Imagens acústicas permitem a inspeção e análise de tecidos biológicos e outros materiais de forma não destrutiva, o que é desejado tanto para aprimorar e aumentar o conhecimento sobre o objeto analisado, quanto para diagnosticar ou assegurar a qualidade do mesmo. Este trabalho foi motivado pela falta de recursos quantitativos para análise e diagnósticos via imagens de ultrassom, normalmente baseados em métodos qualitativos, ou seja, experiência e bom senso dos inspetores, além da falta de sistemas de imageamento que permitam a aquisição do sinal puro de RF. Possuir métodos quantitativos de análise é essencial para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais piezelétricos, modelos biomédicos de tecidos e métodos de diagnóstico. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um sistema eletro-mecânico de varredura sincronizado com o sistema de aquisição de sinais de ultrassom e formação de imagem por diferentes métodos de interpolação que permitiu o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de segmentação de imagens baseado em watershed para separação e contagem de formas em modelos phantom de tecidos moles. Percebeu-se que o uso de um filtro estatístico de Wiener, mesmo sem grandes vantagens para análise qualitativa, possui resultado positivo como pré-processamento para segmentação automática. / Acoustic imaging allows the inspection and analysis of biological tissue and others materials in a non-destructive way, what is desired to improve the knowledge and to insure the quality about the analyzed object. This work was motivated by the lack of quantitative methods of analysis, usually based on qualitative diagnoses from experienced inspectors, what can vary, as well the lack of imaging systems where the pure RF signal of ultrasound could be acquired. Quantitative methods of analysis are highly desired when developing new piezoelectric materiais, biomedic phantom models and new diagnoses methods. It was developed in this work: an electrical-mechanic scanning system synchronized with the ultrasound acquisition device and image formation by different methods that allowed the development of an algorithm to prepare and to segment these images and different soft tissue phantom models. It was noticed that a statistic Wiener filter, even with no advantages for qualitative analysis of an image, improved the automatic segmentation of it.

Muitos procedimentos vêm sendo desenvolvidos para auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama. Devido a subjetividade na interpretação de imagens, os sistemas de diagnóstico auxiliado por computador (CADx) têm oferecido ao especialista uma segunda opinião mais precisa e confiável. Nesse propósito, essa pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia de investigação da potencialidade diagnóstica de um sistema computacional na classificação de achados suspeitos em imagens de ultrassom modo-B e de elastografia da mama. A base de dados foi constituída por 31 lesões malignas e 52 benignas e um conjunto adicional contendo 206 lesões de ultrassom modo-B (144 benignas e 62 malignas) para a realização dos testes de aprendizado de máquina. O contorno foi determinado automaticamente e através do delineamento manual de três radiologistas sob a imagem de ultrassom modo-B e, em seguida, mapeado na imagem elastográfica. As lesões foram classificadas pelo sistema CADx desenvolvido para ultrassom modo-B e elastografia do tipo strain. Os dados foram avaliados por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade e AUC. O sistema CADx desenvolvido proporcionou equivalência diagnóstica para a classificação das lesões a partir das diversas formas de determinação do contorno (manual e automática), permitindo a redução da variabilidade. Além disso, o sistema apontou resultados superiores à análise visual do radiologista que, quando considerado o resultado fornecido pela associação entre as imagens de ultrassom modo-B e elastografia, proporcionou um aumento comparativo de cerca de 7% em sensibilidade e 17,2% em especificidade nos testes com o sistema CADx usando o contorno feito pelo radiologista mais experiente. Além disso, constatou-se uma influência positiva no uso da ferramenta computacional pelos radiologistas, pois, na média, seus índices de sensibilidade e especificidade diagnóstica aumentaram também em relação à situação de análise convencional, passando de 87,1% e 55,8% para 90,3% e 73,1%, respectivamente. / Many procedures have been developed to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In this context, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CADx) systems were designed to provide to the specialist a reliable second opinion. This study presents the proposal of investigating the diagnostic ability of a computational system in the characterization of suspicious findings in B-mode ultrasound and breast elastography imaging. The database consisted of 31 malignant and 52 benign lesions and an additional data set containing 206 lesions (144 benign and 62 malignant) seen only on the B-mode ultrasound for performing the machine learning tests. Three radiologists drew manually the contour of the lesions in B-mode ultrasound and we used an automatic technique to segment the lesions. Then, the contour was mapped in the elastography image. The lesions were classified using the CADx system developed for B-mode ultrasound and strain elastography. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity and AUC to evaluate the data. The developed CADx system provided a diagnostic concordance in the classification of breast lesions from the different ways of contour determination (manual and automatic), allowing to reduce the diagnostic variability. In addition, the CADx system showed superior results to the visual analysis of the radiologist. When the radiologist associated both examinations (B-mode ultrasound and elastography), his visual analysis provided 87.10%, 55.77% and 0.714 of sensitivity, specificity and AUC, respectively. When we considered the result provided by the association between B-mode ultrasound and elastography images, the CADx system provided a comparative increase of about 7% of sensitivity and 17.2% of specificity, using the contour delimited by the most experienced radiologist. In addition, a positive influence was observed in the use of the computational tool by radiologists, since, on average, their sensitivity and specificity indexes also increased in relation to the conventional analysis, from 87.1% and 55.8% to 90.3% and 73.1%, respectively.

