The current computer models used for simulating water quality in potable water distribution systems assume perfect mixing at pipe junctions and non-dispersive solute transport in pipe flows. To improve the prediction accuracy, the present study examines and expands these modeling assumptions using transport phenomena analyses. Whereas the level of solute mixing at a cross-type junction is evaluated numerically via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the axial transport in laminar flows is investigated with both CFD simulations and corresponding experimental runs in a single pipe. The findings show that solute mixing at junctions is rather incomplete owing to the limited spatio-temporal interaction that occurs between incoming flows with different qualities. Incomplete mixing shifts the expected propagation patterns of a chemical or microbial constituent from widely-spread to narrowly-concentrated over the service area. On the other hand, solute dispersion is found to prevail over advective transport in laminar pipe flows. Thus, this work develops axial dispersion rates through parameter optimization techniques. By accounting for axial dispersive effects, the patterns of solute delivery shifted from high concentrations over short time periods to lower doses at prolonged exposure times. In addition, the present study integrates the incomplete mixing model into the optimal placement of water quality monitoring stations aimed at detecting contaminant intrusions.

No description available.

The current study expands on the body of knowledge associated with water distribution system security. The three main chapters focus on 1) the effectiveness of an incomplete mixing model (AZRED-I) with respect to multi-objective sensor placement decisions; 2) risk assessment as a tool for evaluating vulnerability and making sensor placement decisions; and 3) experimental verification of a combined axial-dispersion and incomplete-mixing water quality model (AZRED-II). The study concludes that water quality models do impact sensor placement decisions, especially in highly interconnected networks; that risk assessment is a valuable evaluation tool for providing information concerning a system's vulnerability to contamination and also information that can affect sensor placement decisions; and that AZRED-II is superior to other water quality models at predicting the spatiotemporal pattern of a pulse through a distribution network with cross junctions under laminar flow. The other sections of the study describe the connection that exists between water distribution security and water quality models.

The goal of this work is to increase the current understanding of Controlled Radical Polymerizations (CRPs) in two areas. Progressing closer towards employing an aqueous system, specifically miniemulsion, to produce poly(vinyl acetate) via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) chemistry constitutes the first part of this goal. Presented are the results of miniemulsion polymerizations using both water and oil-soluble initiators. Limiting conversions in both are examined and explained in terms of radical loss. The second part of the goal is to further the understanding of the nature of the RAFT/miniemulsion system when employed in continuous tubular reactors. The development of the recipe using mixed surfactants, the results of styrene homopolymerizations in batch and tube, and the results of a chain extension experiment demonstrating the living nature of the chains formed in the tubular reactor are presented. Kinetic anomalies are addressed, as well as polydispersity (PDI) differences between batch and tube. Flow phenomenon and their influence on residence time distribution and by implication the polydispersity of the polymer formed are offered as explanations for the variance in PDI and are subsequently quantified. A model of RAFT in laminar flow is presented and the results and implications are discussed in general terms. The flow profile of the reactor is examined using a tracer technique developed specifically for this system. Experiments are presented directly relating the residence time distribution to the polydispersity of the polymer. Transient behavior of the reactor in isolated plug flow is explained in terms of initiator loss. Both experimental data and a model are used to support this hypothesis. Finally, conclusions and implications are presented and unanswered questions and the ideas for future work that they generated are addressed.

