B-caroteno corresponde a um pigmento natural que além de possuir amplo poder corante, possui atividade antioxidante e pró-vitamínica, porém devido ao seu alto grau de insaturações, esse carotenóide é propenso à isomerização e oxidação durante o processamento e a estocagem, dificultando sua utilização na indústria de alimentos. A microencapsulação pode amenizar essa situação, aumentando sua estabilidade e tornando possível sua incorporação em sistemas alimentícios sem a perda de suas propriedades funcionais. O presente trabalho objetivou a produção, caracterização e a verificação da estabilidade das cápsulas formadas por liofilização utilizando um novo material de parede, o amido de pinhão. Amido nativo, amido hidrolisado com dextrose equivalente (DE) 6, amido hidrolisado DE 12 e a mistura destes com a gelatina foram utilizados como agentes encapsulantes. Os primeiros testes realizados foram em relação à modificação do amido via hidrólise ácida através de um planejamento fatorial 22, onde as variáveis independentes corresponderam à temperatura (30 a 44°C) e à concentração de ácido (3 a 5 mol.L-1) e a variável de resposta correspondeu à dextrose equivalente (DE). Neste estudo, verificou-se que sob maiores valores de temperatura e concentração de ácido, maiores valores de DE foram encontrados. As cápsulas foram caracterizadas quanto à sua eficiência, conteúdo superficial, morfologia, umidade, solubilidade, tamanho de partícula, temperatura de transição vítrea e isotermas de sorção. As mesmas também foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade, em relação ao -caroteno livre, em diferentes condições: exposição à luz UV, e a 10 e 30°C. As diferentes formulações do material encapsulante resultaram em diferentes retenções de -caroteno, sendo que a formulação com amido DE 12 apresentou a melhor eficiência e a menor foi apresentada pela formulação com amido nativo. As partículas produzidas por liofilização mostraram formas indefinidas e tamanhos variados, típicos do método de encapsulação empregado. Através da análise do tamanho de partícula, verificou-se que as formulações com gelatina apresentaram um diâmetro de partícula médio superior às outras amostras. O amido nativo e hidrolisado apresentaram temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg) similares resultando em microencapsulados com Tg também similares, porém maiores valores foram obtidos quando a gelatina foi incorporada às formulações. Todas as amostras apresentaram baixa solubilidade em água fria, e uma maior solubilidade em água quente. As isotermas de sorção dos encapsulados preparados com amido DE 12, nas temperaturas de 10°, 20° e 30°C apresentaram isoterma sigmoidal do tipo II. Quanto aos testes de estabilidade, a cinética de degradação do B-caroteno livre e encapsulado seguiu o modelo cinético de primeira ordem em todas as condições analisadas. O amido hidrolisado DE 12 foi considerado o melhor material de parede testado, visto que diminuiu de forma considerável a velocidade de degradação (k), até mesmo na presença da luz UV, onde o -caroteno foi menos estável. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo demonstraram que o amido de pinhão hidrolisado pode ser considerado um potencial agente encapsulante a ser utilizado na indústria de alimentos. / The B-carotene represents a natural pigment that besides having broad coloring power, also presents antioxidant and provitamin activity. However, due to the high degree of insaturations, this dye is propense to isomeration and oxidation during the processing and storage, being difficult its use in food industry. Microencapsulation can improve this situation, increasing its stability and rendering possible its incorporation into food systems without loss of its functional properties. The purpose of this research was to produce, characterize and investigate the stability of the microcapsules produced by freeze drying, using a new wall material corresponding to pinhão starch. The-caroteno was microencapsulated using native pinhão starch, hydrolyzed pinhão starch DE 6, hydrolyzed pinhão starch DE 12 and the mixture of both with gelatin, as coating material. First tests were related to the modification of starch via acid hydrolysis using a 22 factorial central design, where the independent variables were temperature (from 30 to 44°C) and acid concentration (from 3 to 5 mol.L-1) and the response variable corresponded to dextrose equivalent (DE). In this study, it was observed that higher temperatures and acid concentration, resulted in higher DE values. The capsules efficiency, surface content, moisture, morphology, solubility, particle size, glass transition temperature and sorption isotherms were analyzed. Also the stability of the microencapsulates were evaluated and compared to synthetic free -carotene at the storage condition: exposure to UV light, and temperatures of 10 and 30 °C. Different coating material formulations resulted in differents B-carotene retention, the formulation with hydrolyzed starch 12 DE presented the highest total content of B-carotene (>90 %) and the lowest surface B-carotene while the lowest total content of B-carotene and the highest surface of this compound was presented using native starch. All capsules showed undefined shapes and varied sizes and these characteristics are related to the process used for the preparation of microcapsules. By the particle size distribution analysis, it was verified that encapsulates with gelatin presented an average particle diameter higher than the others encapsulated. Both capsules prepared with native starch and hydrolyzed starch presented similar glass transition temperature, while capsules with gelatin showed higher Tg values (~90°C). All samples presented low cold water solubility and the hot water solubility for all samples was higher than the cold water solubility. The moisture sorption isotherms determined at 10°, 20° and 30°C of hydrolyzed starch DE 12 showed isotherms kind II. The kinetic of degradation of -carotene in encapsulates followed the first-order model. UV light, the microcapsules were less stable than the in the other conditions. The results indicated that the hydrolyzed pinhão starch is a potential encapsulating material.

