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No. of bitstreams: 1 tomazella_im_dr_jabo.pdf: 3251616 bytes, checksum: ae9f89d671c6cbd6a55d8e1f7d64acea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Mazama gouazoubira (2n=70; NF=70), popularmente chamado de veado-catingueiro, é conhecido por apresentar fragilidade cromossômica, responsável pela variação cromossômica intraespecífica, caracterizada pela presença de translocações Robertsonianas e cromossomos B. Não existem dados sobre a localização das regiões cromossômicas envolvidas com os rearranjos em M. gouazoubira e com a possível existência de sítios frágeis (SFs) nos pontos em que ocorrem esses rearranjos. Assim, torna-se necessário avaliar o polimorfismo cromossômico apresentado pela espécie e identificar os SFs, investigando sua relação com o polimorfismo. Dos 135 animais analisados, 68 (50,37%) são individuos variantes, 47 animais (69,12%) apresentaram cromossomos B, seis animais (8,82%) são heterozigotos para uma translocação Robertsoniana, um indivíduo (1,47%) é homozigoto para uma translocação Robertsoniana, 14 animais (20,59%) são portadores de cromossomos B e heterozigotos para uma translocação Robertsoniana. Foram identificados sete tipos distintos de translocações (X;16, X;21, 7;21, 8;21, 4;16, 20;26, 14;16), envolvendo nove cromossomos diferentes. As translocações X-autossômicas foram confirmadas pelas técnicas de banda C, coloração Ag-RON, hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) com sondas teloméricas e pintura cromossômica com a sonda específica do cromossomo X. Foi observada uma grande variabilidade de cromossomos B entre os indivíduos analisados, sendo esses cromossomos altamente heterogêneos em relação aos padrões de distribuição de heterocromatina, presença e quantidade de rDNA nas regiões organizadores de nucléolos (RON), localização de sequências teloméricas e homologias entre lotes A e B. A afidicolina foi um eficiente indutor de sítios frágeis comuns (SFCs), revelando a ocorrência de SFCs na forma de “gaps” e quebras, tanto cromatídicas como cromossômicas. A técnica de banda G localizou 531 SFCs distribuídos em 18 pares cromossômicos (X, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22 e 34), sendo que a maioria está localizada em pontos de transição entre as bandas claras e as bandas escuras. As diferentes taxas de SFCs apresentada por cada cromossomo mostrou que alguns pares cromossômicos são mais frágeis do que outros. Dos 18 pares cromossômicos com SFCs, sete estão relacionados com as translocações Robertsonianas observadas no veado-catingueiro e somente um cromossomo envolvido no polimorfismo não possui SFCs. Assim, o polimorfismo cromossômico apresentado pelo M. gouazoubira pode estar relacionado com a fragilidade cromossômica. É necessário aprofundar os estudos para entender qual o impacto desse polimorfismo na população brasileira do veado-catingueiro. / Mazama gouazoubira (2n = 70; FN = 70), popylarly known as brown brocket deer, is known to have chromosomal fragility, which is responsible for intraspecific chromosome variation, characterized by the presence of Robertsonian translocations and B chromosomes. There are no data of the location of the chromosome regions involved in rearrangements of M. gouazoubira and the possible existence of fragile sites (FSs) in points where breaks occur. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the chromosomal polymorphism presented by this species and to identify the FSs, investigating the relationship between FSs and polymorphism. Were analyzed 135 animals, of which 68 (50.37%) were variant individuals, 47 animals (69.12%) had B chromosomes, six animals (8.82%) were heterozygous for a Robertsonian translocation, one individual (1.47%) was homozygous for a Robertsonian translocation, 14 animals (20.59%) presented both B chromosomes and heterozygotes for a Robertsonian translocation. Were identified seven different types of translocations (X;16, X;21, 4;16, 14;16, 7;21, 20;26, 8;21) involving nine different chromosomes. X-autosomal translocations were confirmed by C-banding, Ag-NOR staining, Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probes and chromosome painting with X chromosome-specific probe. A large variability of B chromosomes was observed among the analyzed individuals. These chromosomes were highly heterogeneous in relation to pattern of heterochromatin distribution, presence and amount of rDNA in nucleolar organizer region (NOR), lozalization of telomeric sequences and homologies between chromosome complements A and B. Aphidicolin was