Muitos procedimentos vêm sendo desenvolvidos para auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama. Devido a subjetividade na interpretação de imagens, os sistemas de diagnóstico auxiliado por computador (CADx) têm oferecido ao especialista uma segunda opinião mais precisa e confiável. Nesse propósito, essa pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia de investigação da potencialidade diagnóstica de um sistema computacional na classificação de achados suspeitos em imagens de ultrassom modo-B e de elastografia da mama. A base de dados foi constituída por 31 lesões malignas e 52 benignas e um conjunto adicional contendo 206 lesões de ultrassom modo-B (144 benignas e 62 malignas) para a realização dos testes de aprendizado de máquina. O contorno foi determinado automaticamente e através do delineamento manual de três radiologistas sob a imagem de ultrassom modo-B e, em seguida, mapeado na imagem elastográfica. As lesões foram classificadas pelo sistema CADx desenvolvido para ultrassom modo-B e elastografia do tipo strain. Os dados foram avaliados por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade e AUC. O sistema CADx desenvolvido proporcionou equivalência diagnóstica para a classificação das lesões a partir das diversas formas de determinação do contorno (manual e automática), permitindo a redução da variabilidade. Além disso, o sistema apontou resultados superiores à análise visual do radiologista que, quando considerado o resultado fornecido pela associação entre as imagens de ultrassom modo-B e elastografia, proporcionou um aumento comparativo de cerca de 7% em sensibilidade e 17,2% em especificidade nos testes com o sistema CADx usando o contorno feito pelo radiologista mais experiente. Além disso, constatou-se uma influência positiva no uso da ferramenta computacional pelos radiologistas, pois, na média, seus índices de sensibilidade e especificidade diagnóstica aumentaram também em relação à situação de análise convencional, passando de 87,1% e 55,8% para 90,3% e 73,1%, respectivamente. / Many procedures have been developed to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In this context, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CADx) systems were designed to provide to the specialist a reliable second opinion. This study presents the proposal of investigating the diagnostic ability of a computational system in the characterization of suspicious findings in B-mode ultrasound and breast elastography imaging. The database consisted of 31 malignant and 52 benign lesions and an additional data set containing 206 lesions (144 benign and 62 malignant) seen only on the B-mode ultrasound for performing the machine learning tests. Three radiologists drew manually the contour of the lesions in B-mode ultrasound and we used an automatic technique to segment the lesions. Then, the contour was mapped in the elastography image. The lesions were classified using the CADx system developed for B-mode ultrasound and strain elastography. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity and AUC to evaluate the data. The developed CADx system provided a diagnostic concordance in the classification of breast lesions from the different ways of contour determination (manual and automatic), allowing to reduce the diagnostic variability. In addition, the CADx system showed superior results to the visual analysis of the radiologist. When the radiologist associated both examinations (B-mode ultrasound and elastography), his visual analysis provided 87.10%, 55.77% and 0.714 of sensitivity, specificity and AUC, respectively. When we considered the result provided by the association between B-mode ultrasound and elastography images, the CADx system provided a comparative increase of about 7% of sensitivity and 17.2% of specificity, using the contour delimited by the most experienced radiologist. In addition, a positive influence was observed in the use of the computational tool by radiologists, since, on average, their sensitivity and specificity indexes also increased in relation to the conventional analysis, from 87.1% and 55.8% to 90.3% and 73.1%, respectively.