SABOYA, Jefferson Pablo de Sousa. Teores de B-Caroteno e A-tocoferol presentes na microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) Platensis cultivada com diferentes fotoperíodos. 2010. 78 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2010 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T13:25:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jpssaboya.pdf: 817724 bytes, checksum: 130813d4a161223539bb04d6561eb17d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T13:25:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jpssaboya.pdf: 817724 bytes, checksum: 130813d4a161223539bb04d6561eb17d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T13:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jpssaboya.pdf: 817724 bytes, checksum: 130813d4a161223539bb04d6561eb17d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The microalga cyanophyceae Spirulina platensis has been commercialized and studied due to its high nutritional value. It has shown to be a rich source of a great variety of vitamins, minerals, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobilins, and polysaccharides that exhibit potential therapeutic properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the content of -carotene and -tocopherol in S. platensis cultivated in laboratory under different conditions of photoperiods. S. platensis was cultivated within six 20-liter reservoirs under four different illumination conditions. The first culture was grown under 8- hour light (L) and 16-hour dark (D) photoperiod; the second, 12 L and 12 D photoperiod; the third, 16 L and 8 D photoperiod, and the forth cultivation condition was constant illumination. The reservoirs were placed side by side in two wood chambers, where room temperature was kept at 28 ± 2°C with a cooler (220 V). The water surface illumination of 78.1 μE cm-2 s-1 was supplied by two 40-Watt fluorescent lamps. The cultures were monitored by spectrometry at 680 nm and by counting microalga filaments (trichomes) under an optical microscope. The simultaneous analysis of carotenoids and tocopherols was performed by high performance liquid chromatography in a Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4.6 x 250 mm) column using MeOH:THF (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase, delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The detector was set at 450 nm and 292 nm for carotenes and tocopherols, respectively. For the extraction of both compounds, three portions of 0.1 g lyophilized Spirulina were suspended in 10 mL methanol:MiliQ water (90:10, v/v). The mixture was homogenized with a 7% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, brought to a water bath at 70°C for 30 min, for saponification, followed of partitioning into n-hexane which was evaporated to dryness. The residues were suspended in 1 mL methanol, and 100 μL aliquots were manually injected in the chromatographic system. -Carotene was detected in the biomass obtained from all the cultures and a-tocopherol was detected only in 8 L and 16 D and 12 L and 12 D photoperiods cultures. -Tocopherol, on the other hand, was not detected. The content of -carotene varied with illumination intensity and in the cultivation performed under constant illumination both maximum productivity and highest -carotene content were reached rapidly / A microalga cianofícea Spirulina platensis tem sido comercializada e estudada devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, possuindo vitaminas, minerais, proteínas, ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, carotenóides, ficobilinas e polissacarídeos com propriedades terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os teores de -caroteno e -tocoferol presentes na microalga S. platensis cultivada em laboratório com diferentes fotoperíodos. A microalga S. platensis foi cultivada em seis aquários de 20 L sob quatro condições diferentes de iluminação. Um cultivo foi submetido a um fotoperíodo de 8 horas de luz (L) e 16 de escuro (E), o segundo a 12 L e 12 E, o terceiro a 16 L e 8 E e o último exposto a 24 h de iluminação constante. Os aquários foram dispostos lado a lado em duas incubadoras de madeira, com temperatura ambiente de mantida em 28 ± 2°C com auxílio de um “cooler” (220 V) e iluminância na superfície da água em torno de 78,1 μ E cm-2 s-1 fornecida por duas lâmpadas fluorescentes de 40 W. Os cultivos foram monitorados por espectrofotometria a 680 nm e pela contagem dos filamentos (tricomas) microalgais utilizando um microscópio óptico comum. A análise simultânea dos carotenos e tocoferóis foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em uma coluna Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) com uma fase móvel de MeOH: THF (90:10, v/v), fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1 e detecção a 450 nm e 292 nm, respectivamente. A extração de -caroteno foi realizada suspendendo-se 0,1 g de Spirulina liofilizada em 10 mL de metanol:água Milli-Q (90:10, v/v). Para a saponificação dos lipídios, a mistura foi homogeneizada com 7% de hidróxido de potássio, levada ao banhomaria a 70°C por 30 min e submetida à partição em n-hexano que foi evaporado. O resíduo foi suspenso em 1 mL de metanol e 100 μL foram injetados manualmente, em duplicata, no sistema cromatográfico. O -caroteno foi detectado na biomassa obtida de todos os cultivos e o -tocoferol apenas nos cultivos com fotoperíodos de 8 L e 16 E e de 12 L e 12 E, enquanto o -tocoferol não foi detectado. O teor de -caroteno variou de acordo com a intensidade luminosa e quando as culturas foram expostas a 24 h de iluminação constante, atingiram mais rapidamente a produtividade máxima e apresentaram o maior teor de -caroteno

B-caroteno corresponde a um pigmento natural que além de possuir amplo poder corante, possui atividade antioxidante e pró-vitamínica, porém devido ao seu alto grau de insaturações, esse carotenóide é propenso à isomerização e oxidação durante o processamento e a estocagem, dificultando sua utilização na indústria de alimentos. A microencapsulação pode amenizar essa situação, aumentando sua estabilidade e tornando possível sua incorporação em sistemas alimentícios sem a perda de suas propriedades funcionais. O presente trabalho objetivou a produção, caracterização e a verificação da estabilidade das cápsulas formadas por liofilização utilizando um novo material de parede, o amido de pinhão. Amido nativo, amido hidrolisado com dextrose equivalente (DE) 6, amido hidrolisado DE 12 e a mistura destes com a gelatina foram utilizados como agentes encapsulantes. Os primeiros testes realizados foram em relação à modificação do amido via hidrólise ácida através de um planejamento fatorial 22, onde as variáveis independentes corresponderam à temperatura (30 a 44°C) e à concentração de ácido (3 a 5 mol.L-1) e a variável de resposta