, podem ser empregada como semente na lavoura do ano posterior, desde que, o manejo do nitrogênio e outras práticas agronômicas sejam adequadamente realizadas. As plântulas oriundas de sementes armazenadas em condições não controladas mostram que no sistema soja/aveia há desenvolvimento de plântulas com maior matéria seca de raiz, matéria seca de parte aérea e matéria seca total. Além disso, este sistema obteve maior estabilidade nos caracteres de plântula quando comparado ao sistema milho/aveia.

Na região sul do Brasil a aveia tem sido muito utilizada, devido a suas características entre elas a qualidade nutricional tanto para alimentação humana como para a alimentação animal. Entretanto existe poucos cultivares de aveia branca com a finalidade de produção de forragem, assim como poucos cultivares de aveia preta no mercado. Com isso a maior parte das sementes vendidas não possui origem genética conhecida recebendo a denominação de “Comum”. Sendo assim este estudo teve por objetivo proceder a uma avaliação inicial em diversas linhagens de aveia branca e preta com o intuito de caracterizar a diversidade genética e o desempenho agronômico identificando os genótipos promissores para o lançamento de cultivares com o propósito de produção de forragem. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas regiões fisiográficas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Depressão Central e na Campanha Gaúcha nos anos de 2008 e 2009. Na avaliação do potencial produtivo das linhagens de aveia branca não houve interação para o fator local e nem para ano, tendo no primeiro ano valor médio de produções para a Depressão Central e Campanha Gaúcha, de, 82,3 e 76,3 gramas por metro linear de MST, respectivamente. Na avaliação do segundo, as médias de produções, para esta espécie na Depressão Central e na Campanha Gaúcha foram, respectivamente, 80,0 e 119,8 g m-1 de MST. As linhagens de aveia preta foram avaliadas no primeiro ano em linhas e no segundo em parcelas, apresentando interação genótipo X ambiente, sendo que a região da Depressão Central foi a mais produtiva no primeiro ano e a Campanha Gaúcha no segundo. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada através de descritores morfológicos e a similaridade entre as linhagens foi calculada pela distância Euclidiana, formando três grupos para aveia branca e quatro grupos para aveia preta. Os caracteres que mais influenciaram na formação dos grupos, na aveia branca, foram a estatura da planta, a largura e o comprimento da folha e para aveia preta a foi necessária a utilização de todas as características para a formação dos grupos. A avaliação agronômica foi eficiente para demonstrar que ambas as espécies apresentaram linhagens com potencial para utilização como plantas forrageiras. / In the Southern region of Brazil, oat has been often used, due to its characteristics, such as nutritional value, not only for human nutrition, but also for animal nutrition. However, there are a few cultivars of white oat (Avena sativa L.) that have the objective of forage production, as well as a few cultivars of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) in the market. As a result, the seeds sold do not have a known genetic origin, receiving the “Common” denomination. Therefore, this study had as a goal to proceed with an initial evaluation of various strains of black and white oats, with the objective of characterizing the genetic diversity and the agronomic performance, identifying the promising genotypes for the release of cultivars, with the purpose of forage production. The experiments were conducted in two geographical regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Depressão Central and in the Campanha Gaúcha. In the evaluation of the potential yield of white oat strains, there was no interaction for the local factor, nor for the year; in the first year, the average value of yield in the Depressão Central and the Campanha Gaúcha, was 82,3 and 76,3 g m-1 of MST, respectively. In the second year of evaluation, the yields averages for this species in the Depressão Central and the Campanha Gaúcha were, 80,0 and 119,8 g m-1 of TDM, respectively. The strains of black oats were evaluated in rows in the first year and in plots in the second, presenting genotype X environment interaction. The region of Depressão Central was the most productive in the first yea and the Campanha Gaúcha was the most productive in the second year. The morphological characterization was made through morphological descriptors and the similarity among the strains was calculated by Euclidean distance, with the formation of three groups of white oats and four groups of black oats. The traits that most influenced the group formation, in the white oats, were the plant’s stature, width and length, and for the black oat it was necessary the use of all of the characteristics, in order to achieve the group formation. The agronomic evaluation was efficient to demonstrate that both species presented strains with potential to be used as forage plants.