Imagens acústicas permitem a inspeção e análise de tecidos biológicos e outros materiais de forma não destrutiva, o que é desejado tanto para aprimorar e aumentar o conhecimento sobre o objeto analisado, quanto para diagnosticar ou assegurar a qualidade do mesmo. Este trabalho foi motivado pela falta de recursos quantitativos para análise e diagnósticos via imagens de ultrassom, normalmente baseados em métodos qualitativos, ou seja, experiência e bom senso dos inspetores, além da falta de sistemas de imageamento que permitam a aquisição do sinal puro de RF. Possuir métodos quantitativos de análise é essencial para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais piezelétricos, modelos biomédicos de tecidos e métodos de diagnóstico. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um sistema eletro-mecânico de varredura sincronizado com o sistema de aquisição de sinais de ultrassom e formação de imagem por diferentes métodos de interpolação que permitiu o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de segmentação de imagens baseado em watershed para separação e contagem de formas em modelos phantom de tecidos moles. Percebeu-se que o uso de um filtro estatístico de Wiener, mesmo sem grandes vantagens para análise qualitativa, possui resultado positivo como pré-processamento para segmentação automática. / Acoustic imaging allows the inspection and analysis of biological tissue and others materials in a non-destructive way, what is desired to improve the knowledge and to insure the quality about the analyzed object. This work was motivated by the lack of quantitative methods of analysis, usually based on qualitative diagnoses from experienced inspectors, what can vary, as well the lack of imaging systems where the pure RF signal of ultrasound could be acquired. Quantitative methods of analysis are highly desired when developing new piezoelectric materiais, biomedic phantom models and new diagnoses methods. It was developed in this work: an electrical-mechanic scanning system synchronized with the ultrasound acquisition device and image formation by different methods that allowed the development of an algorithm to prepare and to segment these images and different soft tissue phantom models. It was noticed that a statistic Wiener filter, even with no advantages for qualitative analysis of an image, improved the automatic segmentation of it.

An 53 Hündinnen aus dem Patientengut der Klinik für Kleintiere der Universität Leipzig, die mit Umfangsvermehrungen der Mamma vorgestellt und anschließend in der Klinik für Kleintiere operiert wurden, wurde präoperativ eine sonographische Untersuchung der Mamma durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Mammarkomplexe von acht tragenden und einer laktierenden Hündin mit dieser Technik untersucht. Ziel war es, Kriterien zur Einschätzung der Dignität der Tumoren mit Hilfe dieser nichtinvasiven Methode zu erarbeiten. Es sollten die Fragen geklärt werden, ob mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden Sonographie eine Aussage über Gut- oder Bösartigkeit eines Herdes möglich ist und ob dabei dieselben Kriterien entscheidend sind, die in der Humanmedizin eine zuverlässige Differenzierung erlauben. Außerdem sollte überprüft werden, welchen Beitrag die farbkodierte Duplexsonographie oder Resistance- und Pulsatilitätsindex zur Charakterisierung von Mammatumoren der Hündin leisten. Die Gesamtzahl der in die Studie eingehenden Komplexe beträgt 114. Die sonographischen Untersuchungen erfolgten mit einem 14 MHz Matrix-Linearschallkopf. Bei 70 der 114 untersuchten Lokalisationen erfolgte zusätzlich zur B-Mode-Untersuchung eine Untersuchung mit der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie. Konnten mit Hilfe dieser Methode Gefäße in der Umfangsvermehrung nachgewiesen werden, wurde in 47 von 70 Fäl-len zusätzlich der PW-Doppler eingesetzt, um Flussspektren aus den dargestellten Gefäßen abzuleiten. Aus diesen wurden Resistance-Index und Pulsatilitätsindex bestimmt. Bei der retrospektiven Auswertung der Grauwertbilder aus der B-Mode-Untersuchung wurde für jeden Komplex die Ausprägung von 12 Parametern beurteilt. Die Bilder aus der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie lieferten zusätzlich Informationen zu Gefäßzahl, Gefäßdurchmesser und Gefäßverteilung innerhalb eines Tumors. Die Exstirpate wurden pathohistologisch untersucht. Die aus der Gewebetypisierung entsprechend der WHO-Klassifikation resultierenden Gruppen sind so klein, dass nur eine