correspondeu à dextrose equivalente (DE). Neste estudo, verificou-se que sob maiores valores de temperatura e concentração de ácido, maiores valores de DE foram encontrados. As cápsulas foram caracterizadas quanto à sua eficiência, conteúdo superficial, morfologia, umidade, solubilidade, tamanho de partícula, temperatura de transição vítrea e isotermas de sorção. As mesmas também foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade, em relação ao -caroteno livre, em diferentes condições: exposição à luz UV, e a 10 e 30°C. As diferentes formulações do material encapsulante resultaram em diferentes retenções de -caroteno, sendo que a formulação com amido DE 12 apresentou a melhor eficiência e a menor foi apresentada pela formulação com amido nativo. As partículas produzidas por liofilização mostraram formas indefinidas e tamanhos variados, típicos do método de encapsulação empregado. Através da análise do tamanho de partícula, verificou-se que as formulações com gelatina apresentaram um diâmetro de partícula médio superior às outras amostras. O amido nativo e hidrolisado apresentaram temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg) similares resultando em microencapsulados com Tg também similares, porém maiores valores foram obtidos quando a gelatina foi incorporada às formulações. Todas as amostras apresentaram baixa solubilidade em água fria, e uma maior solubilidade em água quente. As isotermas de sorção dos encapsulados preparados com amido DE 12, nas temperaturas de 10°, 20° e 30°C apresentaram isoterma sigmoidal do tipo II. Quanto aos testes de estabilidade, a cinética de degradação do B-caroteno livre e encapsulado seguiu o modelo cinético de primeira ordem em todas as condições analisadas. O amido hidrolisado DE 12 foi considerado o melhor material de parede testado, visto que diminuiu de forma considerável a velocidade de degradação (k), até mesmo na presença da luz UV, onde o -caroteno foi menos estável. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo demonstraram que o amido de pinhão hidrolisado pode ser considerado um potencial agente encapsulante a ser utilizado na indústria de alimentos. / The B-carotene represents a natural pigment that besides having broad coloring power, also presents antioxidant and provitamin activity. However, due to the high degree of insaturations, this dye is propense to isomeration and oxidation during the processing and storage, being difficult its use in food industry. Microencapsulation can improve this situation, increasing its stability and rendering possible its incorporation into food systems without loss of its functional properties. The purpose of this research was to produce, characterize and investigate the stability of the microcapsules produced by freeze drying, using a new wall material corresponding to pinhão starch. The-caroteno was microencapsulated using native pinhão starch, hydrolyzed pinhão starch DE 6, hydrolyzed pinhão starch DE 12 and the mixture of both with gelatin, as coating material. First tests were related to the modification of starch via acid hydrolysis using a 22 factorial central design, where the independent variables were temperature (from 30 to 44°C) and acid concentration (from 3 to 5 mol.L-1) and the response variable corresponded to dextrose equivalent (DE). In this study, it was observed that higher temperatures and acid concentration, resulted in higher DE values. The capsules efficiency, surface content, moisture, morphology, solubility, particle size, glass transition temperature and sorption isotherms were analyzed. Also the stability of the microencapsulates were evaluated and compared to synthetic free -carotene at the storage condition: exposure to UV light, and temperatures of 10 and 30 °C. Different coating material formulations resulted in differents B-carotene retention, the formulation with hydrolyzed starch 12 DE presented the highest total content of B-carotene (>90 %) and the lowest surface B-carotene while the lowest total content of B-carotene and the highest surface of this compound was presented using native starch. All capsules showed undefined shapes and varied sizes and these characteristics are related to the process used for the preparation of microcapsules. By the particle size distribution analysis, it was verified that encapsulates with gelatin presented an average particle diameter higher than the others encapsulated. Both capsules prepared with native starch and hydrolyzed starch presented similar glass transition temperature, while capsules with gelatin showed higher Tg values (~90°C). All samples presented low cold water solubility and the hot water solubility for all samples was higher than the cold water solubility. The moisture sorption isotherms determined at 10°, 20° and 30°C of hydrolyzed starch DE 12 showed isotherms kind II. The kinetic of degradation of -carotene in encapsulates followed the first-order model. UV light, the microcapsules were less stable than the in the other conditions. The results indicated that the hydrolyzed pinhão starch is a potential encapsulating material.

B-caroteno corresponde a um pigmento natural que além de possuir amplo poder corante, possui atividade antioxidante e pró-vitamínica, porém devido ao seu alto grau de insaturações, esse carotenóide é propenso à isomerização e oxidação durante o processamento e a estocagem, dificultando sua utilização na indústria de alimentos. A microencapsulação pode amenizar essa situação, aumentando sua estabilidade e tornando possível sua incorporação em sistemas alimentícios sem a perda de suas propriedades funcionais. O presente trabalho objetivou a produção, caracterização e a verificação da estabilidade das cápsulas formadas por liofilização utilizando um novo material de parede, o amido de pinhão. Amido nativo, amido hidrolisado com dextrose equivalente (DE) 6, amido hidrolisado DE 12 e a mistura destes com a gelatina foram utilizados como agentes encapsulantes. Os primeiros testes realizados foram em relação à modificação do amido via hidrólise ácida através de um planejamento fatorial 22, onde as variáveis independentes corresponderam à temperatura (30 a 44°C) e à concentração de ácido (3 a 5 mol.L-1) e a variável de resposta correspondeu à dextrose equivalente (DE). Neste estudo, verificou-se que sob maiores valores de temperatura e concentração de ácido, maiores valores de DE foram encontrados. As cápsulas foram caracterizadas quanto à sua eficiência, conteúdo superficial, morfologia, umidade, solubilidade, tamanho de partícula, temperatura de transição vítrea e isotermas de sorção. As mesmas também foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade, em relação ao -caroteno livre, em diferentes condições: exposição à luz UV, e a 10 e 30°C. As diferentes formulações do material encapsulante resultaram em diferentes