<p>The anaerobic treatment of waste water has been studied with an emphasis on the Up- flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. A model to describe the processes occurring in a UASB reactor was developed and an experimental study of the anaerobic wastewater treatment systems in Nicaragua was also performed.</p><p>Experimental work was carried out in order to link the study to the wastewater treatment situation in Nicaragua, a developing country. In order to assess the performance of the treatment plants, the methanogenic activity of sludge from seven anaerobic wastewater treatment plants was first addressed. Due to a lack of Standards for the measurement of methanogenic activity, a laboratory method was developed based on the methods found in the literature. An additional aim of this study was to find adequate inoculum for the wastewater treatment plant in a brewery using an anaerobic reactor. Physic-chemical characteristics of the sludge were also determined to provide a basis for decisions regarding the agricultural employment of the sludge from the treatment plants.</p><p>A one-dimensional model describing the physical and biological processes occurring in an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor has been developed. These processes are advection, dispersion and reaction in the granule, including mass transport at the interface and diffusion within the particle. The advection-dispersion equation is used to describe these phenomena in the reactor. Dispersion is mainly caused by the gas bubbles rising up through the reactor and the granules in the ascending flow. The extent of the dispersion is expressed by the dimensionless Peclet (Pe) number. It is assumed that the biological degradation takes place at the surface and within the granules. The processes occurring in the granules formed by the microorganisms are described in detail; they include diffusion in the stagnant film around the granule, diffusion within the particle, and a degradation reaction. From these processes, the reaction term is analytically determined. The granules were modelled as spherical porous biocatalysts of different sizes. The biochemical degradation reactions were assumed to follow Monod type kinetics of the first order. For the numerical solution of the model, a standard program was used (Within MATLAB). The model was applied to some experimental data taken from the literature.</p><p>An important characteristic of the model is that it can simultaneously take into account reactions in granules of different sizes. At present, the parameters of the model are calculated using data from the literature; but experimental measurements of the main parameters are planned. The impact of the different parameters was studied by numerical simulation and its validity was tested using experimental data reported in the literature. The model could be a useful tool in the performance optimization of UASB reactors by predicting the influences of different operational parameters.</p>

L'intérêt croissant pour l'intensification des procédés a conduit à l'avènement d'un nombre conséquent de nouvelles technologies. Le projet ANR PROCIP qui a financé cette thèse a pour but de développer un logiciel d’aide à la décision pour aider l’utilisateur industriel dans son choix de technologie optimale pour une application donnée. La méthodologie globale de discrimination des technologies vis-à-vis d’un système réactif est basée sur l’utilisation d’une base de données technologique et sur le calcul de critères de choix. Elle nécessite une bonne connaissance du comportement hydrodynamique des appareils et de leurs performances en termes de transfert de chaleur et de matière. Dans cet objectif, les travaux présentés ici portent notamment sur l’étude du comportement hydrodynamique de milli-réacteurs échangeurs industriels. Des méthodologies expérimentales et numériques de caractérisation ont été mises au point. Elles ont permis d’obtenir des corrélations pour l’estimation des pertes de charge, des coefficients de dispersion axiale et des temps de mélange pour plusieurs milli-réacteurs en fonction des conditions opératoires et de la géométrie des appareils. En outre, une nouvelle méthode numérique est proposée pour la détermination des coefficients de dispersion axiale et des temps de mélange. Elle est appliquée pour prédire l’effet de l’extrapolation des caractéristiques géométriques des appareils sur ces propriétés. Dans une dernière partie, l’impact de la dispersion axiale sur le taux de conversion et la sélectivité de différents schémas de synthèses chimiques est discuté. / The interest for process intensification has leaded to the emergence of a wide panel of new technologies. The aim of the ANR PROCIP collaborative project which has funded this work is to develop a new software program including a methodology for process choice focused on intensified technologies. The global methodology of discrimination between the different technologies with respect to a given reactive system is based on the use of an equipment database and on the evaluation of criterion of choice. This methodology implies a good knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the different reactors and their mass and thermal transfer performances. The purpose of the present work is to develop experimental and numerical methodologies for the hydrodynamic characterization of different industrial milli-heat-exchangers reactors. Pressure drop, mixing time and axial dispersion coefficient correlations are given as function of the operating conditions and the geometrical parameters of the reactors. In particular, a new numerical method using CFD computation for the determination of axial dispersion coefficients and mixing times is presented. This method is used to predict the effect of the scale-up of the geometrical characteristics of an intensified reactor on its hydrodynamic performances. Finally, the impact of axial dispersion on the conversion rate and the selectivity for different chemical synthesis schemes is discussed