deskriptive statistische Auswertung möglich war. Es erfolgte die Zusammenfassung unterschiedlicher Gewebetypen zu den Gruppen der „malignen“ bzw. „benignen“ Tumoren. Für Malignität sprechen eine unregelmäßige Randkontur (32 von 61 malignen, 4 von 48 benignen Lokalisationen), eine Schallverstärkung (36/61 malignen, 9/48 benignen Lokalisationen) oder –auslöschung (8/61 malignen, 0 /48 benignen Lokalisationen) hinter dem Tumor, Verkalkungen (20/61 malignen, 6/48 benignen Lokalisationen) sowie ein unregelmäßiger Durchmesser der Tumorgefäße (25/61 malignen, 12/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Meist gutartig sind Umfangsvermehrungen der Mamma, denen sonographisch eine klare Abgrenzung zum umgebenden Gewebe fehlt (15/61 malignen, 36/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Außerdem solche mit indifferentem retroläsionalem Schallverhalten (17/61 malignen, 39/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Kombiniert man mehrere der Parameter miteinander, ist die resultierende Teilmenge der betreffenden Läsionen kleiner, die Aussagekraft höher. Für Bösartigkeit spricht beispielsweise eine Kombination von Verkalkung und unregelmäßiger Randkontur (13 von 61 malignen, 1 von 48 benignen Lokalisationen), Verkalkung und echodichtem Randsaum („deutlich“ oder „fraglich“; 9/61 malignen, 0/48 benignen Lokalisationen) sowie mittlerer Echodichte und retroläsionaler Schallverstärkung (21/61 malignen, 6/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Für Gutartigkeit sprechen mittlere Echodichte des Tumorzentrums in Kombination mit indifferentem Schallverhalten (13/61 malignen, 33/48 benignen Lokalisationen) sowie regelmäßiger Gefäßdurchmesser bei diffuser Gefäßverteilung (3/36 malignen, 14/29 benignen Lokalisationen). Es konnte dargestellt werden, dass sich mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden B-Mode-Sonographie Kriterien aufzeigen lassen, die tendenziell für Gut- oder Bösartigkeit eines Mammatumors sprechen. Dabei ist es zweckmäßig, mehrere Parameter in die Beurteilung einfließen zu lassen. Auch die farbkodierte Duplexsonographie kann dabei einen Beitrag leisten. Die Ermittlung von Resistance- und Pulsatilitätsindex hingegen erweist sich als nicht sinnvoll. Ein Parameter, welcher in der Humanmedizin eine entscheidende Rolle zur Unterscheidung bösartiger von gutartigen Tumoren der Mamma spielt ist die Randkontur eines Tumors. Dies ist das einzige Kriterium, das auch bei Mammatumoren der Hündin einen diagnostischen Nutzen aufweist. Anhand einzelner sonographischer Parameter ist es nicht möglich, die Dignität eines Tumors vorherzusagen. Die sonographische Untersuchung kann jedoch in einigen Fällen beim Abschätzen der Prognose helfen. / In 53 bitches that underwent surgery because of tumors of the mammary gland at the Department of small animal medicine of the University of Leipzig we carried out a preoperative ultrasonographic examination of the mammary gland. Furthermore eight pregnant and one lactating bitch were examined the same way. We aimed to find out, whether high-resolution ultrasound helps differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Also we wanted to evaluate criteria established for that purpose in human medicine. Use of colour-coded duplex sonography, resistance index and pulsatility index for this question are reassessed too. The total number of mammary complexes examined for this study is 114. A GE Logiq™ 9 with a 14 MHz linear array transducer was used for all examinations. Seventy of the 114 sites of mammary tissue underwent a colour-coded duplex sonography after the B scan. Blood vessels were detectet in 70 of the tumors. In 47 of these sites the PW-Doppler was used to gain flow patterns to achieve resistance- and pulsatility-index. The images were analysed retrospectively. In B scan images lesions were judged by 12 parameters. Additional information about number, diameter and distribution of vessels within a tumor was taken from the images of colour-coded duplex sonography. The excised complexes were evaluated pathohistologically. Only descriptive statistical analysis was possible because the resulting groups were very small after being sorted according to WHO-classification. Therefore the complexes of mammary glands were subsumpted into two groups – „malignant“ and „benign“ tumours. An irregular contour of the tumor (32 of 61 malignant, 4 of 48 benign tumors), signal enhancement (36/61 malignant, 9/48 benign tumors) or total shadowing (8/61 malignant, 0/48 