retenções de -caroteno, sendo que a formulação com amido DE 12 apresentou a melhor eficiência e a menor foi apresentada pela formulação com amido nativo. As partículas produzidas por liofilização mostraram formas indefinidas e tamanhos variados, típicos do método de encapsulação empregado. Através da análise do tamanho de partícula, verificou-se que as formulações com gelatina apresentaram um diâmetro de partícula médio superior às outras amostras. O amido nativo e hidrolisado apresentaram temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg) similares resultando em microencapsulados com Tg também similares, porém maiores valores foram obtidos quando a gelatina foi incorporada às formulações. Todas as amostras apresentaram baixa solubilidade em água fria, e uma maior solubilidade em água quente. As isotermas de sorção dos encapsulados preparados com amido DE 12, nas temperaturas de 10°, 20° e 30°C apresentaram isoterma sigmoidal do tipo II. Quanto aos testes de estabilidade, a cinética de degradação do B-caroteno livre e encapsulado seguiu o modelo cinético de primeira ordem em todas as condições analisadas. O amido hidrolisado DE 12 foi considerado o melhor material de parede testado, visto que diminuiu de forma considerável a velocidade de degradação (k), até mesmo na presença da luz UV, onde o -caroteno foi menos estável. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo demonstraram que o amido de pinhão hidrolisado pode ser considerado um potencial agente encapsulante a ser utilizado na indústria de alimentos. / The B-carotene represents a natural pigment that besides having broad coloring power, also presents antioxidant and provitamin activity. However, due to the high degree of insaturations, this dye is propense to isomeration and oxidation during the processing and storage, being difficult its use in food industry. Microencapsulation can improve this situation, increasing its stability and rendering possible its incorporation into food systems without loss of its functional properties. The purpose of this research was to produce, characterize and investigate the stability of the microcapsules produced by freeze drying, using a new wall material corresponding to pinhão starch. The-caroteno was microencapsulated using native pinhão starch, hydrolyzed pinhão starch DE 6, hydrolyzed pinhão starch DE 12 and the mixture of both with gelatin, as coating material. First tests were related to the modification of starch via acid hydrolysis using a 22 factorial central design, where the independent variables were temperature (from 30 to 44°C) and acid concentration (from 3 to 5 mol.L-1) and the response variable corresponded to dextrose equivalent (DE). In this study, it was observed that higher temperatures and acid concentration, resulted in higher DE values. The capsules efficiency, surface content, moisture, morphology, solubility, particle size, glass transition temperature and sorption isotherms were analyzed. Also the stability of the microencapsulates were evaluated and compared to synthetic free -carotene at the storage condition: exposure to UV light, and temperatures of 10 and 30 °C. Different coating material formulations resulted in differents B-carotene retention, the formulation with hydrolyzed starch 12 DE presented the highest total content of B-carotene (>90 %) and the lowest surface B-carotene while the lowest total content of B-carotene and the highest surface of this compound was presented using native starch. All capsules showed undefined shapes and varied sizes and these characteristics are related to the process used for the preparation of microcapsules. By the particle size distribution analysis, it was verified that encapsulates with gelatin presented an average particle diameter higher than the others encapsulated. Both capsules prepared with native starch and hydrolyzed starch presented similar glass transition temperature, while capsules with gelatin showed higher Tg values (~90°C). All samples presented low cold water solubility and the hot water solubility for all samples was higher than the cold water solubility. The moisture sorption isotherms determined at 10°, 20° and 30°C of hydrolyzed starch DE 12 showed isotherms kind II. The kinetic of degradation of -carotene in encapsulates followed the first-order model. UV light, the microcapsules were less stable than the in the other conditions. The results indicated that the hydrolyzed pinhão starch is a potential encapsulating material.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A microalga cianofÃcea Spirulina platensis tem sido comercializada e estudada devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, possuindo vitaminas, minerais, proteÃnas, Ãcidos graxos poli-insaturados, carotenÃides, ficobilinas e polissacarÃdeos com propriedades terapÃuticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os teores de -caroteno e -tocoferol presentes na microalga S. platensis cultivada em laboratÃrio com diferentes fotoperÃodos. A microalga S. platensis foi cultivada em seis aquÃrios de 20 L sob quatro condiÃÃes diferentes de iluminaÃÃo. Um cultivo foi submetido a um fotoperÃodo de 8 horas de luz (L) e 16 de escuro (E), o segundo a 12 L e 12 E, o terceiro a 16 L e 8 E e o Ãltimo exposto a 24 h de iluminaÃÃo constante. Os aquÃrios foram dispostos lado a lado em duas incubadoras de madeira, com temperatura ambiente de mantida em 28  2ÂC com auxÃlio de um âcoolerâ (220 V) e iluminÃncia na superfÃcie da Ãgua em torno de 78,1 μ E cm-2 s-1 fornecida por duas lÃmpadas fluorescentes de 40 W. Os cultivos foram monitorados por espectrofotometria a 680 nm e pela contagem dos filamentos (tricomas) microalgais utilizando um microscÃpio Ãptico comum. A anÃlise simultÃnea dos carotenos e tocoferÃis foi realizada por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia em uma coluna Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) com uma fase mÃvel de MeOH: THF (90:10, v/v), fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1 e detecÃÃo a 450 nm e 292 nm, respectivamente. A extraÃÃo de -caroteno foi realizada suspendendo-se 0,1 g de Spirulina liofilizada em 10 mL de metanol:Ãgua Milli-Q (90:10, v/v). Para a saponificaÃÃo dos lipÃdios, a mistura foi homogeneizada com 7% de hidrÃxido de potÃssio, levada ao banhomaria a 70ÂC por 30 min e submetida à partiÃÃo em n-hexano que foi evaporado. O resÃduo foi suspenso em 1 mL de metanol e 100 μL foram injetados manualmente, em duplicata, no sistema cromatogrÃfico. O -caroteno foi detectado na biomassa obtida de todos os cultivos e o -tocoferol apenas nos cultivos com fotoperÃodos de 8 L e 16 E e de 12 L e 12 E, enquanto o -tocoferol nÃo foi detectado. O teor de -caroteno variou de acordo com a intensidade luminosa e quando as culturas foram expostas a 24 h de iluminaÃÃo constante, atingiram mais