The anaerobic treatment of waste water has been studied with an emphasis on the Up- flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. A model to describe the processes occurring in a UASB reactor was developed and an experimental study of the anaerobic wastewater treatment systems in Nicaragua was also performed. Experimental work was carried out in order to link the study to the wastewater treatment situation in Nicaragua, a developing country. In order to assess the performance of the treatment plants, the methanogenic activity of sludge from seven anaerobic wastewater treatment plants was first addressed. Due to a lack of Standards for the measurement of methanogenic activity, a laboratory method was developed based on the methods found in the literature. An additional aim of this study was to find adequate inoculum for the wastewater treatment plant in a brewery using an anaerobic reactor. Physic-chemical characteristics of the sludge were also determined to provide a basis for decisions regarding the agricultural employment of the sludge from the treatment plants. A one-dimensional model describing the physical and biological processes occurring in an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor has been developed. These processes are advection, dispersion and reaction in the granule, including mass transport at the interface and diffusion within the particle. The advection-dispersion equation is used to describe these phenomena in the reactor. Dispersion is mainly caused by the gas bubbles rising up through the reactor and the granules in the ascending flow. The extent of the dispersion is expressed by the dimensionless Peclet (Pe) number. It is assumed that the biological degradation takes place at the surface and within the granules. The processes occurring in the granules formed by the microorganisms are described in detail; they include diffusion in the stagnant film around the granule, diffusion within the particle, and a degradation reaction. From these processes, the reaction term is analytically determined. The granules were modelled as spherical porous biocatalysts of different sizes. The biochemical degradation reactions were assumed to follow Monod type kinetics of the first order. For the numerical solution of the model, a standard program was used (Within MATLAB). The model was applied to some experimental data taken from the literature. An important characteristic of the model is that it can simultaneously take into account reactions in granules of different sizes. At present, the parameters of the model are calculated using data from the literature; but experimental measurements of the main parameters are planned. The impact of the different parameters was studied by numerical simulation and its validity was tested using experimental data reported in the literature. The model could be a useful tool in the performance optimization of UASB reactors by predicting the influences of different operational parameters. / QC 20101116

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19372号 / 工博第4117号 / 新制||工||1635(附属図書館) / 32386 / 新制||工||1635 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Novel integrated ozone contactor design and optimization tools which consist of an instrument that measures ozone decay kinetics, a program that performs predictive simulation, and an experimental method to examine mixing characteristics within the ozone contactor, were developed in this study. A multi-channel stopped-flow reactor (MC-SFR) is an instrument that performs automatic, real-time, and continuous analysis of ozone decay kinetics in natural waters. Ozone Contactor Model (OCM) is the software to simulate the performance of full-scale ozone bubble-diffuser contactors in support of current and future regulations regarding pathogen and bromate control in drinking water. The MC-SFR and OCM developed in this study were further applied to simulate Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst log inactivation and bromate formation in Linnwood Water Plant Ozone Facility (LWPOF) at Milwaukee Water Works, Milwaukee, WI and model predictions were verified with experimental results. Three dimensional laser induced fluorescence(3DLIF) allowed real time characterization of mixing conditions in a physical model ozone contactors by capturing fluorescence image emitted from a laser dye (i.e. Rhodamine 6G) using a high speed CCD camera. 3DLIF system was applied to analyze the hydrodynamics of two representative types of ozone contactor: direct discharge side-stream venturi injector (SVI) and multi-chambered fine bubble diffuser (FBD). Experimental results verified the presence of circulative swirling related for low dispersion for SVI reactor and the existence of non-ideal flow including short circuiting and internal recirculation in FBD reactor. Finally, integrated tools were applied to the design of a new ozone contactor under planning stage to assess current design and to recommend the improvement.