benign tumors) behind the tumor, calcification (20/61 malignant, 6/48 benign tumors) and irregular vessel diameters (25/61 malignant, 12/48 benign tumors) are signs of malignancy. Tumors that miss a clearly detactable borderline (15/61 malignant, 36/48 benign tumors) and tumors with no signal alteration behind the tumor (17/61 malignant, 39/48 benign tumors) are benign more often. The combination of parameters reduces the number of adequate tumors and rises significance. A tumor showing an irregular contour and calcification (13/61 malignant, 1/48 benign tumors) is more likely to be malignant as well as a tumor of medium echodensity showing signal enhancement (21/61 malignant, 6/48 benign tumors). Tumors of medium echodensity without signal alteration behind the lesion (13/61 malignant, 33/48 benign tumors) and tumors with diffusely distributed vessels of regular diameter (3/36 malignant, 14/29 benign tumors) are more likely to be benign. It could be shown that high-resolution B scan parameters can help differentiate between malignant and benign tumors of the mammary gland, especially if they are used in combination with each other. Parameters from colour-coded duplex sonography can increase predicting value of B scan examinations too but there is no use of analysing resistance index or pulsatility index. One of the criteria established in human medicine ist the contour of a tumor. This parameter is of diagnostic use in mammary tumours of the bitch too. It is not possible to clearly predict the character of a tumor of the mammary gland of a bitch by only a few parameters based on a sonogram but sonographic examination can be helpful for assessing prognosis sometimes.

The aim of the master’s thesis, is to get acquainted with the dynamic focusing in conventional ultrasound systems, to modify this method for ultrasound computer tomography and to realize and interpret this modification on simulated and real data in a transparent graphic interface. The modification of the dynamic focusing was executed for the 3D ultrasound computer tomograph developed in Karlsruhe. Simulated data, that are necessary for focusing, were generated by existing program, which was adjusted. The new created program of the dynamic focusing was tested and evaluated with those simulated and real data.

Une interface vocale silencieuse (SSI) est un système permettant une communication vocale à partir d’un signal non audible. Un tel système emploie des capteurs qui enregistrent des données non-acoustiques, pour la reconnaissance et la synthèse vocales. Cependant, l’extraction des caractéristiques articulatoires robustes à partir de ces signaux reste un défi. La langue est une composante majeure de l'appareil vocal, et l'articulateur le plus important dans la production de parole. Une simulation réaliste du mouvement de la langue en 3D peut fournir une représentation visuelle directe et efficace de la production de parole. Cette représentation pourrait à son tour être utilisée pour améliorer les performances de reconnaissance vocale d'un SSI, ou servir d'outil dans le cadre de recherches sur la production de parole et de l'étude des troubles de l'articulation. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons un nouveau cadre de visualisation en trois dimensions de la langue, qui combine l'imagerie échographique 2D et une technique de modélisation tridimensionnelle fondée sur la physique. Tout d'abord, différentes approches sont utilisées pour suivre le mouvement de la langue dans les séquences d'images échographiques, qui peuvent être regroupées en deux principaux types de méthodes : le suivi de la granularité et le suivi de contour. Les méthodes de suivi du chatoiement (speckle tracking) comprennent le recalage de déformations (deformation registration), le flux optique, et la méthode de transformation de caractéristiques visuelles invariante à l'échelle (Scale-invariant feature transform, ou SIFT). En outre, une méthode de suivi réinitialisation basée sur l'image est proposée afin d'améliorer la robustesse du suivi du chatoiement. En comparaison avec le suivi de chatoiement, l'extraction du contour de la surface de la langue à partir d'images échographiques présente des performances supérieures et une meilleure robustesse. Dans cette thèse, un nouvel algorithme de suivi de contour est présenté pour des séquences d'images échographiques de la langue. Cet algorithme permet de suivre le mouvement des contours de la langue sur de longues durées avec une bonne