Aiming to evaluate non apparent relations among individual studies and provide a set of more accurate information about supplement utilization on cool-season cultivated pastures, variables from nine experiments wich tested levels and kinds of supplements offered to beef heifers were analyzed. At first, data were stratified in two groups: with and without supplement utilization. Afterwards, supplements offered in different levels were collected in three groups, to estimate the effect of sources ( by-product , grain , ration ). Pasture was evaluated in relation to the availability, structure, chemical composition and digestibility. For animals and per unit of area, the variables analyzed were average daily gain (ADG), body condition score (BCS), back height, stocking rate and live weight gain per hectare. The addition and substitution rates and the efficiency of transformation of grass and supplement were calculated. The availability and the structure of the grass were similar for both groups. Heifers that received supplement presented greater ADG and ingested grass with lesser neutral detergent fiber detergent. At the end of the pasture utilization, the heifers that received supplement were heavier, higher and presented greater BCS. Females that received ration presented higher average daily gain than heifers that received grain or by-product (P<0,05), while the higher stocking rate were verified when the beef heifers received byproduct (P<0,05), with an increment of 45,1% in relation to the others. The live weight gain per hectare was similar between the different kinds of supplement. The utilization of grains provided better results on individual and per area performance when were given at a rate of 0,8% of live weight (LW). For by-product , grain and ration , the substitution rate were 0,8, 0,1 e 0,0 kg of dry matter (DM) of grass/kg of supplement, respectively. The efficiency of transformation of the supplement into kg of LW was similar (P>0,05) among kinds of supplement. However, when the females received ration, the efficiency of transformation of the grass was higher. The choice of the kind of supplement to use in high quality pastures should be based on the purpose of the production system. Rations provide greater increments on the individual performance while by-products provide greater stocking rate and individual performance. / Com o objetivo de avaliar relações não aparentes nos estudos individuais e providenciar um conjunto de informações mais acuradas sobre o uso de suplementos em pastagens cultivadas de clima temperado, foram analisadas em conjunto as variáveis medidas em nove experimentos, que testaram níveis e tipos de suplementos para novilhas de corte. Os dados foram inicialmente estratificados em dois grupos: com e sem o uso de suplemento. Posteriormente, os suplementos fornecidos em diferentes níveis, foram reunidos em três grupos, para estimar o efeito de fontes ( subproduto , grão , ração comercial ). O pasto foi avaliado quanto à disponibilidade, estrutura, composição química e digestibilidade. As variáveis analisadas nos animais e por unidade de área foram o ganho médio diário (GMD), escore de condição corporal (ECC), altura da cernelha, taxa de lotação e ganho de peso por área. Foram calculadas as taxas de adição e substituição, eficiência de transformação do pasto e do suplemento. A disponibilidade e a estrutura do pasto foram semelhantes para os grupos com e sem suplemento. Bezerras que receberam suplemento apresentaram maior GMD e consumiram pasto com menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro. Ao final do período de utilização da pastagem as bezerras que receberam suplemento foram mais pesadas, mais altas e apresentaram maior ECC. Fêmeas que receberam ração apresentaram maior ganho médio diário GMD que bezerras que receberam grão ou subproduto (P<0,05), enquanto as maiores taxas de lotação foram verificadas quando as bezerras receberam sub-produto (P<0,05), com acréscimo de 45,1% em relação à ração e aos grãos. O ganho de peso por área foi semelhante nos diferentes tipos de suplemento. O uso de grãos proporcionou melhores resultados no desempenho individual e por área quando fornecido na proporção de 0,8% do peso vivo (PV). As taxas de substituição foram de 0,8; 0,1 e 0,0 kg de MS do pasto/kg de suplemento, para sub-produto , grão e ração , respectivamente. A eficiência de transformação do suplemento em kg de PV foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os tipos de suplemento. A eficiência de transformação do pasto, no entanto, foi maior quando as fêmeas receberam ração. Em pastagens de alta qualidade a escolha do tipo de suplemento depende do objetivo do sistema de produção. Rações proporcionam maiores incrementos no desempenho individual enquanto subprodutos proporcionam maiores taxas de lotação e desempenho individual.