Les contacteurs centrifuges, basés sur les écoulements de Taylor-Couette, sont bien adaptés pour la mise en œuvre de réactions chimiques ou biochimiques, y compris en milieu polyphasique. Ils possèdent particulièrement plusieurs propriétés favorables à la mise en œuvre des opérations d'extraction liquide-liquide. Un dispositif expérimental a été conçu avec cette idée en tête. Il est constitué de deux cylindres concentriques avec le cylindre intérieur entraîné en rotation et l'externe fixe. L’écoulement de Taylor-Couette se produit dans l’espace annulaire entre eux. Il présente la particularité d’évoluer vers la turbulence par apparition successive d’instabilités. La dispersion axiale ainsi que le mélange, sont extrêmement sensibles à ces structures d’écoulement, ce qui rend difficile la modélisation du couplage entre l’hydrodynamique et le transfert de matière. Ce point particulier a été étudié expérimentalement et numériquement. L’écoulement et le mélange ont été caractérisés par des mesures simultanées de PIV (Vélocimétrie par Imagerie de Particules) et PLIF (Fluorescence Induite par Laser). Les champs de concentration PLIF ont permis d’identifier les différents mécanismes de transport intra et inter-vortex. Pour les régimes ondulatoires (WVF et MWVF), le mélange intra-vortex est contrôlé par l’advection chaotique, directement lié aux caractéristiques du champ de vitesse, qui confère aux vortex une capacité plus importante à convecter et à étirer les filets de fluide. En revanche, l’apparition des vagues brisent les frontières qui séparent les vortex ce qui favorise le transport inter-vortex. La combinaison de ces deux mécanismes contrôle principalement la dispersion axiale. Nous avons également mis en évidence le comportement non monotone des propriétés de mélange en fonction de l’histoire de l’écoulement. Notamment l’état d’onde (la longueur d’onde axiale et l’amplitude de la vague). Nous avons calculé le coefficient de dispersion axiale Dx à l’aide des mesures de distribution de temps de séjour (DTS) et de suivi Lagrangien de particules (DNS). Les deux résultats numériques et expérimentaux ont confirmé l’effet significatif des structures de l’écoulement et de l’histoire sur la dispersion axiale. / Taylor-Couette flows between two concentric cylinders have great potential applications in chemical engineering. They are particularly convenient for two-phase small scale devices enabling solvent extraction operations. An experimental device was designed with this idea in mind. It consists of two concentric cylinders with the inner one rotating and the outer one fixed. Taylor-Couette flows take place in the annular gap between them, and are known to evolve towards turbulence through a sequence of successive instabilities. Macroscopic quantities, such as axial dispersion and mixing index, are extremely sensitive to these flow structures, which may lead to flawed modelling of the coupling between hydrodynamics and mass transfer. This particular point has been studied both experimentally and numerically. The flow and mixing have been characterized by means of flow visualization and simultaneous PIV (Particle Imaging Velocimetry) and PLIF (Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence) measurements. PLIF visualizations showed clear evidences of different transport mechanisms including « intravortex mixing » and « inter-vortex mixing ». Under WVF and MWVF regimes, intra-vortex mixing is controlled by chaotic advection, due to the 3D nature of the flow, while inter-vortex transport occurs due to the presence of waves between neighbouring vortices. The combination of these two mechanisms results in enhanced axial dispersion. We showed that hysteresis may occur between consecutive regimes depending on flow history and this may have a significant effect on mixing for a given Reynolds number. The axial dispersion coefficient Dx evolution along the successive flow states was investigated thanks to dye Residence Time Distribution measurements (RTD) and particle tracking (DNS). Both experimental and numerical results have confirmed the significant effect of the flow structure and history on axial dispersion. Our study confirmed that the commonly used 1-parameter chemical engineering models (e.g. the « well-mixed stirred tanks in serie » model) are not valid for Taylor-Couette reactors modelling : two parameters are at least required for an efficient description of mixing in Taylor-Couette flows.