rapidamente a produtividade mÃxima e apresentaram o maior teor de -caroteno / The microalga cyanophyceae Spirulina platensis has been commercialized and studied due to its high nutritional value. It has shown to be a rich source of a great variety of vitamins, minerals, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobilins, and polysaccharides that exhibit potential therapeutic properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the content of -carotene and -tocopherol in S. platensis cultivated in laboratory under different conditions of photoperiods. S. platensis was cultivated within six 20-liter reservoirs under four different illumination conditions. The first culture was grown under 8- hour light (L) and 16-hour dark (D) photoperiod; the second, 12 L and 12 D photoperiod; the third, 16 L and 8 D photoperiod, and the forth cultivation condition was constant illumination. The reservoirs were placed side by side in two wood chambers, where room temperature was kept at 28  2ÂC with a cooler (220 V). The water surface illumination of 78.1 μE cm-2 s-1 was supplied by two 40-Watt fluorescent lamps. The cultures were monitored by spectrometry at 680 nm and by counting microalga filaments (trichomes) under an optical microscope. The simultaneous analysis of carotenoids and tocopherols was performed by high performance liquid chromatography in a Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 (4.6 x 250 mm) column using MeOH:THF (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase, delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The detector was set at 450 nm and 292 nm for carotenes and tocopherols, respectively. For the extraction of both compounds, three portions of 0.1 g lyophilized Spirulina were suspended in 10 mL methanol:MiliQ water (90:10, v/v). The mixture was homogenized with a 7% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, brought to a water bath at 70ÂC for 30 min, for saponification, followed of partitioning into n-hexane which was evaporated to dryness. The residues were suspended in 1 mL methanol, and 100 μL aliquots were manually injected in the chromatographic system. -Carotene was detected in the biomass obtained from all the cultures and a-tocopherol was detected only in 8 L and 16 D and 12 L and 12 D photoperiods cultures. -Tocopherol, on the other hand, was not detected. The content of -carotene varied with illumination intensity and in the cultivation performed under constant illumination both maximum productivity and highest -carotene content were reached rapidly

No description available.

As perdas pós-colheita de alimentos hortícolas justificam a adoção de técnicas de conservação. Uma vez beneficiados, esses produtos permitem agregar valor à produção primária e se tornam de conveniência ao consumidor. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo definir as metodologias do processamento mínimo de cenoura, pimentão e salada mista (batata e vagem), quanto ao tipo e intensidade de adoção das técnicas de barreiras e monitorar o processamento, via controle microbiológico, sensorial, físico-químico e nutricional. As hortaliças foram lavadas em água corrente, descascadas e cortadas com facas afiadas de aço inoxidável. Para a sanificação, foram imersas por 15 min em água refrigerada (± 7ºC) com 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre a pH ajustado para 7,0; a seguir foram centrifugadas a 550-900 G, por 5 min. As hortaliças foram acondicionadas, manualmente, em sacos plásticos de filme multicamada laminado, do tipo BOPP/PEBD (polipropileno biorientado/polietileno de baixa densidade). As embalagens foram fechadas em seladora modelo AP-500, marca Tec Maq, sob ar atmosférico, vácuo e atmosfera modificada (2% de O2, 10% CO2 e 88% de N2) e a seguir foram armazenados sob refrigeração a 1ºC ± 1ºC. A vitamina C não foi afetada em nenhum dos tratamentos nos três produtos. Os teores de b-caroteno mantiveram-se praticamente constantes em cenoura e salada mista; no pimentão, após a primeira semana de armazenamento, sofreram um decréscimo, permanecendo praticamente inalterados ao longo do armazenamento. Quanto à análise sensorial, os resultados para a cenoura e salada mista, foram satisfatórios até 21 dias de armazenamento para todos os tratamentos; exceto para o pimentão. Os três produtos obtiveram em todos os tratamentos, contagens para psicrotróficos variando de 10 2 a 10 5 UFC/g, 10 1 a 10 3 UFC/g e 10 3 a 10 6 UFC/g, respectivamente. Anaeróbios mesófilos e coliformes totais, foram constatados em pimentões minimamente processados. Porém, as baixas contagens obtidas, em todos os tratamentos, mostraram que a vida útil destes prolongou-se até o 14º dia de armazenamento. Para a cenoura e salada mista minimamente processadas, não foram constatados coliformes totais e fecais, anaeróbios mesófilos e Salmonella em nenhum dos tratamentos. / The postharvest losses of horticultural products justify the adoption of preservation techniques. Once these products are processed, they add value to the primary products and they become convenient to the consumer. This research had the purpose of defining the methodologies for minimal processing of carrot, green pepper and mixed salad of potato and string bean in relation to the type and intensity of adoption of the barrier techniques. In addition, it was our objective to monitor the processing, through by microbiological, sensory, physical-chemical and nutritional evaluation. The vegetables were washed in running water, peeled and cut with sharp stainless steel knives. For the sanitization they were submerged, for 15 min, in cold water (± 7ºC) with 100 mg L -1 of free chlorine at pH 7,0; next, they were centrifuged at 550-900 G, for 5 min. The product was hand packed in plastic bags BOPP/LDPE (biorientated polypropylene/low-density polyethylene). The packages were sealed under air, vacuum and modified atmosphere (2% O2, 10% CO2 and 88% N2) and stored under refrigeration at 1ºC±1ºC. The vitamin C content was not affected in any of the treatments. The values for b-carotene remained stable for carrot and mixed salad. For the green pepper, the values decreased after the first week of storage. In relation to the sensory analysis, carrot and mixed salad were considered satisfactory until 21 days of storage for all treatments; but for green pepper. In all treatments, counts for the three products ranged psychrotrophic ranging from 10 2 to 10 5 UFC g -1 , 10 1 to 10 3 UFC g -1 , 10 3 to 10 6 UFC g -1 , respectively. Anaerobic mesophiles and total coliforms were observed in minimally processed green peppers. However, the low count obtained in all treatments indicated a shelf life of 14 days. For the minimally processed carrot and mixed salad, no total or fecal coliforms, anaerobic mesophiles and Salmonella were observed in any of the treatments.