an efficient inducer of common fragile sites (CFSs), showing the occurrence of CFSs in gaps and breaks, both chromatid and chromosomal. The G-banding located 531 CFSs distributed in 18 chromosome pairs (X, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22 and 34). It was found that the most CFSs are localized at the boundaries between the bright bands and dark bands. The different rates of CFSs presented by each chromosome showed that some chromosome pairs are more fragile than others. Of the 18 chromosomes pais with CFSs, seven are related to the Robertsonian translocations observed in brown brocket deer, and only one chromosome involved with polymorphism does not have CFSs. Thus, the chromosomal polymorphism presented by M. gouazoubira may be related to chromosomal fragility. It is necessary to deepen the studies to understand the impact of this polymorphism on the Brazilian population of brown brocket deer. / FAPESP: 2013/06100-7

Zusammenfassung Die Asteraceae Brachycome dichromosomatica ist eine besonders geeignete Spezies, um B-Chromosomen zu analysieren. Die auf den B-Chromosomen-lokalisierte 45S rDNA wurde auf Ursprung und Funktion untersucht. Die Mikrodissektion von B-Chromosomen und PCR-Amplifikation ermöglichte es, B-Chromosomen-spezifische ITS2-Sequenzen der 45S rDNA zu erhalten. Auffallend bei dieser Analyse waren zwei beständige Differenzen zwischen den Sequenzen von A- und B-Chromosomen. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen identifizierten keine Spezies, die eine ITS2-Sequenz hatte, die ähnlicher zu der B-Chromosomen-ITS2-Sequenz war als die A-Chromosomen-ITS2-Sequenz von B. dichromosomatica. Es wurde ein Ursprung der B-Chromosomen in der Zeit vor der Ausbildung der vier Cytodeme von B. dichromosomatica postuliert. Die Analyse der Assoziationen von Mikro-B-Chromosomen mit dem Nukleolus ergab, dass 70% der Mikro-B-Chromosomen nicht mit dem Nukleolus assoziierten. Die hohe Frequenz von nichtassoziierten Mikro-B-Chromosomen weist auf eine Inaktivität der Mikro-B-Chromosomen-lokalisierten 45S rDNA hin. Die Immunfluoreszenzmarkierung zeigte, dass sich das Chromatin der A- und B-Chromosomen deutlich in der euchromatischen Histon-H3-Methylierung unterscheidet. Während die A-Chromosomen deutliche Immunfluoreszenzsignale aufwiesen, zeigten die Mikro-B- und Standard-B-Chromosomen nur eine schwache Markierung mit Antikörpern gegen Histon H3K4me1,2,3, H3K9me3 und H3K27me2,3. Die heteropygnotischen, mit Tandem-Repeats angereicherten Mikro-B-Chromosomen waren dabei noch weniger mit diesen euchromatischen Markierungen gekennzeichnet als die Standard-B-Chromosomen. Keine Unterschiede zwischen den A- und B-Chromosomen wurden für die heterochromatischen Markierungen Histon H3K9me1,2 und H3K27me1 gefunden, was darauf hinweist, dass die B-Chromosomen nicht spezifisch durch zusätzliche heterochromatische Histonmarkierungen gekennzeichnet sind. / Summary The Asteraceae Brachycome dichromosomatica is a suitable species for the analysis of B chromosomes (Bs). The origin and activity of micro B-located 45S rDNA of was analysed. Microisolation of Bs and PCR with internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)-specific primers succeeded in the isolation of B-specific ITS2-sequences. ITS2 was sequenced for micro B, large B and A chromosomes, and conserved differences were identified between sequences originating from A and both types of Bs. Phylogenetic analysis did not identify a species that contained an ITS2 sequence that was more similar to either of the B’s sequences than that of the B. dichromosomatica A chromosomes (As). Thus, an origin of the Bs from As at a time prior to the divergence of the four cytodemes of B. dichromosomatica is suggested. Because 70% of micro Bs did not co-localize with the nucleolus I conclude that micro B-located 45S rDNA is not constitutively transcribed. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that the chromatin in A and both types of Bs differs markedly in euchromatic histone H3 methylation marks. While A chromosomes are labelled brightly, the micro B and large Bs are faintly labelled with antibodies against H3K4me2/3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me2/3. The heteropycnotic, tandem-repeat enriched micro Bs were even less labelled with euchromatic histone H3 methylation marks than large Bs. No differences between A and Bs were found as to the heterochromatic marks H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me1, indicating that Bs are not additionally labelled by heterochromatin typical histone H3 modifications. 1