robustesse. Pour résoudre la difficulté causée par les segments manquants dus au bruit ou celle causée par la surface mi-sagittale de la langue qui est parallèle à la direction de propagation de l'onde ultrasonore, nous proposons d’utiliser des contours actifs avec une contrainte de similitude de contour, qui fournissent des informations a priori sur la forme de la langue. Des expériences sur des données synthétiques et sur des images réelles acquises sur différents sujets à la cadence de 60 images par seconde montrent que la méthode proposée donne un bon contour de suivi pour ultrasons des séquences d'images, même sur des durées de quelques minutes. Cette technique peut par conséquent être utile dans des applications telles que la reconnaissance vocale où de très longues séquences doivent être analysées dans leur intégralité… / A silent speech interface (SSI) is a system to enable speech communication with non-audible signal, that employs sensors to capture non-acoustic features for speech recognition and synthesis. Extracting robust articulatory features from such signals, however, remains a challenge. As the tongue is a major component of the vocal tract, and the most important articulator during speech production, a realistic simulation of tongue motion in 3D can provide a direct, effective visual representation of speech production. This representation could in turn be used to improve the performance of speech recognition of an SSI, or serve as a tool for speech production research and the study of articulation disorders. In this thesis, we explore a novel 3D tongue visualization framework, which combines the 2D ultrasound imaging and 3D physics-based modeling technique. Firstly, different approaches are employed to follow the motion of the tongue in the ultrasound image sequences, which can be divided into two main types of methods: speckle tracking and contour tracking. The methods to track speckles include deformation registration, optical-flow, and local invariant features-based method. Moreover, an image-based tracking re-initialization method is proposed to improve the robustness of speckle tracking. Compared to speckle tracking, the extraction of the contour of the tongue surface from ultrasound images exhibits superior performance and robustness. In this thesis, a novel contour-tracking algorithm is presented for ultrasound tongue image sequences, which can follow the motion of tongue contours over long durations with good robustness. To cope with missing segments caused by noise, or by the tongue midsagittal surface being parallel to the direction of ultrasound wave propagation, active contours with a contour-similarity constraint are introduced, which can be used to provide “prior” shape information. Experiments on synthetic data and on real 60 frame per second data from different subjects demonstrate that the proposed method gives good contour tracking for ultrasound image sequences even over durations of minutes, which can be useful in applications such as speech recognition where very long sequences must be analyzed in their entirety…

An 53 Hündinnen aus dem Patientengut der Klinik für Kleintiere der Universität Leipzig, die mit Umfangsvermehrungen der Mamma vorgestellt und anschließend in der Klinik für Kleintiere operiert wurden, wurde präoperativ eine sonographische Untersuchung der Mamma durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Mammarkomplexe von acht tragenden und einer laktierenden Hündin mit dieser Technik untersucht. Ziel war es, Kriterien zur Einschätzung der Dignität der Tumoren mit Hilfe dieser nichtinvasiven Methode zu erarbeiten. Es sollten die Fragen geklärt werden, ob mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden Sonographie eine Aussage über Gut- oder Bösartigkeit eines Herdes möglich ist und ob dabei dieselben Kriterien entscheidend sind, die in der Humanmedizin eine zuverlässige Differenzierung erlauben. Außerdem sollte überprüft werden, welchen Beitrag die farbkodierte Duplexsonographie oder Resistance- und Pulsatilitätsindex zur Charakterisierung von Mammatumoren der Hündin leisten. Die Gesamtzahl der in die Studie eingehenden Komplexe beträgt 114. Die sonographischen Untersuchungen erfolgten mit einem 14 MHz Matrix-Linearschallkopf. Bei 70 der 114 untersuchten Lokalisationen erfolgte zusätzlich zur B-Mode-Untersuchung eine Untersuchung mit der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie. Konnten mit Hilfe dieser Methode Gefäße in der Umfangsvermehrung