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV12MA110.pdf: 2591449 bytes, checksum: 27cb6be3c7bf6e17938244344c337801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-04 / The white oat (Avena sativa) is one of the main alternatives to the crop during the winter. Currently, the breeding programs aim at developing genotypes with high grain yield and industrial quality from whole crop production environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance, grain industrial quality and seed quality of white oat produced at Santa Catarina state plateau, with and without fungicide application on plant canopy. This work also aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the electrical conductivity at different soaking times for grouping of oat seed lots on basis in its vigor. The agronomic performance was evaluated from 2010 and 2011 growing seasons with 25 cultivars. The sowing date was July of each year. Were evaluated plant height, lodging, thousand grain weight, grain yield, hectoliter weight, hulless index and grain diameter. For physiological and sanitary quality of seeds were used 25 cultivars obtained from 2010 growing season. The evaluations of seed included standard germination and a several vigor tests (first count, sand emergence, germination speed index, seedling length, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and potassium leakage). The experiment to standardize seed vigor by the electrical conductivity was conducted with seed obtained from 2010 crop year, with the cultivar URS Guria. After harvest, the seeds were splited into 8 lots, 4 from plants treated with fungicide (CF) and 4 without fungicide application (SF) on plant canopy. The results showed that in 2010 growing season, the cultivars considered highest on basis at agronomic traits combined industrial quality were Barbarasul, Brisasul, Tarimba, IAC 7 and UPFA 22 Temprana. In the 2011 season, the URS Corona, URS Estampa, URS Guará, URS Penca and Louise were higher on agronomic traits. The Albasul, Brisasul, UPF 16 and IAC 7 were among the better on vigor tests. The fungi Drechslera avenae, Alternaria sp., Fusarium graminearum, Epiccocum sp., had negative influences on seed physiological quality of some white oat. The electrical conductivity test is effective to grouping seed lots of oats by physiological quality and, one hour of soaking is possible to differentiate these seed lots. The fungicide applied on plant canopy improves the most important parameters agronomic and industrial, like as hectoliter weight, grain diameter, thousand grain weight, grain hulless index, and has a positive relationship with higher seeds vigor and decrease incidence of Drechslera avenae in oat seeds / A cultura de aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) é uma das principais alternativas para o cultivo durante o inverno. Atualmente, os programas de melhoramento objetivam o desenvolvimento de genótipos com alto potencial produtivo e excelente qualidade industrial em diferentes ambientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico, qualidade industrial de grãos e qualidade de sementes de aveia branca produzidas no planalto catarinense, com e sem aplicação de fungicida na parte aérea da planta. Também objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica, em diferentes períodos de embebição na estratificação de lotes de sementes de aveia branca. O desempenho agronômico e qualidade industrial de grãos foram avaliados nas safras 2010 e 2011 com 25 cultivares, semeadas no mês de julho de cada ano, sendo que na safra 2010 as plantas foram tratadas com e sem aplicação de fungicida (Tebuconazole), visando o controle de ferrugem. Avaliaram-se estatura de planta, percentagem de acamamento, massa de mil grãos, rendimento de grãos, peso do hectolitro, índice de descasque e espessura de grãos. Para a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes utilizaram-se 25 cultivares, produzidas na safra 2010. Avaliaram-se germinação, vigor (primeira contagem, emergência em areia, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento de plântula, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado e lixiviação de potássio) e patologia de sementes. O experimento para avaliação de sementes através da condutividade elétrica foi realizado na safra 2010, com a cultivar URS Guria. Após colhidas, as sementes foram subdivididas em oito lotes, sendo quatro provenientes de plantas pulverizadas com fungicida (CF) e quatro sem aplicação de fungicida (SF) na parte aérea da planta de aveia branca. Em 2010, as cultivares consideradas superiores nos caracteres agronômicos e industriais (peso do hectolitro, grãos maiores que 2 mm, massa de mil grãos e índice de descasque) foram Barbarasul, Brisasul, Tarimba, IAC 7 e UPFA 22 Temprana. Já na safra 2011 foram URS Corona, URS Estampa, URS Guará, URS Penca e Louise. As cultivares Albasul e Brisasul, UPF 16 e IAC 7 estiveram entre as cultivares com melhor desempenho na germinação e qualidade fisiológica. A presença de Drechslera avenae, Alternaria sp. Fusarium graminearum., Epiccocum sp influencia negativamente na germinação e potencial fisiológico de sementes de algumas cultivares de aveia branca. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi eficiente na diferenciação de lotes de sementes de aveia branca, sendo que com 1 h de embebição possibilitou diferenciar lotes quanto à qualidade fisiológica de sementes de aveia branca. A aplicação de fungicida melhora a massa de mil grãos, peso hectolitro e índice de descasque, além de produzir sementes com maior qualidade fisiológica e diminuir a incidência de Drechslera avenae em sementes de aveia branca