As perdas pós-colheita de alimentos hortícolas justificam a adoção de técnicas de conservação. Uma vez beneficiados, esses produtos permitem agregar valor à produção primária e se tornam de conveniência ao consumidor. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo definir as metodologias do processamento mínimo de cenoura, pimentão e salada mista (batata e vagem), quanto ao tipo e intensidade de adoção das técnicas de barreiras e monitorar o processamento, via controle microbiológico, sensorial, físico-químico e nutricional. As hortaliças foram lavadas em água corrente, descascadas e cortadas com facas afiadas de aço inoxidável. Para a sanificação, foram imersas por 15 min em água refrigerada (± 7ºC) com 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre a pH ajustado para 7,0; a seguir foram centrifugadas a 550-900 G, por 5 min. As hortaliças foram acondicionadas, manualmente, em sacos plásticos de filme multicamada laminado, do tipo BOPP/PEBD (polipropileno biorientado/polietileno de baixa densidade). As embalagens foram fechadas em seladora modelo AP-500, marca Tec Maq, sob ar atmosférico, vácuo e atmosfera modificada (2% de O2, 10% CO2 e 88% de N2) e a seguir foram armazenados sob refrigeração a 1ºC ± 1ºC. A vitamina C não foi afetada em nenhum dos tratamentos nos três produtos. Os teores de b-caroteno mantiveram-se praticamente constantes em cenoura e salada mista; no pimentão, após a primeira semana de armazenamento, sofreram um decréscimo, permanecendo praticamente inalterados ao longo do armazenamento. Quanto à análise sensorial, os resultados para a cenoura e salada mista, foram satisfatórios até 21 dias de armazenamento para todos os tratamentos; exceto para o pimentão. Os três produtos obtiveram em todos os tratamentos, contagens para psicrotróficos variando de 10 2 a 10 5 UFC/g, 10 1 a 10 3 UFC/g e 10 3 a 10 6 UFC/g, respectivamente. Anaeróbios mesófilos e coliformes totais, foram constatados em pimentões minimamente processados. Porém, as baixas contagens obtidas, em todos os tratamentos, mostraram que a vida útil destes prolongou-se até o 14º dia de armazenamento. Para a cenoura e salada mista minimamente processadas, não foram constatados coliformes totais e fecais, anaeróbios mesófilos e Salmonella em nenhum dos tratamentos. / The postharvest losses of horticultural products justify the adoption of preservation techniques. Once these products are processed, they add value to the primary products and they become convenient to the consumer. This research had the purpose of defining the methodologies for minimal processing of carrot, green pepper and mixed salad of potato and string bean in relation to the type and intensity of adoption of the barrier techniques. In addition, it was our objective to monitor the processing, through by microbiological, sensory, physical-chemical and nutritional evaluation. The vegetables were washed in running water, peeled and cut with sharp stainless steel knives. For the sanitization they were submerged, for 15 min, in cold water (± 7ºC) with 100 mg L -1 of free chlorine at pH 7,0; next, they were centrifuged at 550-900 G, for 5 min. The product was hand packed in plastic bags BOPP/LDPE (biorientated polypropylene/low-density polyethylene). The packages were sealed under air, vacuum and modified atmosphere (2% O2, 10% CO2 and 88% N2) and stored under refrigeration at 1ºC±1ºC. The vitamin C content was not affected in any of the treatments. The values for b-carotene remained stable for carrot and mixed salad. For the green pepper, the values decreased after the first week of storage. In relation to the sensory analysis, carrot and mixed salad were considered satisfactory until 21 days of storage for all treatments; but for green pepper. In all treatments, counts for the three products ranged psychrotrophic ranging from 10 2 to 10 5 UFC g -1 , 10 1 to 10 3 UFC g -1 , 10 3 to 10 6 UFC g -1 , respectively. Anaerobic mesophiles and total coliforms were observed in minimally processed green peppers. However, the low count obtained in all treatments indicated a shelf life of 14 days. For the minimally processed carrot and mixed salad, no total or fecal coliforms, anaerobic mesophiles and Salmonella were observed in any of the treatments.

PhD (Agric) (Food Science and Technology) / Department Food Science and Technology / In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivar, as a cheaper source of vitamin A. In Southern Africa, reports have shown that one in every three children has deficiency in vitamin A. This study investigated the variations in β-carotene (vitamin A precursor) content among selected OFSP cultivars grown in Limpopo Province, South Africa. In addition, the study investigated the effects of location on functional properties, total carotenoids and antioxidant profile of the sweet potato flour as well as their physicochemical, functional and nutritional properties. Four (4) sweet potato cultivars [Dagga, Bophelo, Impilo (orange fleshed) and Mvuvhelo (cream fleshed)] were obtained from two locations, namely, University of Venda (Univen) agricultural experimental farm and Tshiombo irrigation scheme (Tshiombo) and analysed for pasting, functional, physicochemical and nutritional properties. The sweet potato flours from these two locations were also analysed by computed tomographic (CT) scans for flour particle density. Mineral and microstructure of OFSP flours were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). All measurements, except the tristimulus L* a* b* and other colour parameters from five replicates, were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test; P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation among functional, physicochemical, nutritional and pasting properties of sweet potato flour. β-carotene content varied significantly between the two locations from 70.98 ± 0.8 μg/g (Tshiombo) to 86.09 ± 2.0 μg/g (Univen), among cultivars from 1.71 ± 0.0 μg/g (Mvuvhelo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga) and among orange fleshed (Dagga, Bophelo and Impilo) flours from 28.38 ± 0.2 μg/g (Impilo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga). There was a similar trend in the contents of α-carotene to that of β-carotene from the two locations, which ranged from 0.63 ± 0.0 mol/L (Tshiombo) to 1.01 ± 0.0 mol/L (Univen). Mvuvhelo had significantly the lowest α-carotene content (0.50 ± 0.0 mol/L) and Impilo the highest (1.28 ± 0.0 mol/L). The total carotenoids was highest for Impilo (7.56 μg/g) and lowest for Mvuvhelo (1.33 ± 0.1 μg/g) but did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between ii the locations. The antioxidant activity, based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, was significantly highest in Bophelo (63.37 ± 0.8 mMAAE ml-1) and lowest in Dagga (26.93 ± 1.4 mMAAE ml-1) flours. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) varied significantly across the locations and among the cultivars and ranged from 14.45 ± 0.3 μMTE ml-1 (Tshiombo) to 17.40 ± 1.1 μMTE ml-1 (Univen). FRAP was significantly highest in Impilo (21.12 ± 2.1 μMTE ml-1) and lowest in Mvuvhelo (8.16 ± 2.0 μMTE ml-1). Total carotenoid content positively correlated with DPPH (0.486*), FRAP (0.830**), β-carotene (0.370*), and α-carotene (0.424*). The antioxidant content and the radical scavenging activity were significantly correlated (0.563**). Vitamin A content was significantly lowest (6.88 ± 0.38 μg/g retinol) in Dagga flour and highest (7.97 ± 0.25 μg/g) in Impilo flour. Protein content varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 4.23% (Tshiombo) to 7.16% (Univen). Dagga had significantly the lowest (3.47%) protein content while Impilo had the highest (7.53%). The fat content of the flours varied significantly between the two locations ranging from 0.63% (Tshiombo) to 1.01% (Univen). The protein content was positively correlated 0.594** and 0.421* to vitamin A and fat contents respectively. The Bophelo colour luminosity was significantly lower (L* 76.2) than the other two OFSP, Dagga (L* 83.51) and Impilo (L* 82.07). Bophelo a* (14.09) also differed significantly across all sweet potato cultivars. All cultivars differed significantly in b* values. Colour intensity (ΔE*) ranged from 15.87 to 38.48 for Mvuvhelo and Bophelo, respectively. Chroma ranged from 87.52 to 84.95 for Dagga and Mvuvhelo respectively. Total starch content was significantly different in all sweet potato cultivars and ranged from 244.07 μg/100 g (Bophelo) to 325.04 mg/g (Dagga). Resistant starch differed significantly in all sweet potato cultivars ranging from 1.21 μg/100 g dwb (Bophelo) to 7.07 μg/100 g dwb (Impilo). Ash content was significantly different in all cultivars and ranged from 3.17% (Dagga) to 3.79% (Bophelo). Water holding capacity (WHC) varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 1.44 g H2O/g DM (Tshiombo) to 1.72 g H2O/g DM (Univen). Bophelo had significantly the lowest (1.27 g H2O/g DM) WHC and Impilo the highest (1.99 g H2O/g DM). The ash content negatively correlated to total starch (-0.928**) but positively iii correlated to WHC (0.654**). Peak viscosity differed significantly across all cultivars under study and ranged from 126.54 RVU (Bophelo) to 302.36 RVU. (Dagga). There was significant difference in trough viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 55.97 RVU (Impilo) to 280.78 RVU (Dagga). There were significant differences in the final viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 78.99 RVU (Impilo) to 319.26 (Dagga). Peak time viscosity varied significantly across all cultivars ranging from 3.87 min (Impilo) to 8.47 min. (Bophelo). Dagga cultivar had significantly the highest pasting temperature (94.16oC) and Bophelo the lowest (77.75oC). The setback viscosity was significantly highest 51.10 RVU (Mvuvhelo) and lowest 23.01 RVU (Impilo). All cultivars from the two locations consistently showed high potassium content ranging from 0.46% (Impilo) to 1.38% (Dagga) as compared to other minerals such as magnesium, calcium and chlorine which ranged from 0.16% (Impilo) to 0.34%. (Dagga). The CT scans revealed that there was a possibility of evaluating the effect of location on the density of granules of sweet potato flour and also the inherent differences in granular distribution of various sweet potato cultivars. SEM revealed high amounts of potassium, magnesium and chlorine. A profile of physicochemical and functional properties of flour of some of the OFSP cultivars produced in Limpopo province, South Africa has been drawn. This study also highlights the nutritional quality of the flour from four sweet potato cultivars and provides a ranking of flour to help the producers in the selection process. Bophelo flour was ranked the highest in terms of β- and, α-carotenes, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity while Impilo was ranked highest in terms of functional properties and ash content. This study has highlighted significant differences in a number of parameters measured among the sweet potato cultivars. Therefore, in order to derive the maximum benefit from aIn recent years, there has been a lot of interest in orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivar, as a cheaper source of vitamin A. In Southern Africa, reports have shown that one in every three children has deficiency in vitamin A. This study investigated the variations in β-carotene (vitamin A precursor) content among selected OFSP cultivars grown in Limpopo Province, South Africa. In addition, the study investigated the effects of location on functional properties, total carotenoids and antioxidant profile of the sweet potato flour as well as their physicochemical, functional and nutritional properties. Four (4) sweet potato cultivars [Dagga, Bophelo, Impilo (orange fleshed) and Mvuvhelo (cream fleshed)] were obtained from two locations, namely, University of Venda (Univen) agricultural experimental farm and Tshiombo irrigation scheme (Tshiombo) and analysed for pasting, functional, physicochemical and nutritional properties. The sweet potato flours from these two locations were also analysed by computed tomographic (CT) scans for flour particle density. Mineral and microstructure of OFSP flours were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). All measurements, except the tristimulus L* a* b* and other colour parameters from five replicates, were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test; P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation among functional, physicochemical, nutritional and pasting properties of sweet potato flour. β-carotene content varied significantly between the two locations from 70.98 ± 0.8 μg/g (Tshiombo) to 86.09 ± 2.0 μg/g (Univen), among cultivars from 1.71 ± 0.0 μg/g (Mvuvhelo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga) and among orange fleshed (Dagga, Bophelo and Impilo) flours from 28.38 ± 0.2 μg/g (Impilo) to 201.50 ± 1.0 μg/g (Dagga). There was a similar trend in the contents of α-carotene to that of β-carotene from the two locations, which ranged from 0.63 ± 0.0 mol/L (Tshiombo) to 1.01 ± 0.0 mol/L (Univen). Mvuvhelo had significantly the lowest α-carotene content (0.50 ± 0.0 mol/L) and Impilo the highest (1.28 ± 0.0 mol/L). The total carotenoids was highest for Impilo (7.56 μg/g) and lowest for Mvuvhelo (1.33 ± 0.1 μg/g) but did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between ii the locations. The antioxidant activity, based on 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, was significantly highest in Bophelo (63.37 ± 0.8 mMAAE ml-1) and lowest in Dagga (26.93 ± 1.4 mMAAE ml-1) flours. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) varied significantly across the locations and among the cultivars and ranged from 14.45 ± 0.3 μMTE ml-1 (Tshiombo) to 17.40 ± 1.1 μMTE ml-1 (Univen). FRAP was significantly highest in Impilo (21.12 ± 2.1 μMTE ml-1) and lowest in Mvuvhelo (8.16 ± 2.0 μMTE ml-1). Total carotenoid content positively correlated with DPPH (0.486*), FRAP (0.830**), β-carotene (0.370*), and α-carotene (0.424*). The antioxidant content and the radical scavenging activity were significantly correlated (0.563**). Vitamin A content was significantly lowest (6.88 ± 0.38 μg/g retinol) in Dagga flour and highest (7.97 ± 0.25 μg/g) in Impilo flour. Protein content varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 4.23% (Tshiombo) to 7.16% (Univen). Dagga had significantly the lowest (3.47%) protein content while Impilo had the highest (7.53%). The fat content of the flours varied significantly between the two locations ranging from 0.63% (Tshiombo) to 1.01% (Univen). The protein content was positively correlated 0.594** and 0.421* to vitamin A and fat contents respectively. The Bophelo colour luminosity was significantly lower (L* 76.2) than the other two OFSP, Dagga (L* 83.51) and Impilo (L* 82.07). Bophelo a* (14.09) also differed significantly across all sweet potato cultivars. All cultivars differed significantly in b* values. Colour intensity (ΔE*) ranged from 15.87 to 38.48 for Mvuvhelo and Bophelo, respectively. Chroma ranged from 87.52 to 84.95 for Dagga and Mvuvhelo respectively. Total starch content was significantly different in all sweet potato cultivars and ranged from 244.07 μg/100 g (Bophelo) to 325.04 mg/g (Dagga). Resistant starch differed significantly in all sweet potato cultivars ranging from 1.21 μg/100 g dwb (Bophelo) to 7.07 μg/100 g dwb (Impilo). Ash content was significantly different in all cultivars and ranged from 3.17% (Dagga) to 3.79% (Bophelo). Water holding capacity (WHC) varied significantly across the two locations and ranged from 1.44 g H2O/g DM (Tshiombo) to 1.72 g H2O/g DM (Univen). Bophelo had significantly the lowest (1.27 g H2O/g DM) WHC and Impilo the highest (1.99 g H2O/g DM). The ash content negatively correlated to total starch (-0.928**) but positively iii correlated to WHC (0.654**). Peak viscosity differed significantly across all cultivars under study and ranged from 126.54 RVU (Bophelo) to 302.36 RVU. (Dagga). There was significant difference in trough viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 55.97 RVU (Impilo) to 280.78 RVU (Dagga). There were significant differences in the final viscosity across all cultivars ranging from 78.99 RVU (Impilo) to 319.26 (Dagga). Peak time viscosity varied significantly across all cultivars ranging from 3.87 min (Impilo) to 8.47 min. (Bophelo). Dagga cultivar had significantly the highest pasting temperature (94.16oC) and Bophelo the lowest (77.75oC). The setback viscosity was significantly highest 51.10 RVU (Mvuvhelo) and lowest 23.01 RVU (Impilo). All cultivars from the two locations consistently showed high potassium content ranging from 0.46% (Impilo) to 1.38% (Dagga) as compared to other minerals such as magnesium, calcium and chlorine which ranged from 0.16% (Impilo) to 0.34%. (Dagga). The CT scans revealed that there was a possibility of evaluating the effect of location on the density of granules of sweet potato flour and also the inherent differences in granular distribution of various sweet potato cultivars. SEM revealed high amounts of potassium, magnesium and chlorine. A profile of physicochemical and functional properties of flour of some of the OFSP cultivars produced in Limpopo province, South Africa has been drawn. This study also highlights the nutritional quality of the flour from four sweet potato cultivars and provides a ranking of flour to help the producers in the selection process. Bophelo flour was ranked the highest in terms of β- and, α-carotenes, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity while Impilo was ranked highest in terms of functional properties and ash content. This study has highlighted significant differences in a number of parameters measured among the sweet potato cultivars. Therefore, in order to derive the maximum benefit from a given cultivar careful selection of sweet potato cultivars would be necessary.

No description available.