nachgewiesen werden, wurde in 47 von 70 Fäl-len zusätzlich der PW-Doppler eingesetzt, um Flussspektren aus den dargestellten Gefäßen abzuleiten. Aus diesen wurden Resistance-Index und Pulsatilitätsindex bestimmt. Bei der retrospektiven Auswertung der Grauwertbilder aus der B-Mode-Untersuchung wurde für jeden Komplex die Ausprägung von 12 Parametern beurteilt. Die Bilder aus der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie lieferten zusätzlich Informationen zu Gefäßzahl, Gefäßdurchmesser und Gefäßverteilung innerhalb eines Tumors. Die Exstirpate wurden pathohistologisch untersucht. Die aus der Gewebetypisierung entsprechend der WHO-Klassifikation resultierenden Gruppen sind so klein, dass nur eine deskriptive statistische Auswertung möglich war. Es erfolgte die Zusammenfassung unterschiedlicher Gewebetypen zu den Gruppen der „malignen“ bzw. „benignen“ Tumoren. Für Malignität sprechen eine unregelmäßige Randkontur (32 von 61 malignen, 4 von 48 benignen Lokalisationen), eine Schallverstärkung (36/61 malignen, 9/48 benignen Lokalisationen) oder –auslöschung (8/61 malignen, 0 /48 benignen Lokalisationen) hinter dem Tumor, Verkalkungen (20/61 malignen, 6/48 benignen Lokalisationen) sowie ein unregelmäßiger Durchmesser der Tumorgefäße (25/61 malignen, 12/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Meist gutartig sind Umfangsvermehrungen der Mamma, denen sonographisch eine klare Abgrenzung zum umgebenden Gewebe fehlt (15/61 malignen, 36/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Außerdem solche mit indifferentem retroläsionalem Schallverhalten (17/61 malignen, 39/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Kombiniert man mehrere der Parameter miteinander, ist die resultierende Teilmenge der betreffenden Läsionen kleiner, die Aussagekraft höher. Für Bösartigkeit spricht beispielsweise eine Kombination von Verkalkung und unregelmäßiger Randkontur (13 von 61 malignen, 1 von 48 benignen Lokalisationen), Verkalkung und echodichtem Randsaum („deutlich“ oder „fraglich“; 9/61 malignen, 0/48 benignen Lokalisationen) sowie mittlerer Echodichte und retroläsionaler Schallverstärkung (21/61 malignen, 6/48 benignen Lokalisationen). Für Gutartigkeit sprechen mittlere Echodichte des Tumorzentrums in Kombination mit indifferentem Schallverhalten (13/61 malignen, 33/48 benignen Lokalisationen) sowie regelmäßiger Gefäßdurchmesser bei diffuser Gefäßverteilung (3/36 malignen, 14/29 benignen Lokalisationen). Es konnte dargestellt werden, dass sich mit Hilfe der hochauflösenden B-Mode-Sonographie Kriterien aufzeigen lassen, die tendenziell für Gut- oder Bösartigkeit eines Mammatumors sprechen. Dabei ist es zweckmäßig, mehrere Parameter in die Beurteilung einfließen zu lassen. Auch die farbkodierte Duplexsonographie kann dabei einen Beitrag leisten. Die Ermittlung von Resistance- und Pulsatilitätsindex hingegen erweist sich als nicht sinnvoll. Ein Parameter, welcher in der Humanmedizin eine entscheidende Rolle zur Unterscheidung bösartiger von gutartigen Tumoren der Mamma spielt ist die Randkontur eines Tumors. Dies ist das einzige Kriterium, das auch bei Mammatumoren der Hündin einen diagnostischen Nutzen aufweist. Anhand einzelner sonographischer Parameter ist es nicht möglich, die Dignität eines Tumors vorherzusagen. Die sonographische Untersuchung kann jedoch in einigen Fällen beim Abschätzen der Prognose helfen. / In 53 bitches that underwent surgery because of tumors of the mammary gland at the Department of small animal medicine of the University of Leipzig we carried out a preoperative ultrasonographic examination of the mammary gland. Furthermore eight pregnant and one lactating bitch were examined the same way. We aimed to find out, whether high-resolution ultrasound helps differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Also we wanted to evaluate criteria established for that purpose in human medicine. Use of colour-coded duplex sonography, resistance index and pulsatility index for this question are reassessed too. The total number of mammary complexes examined for this study is 114. A GE Logiq™ 9 with a 14 MHz linear array transducer was used for all examinations. Seventy of the 114 sites of mammary tissue underwent a colour-coded duplex sonography after the B scan. Blood vessels were detectet in 70 of the tumors. In 47 of these sites the PW-Doppler was used to gain flow patterns to achieve resistance- and pulsatility-index. The images were analysed retrospectively. In B scan images lesions were judged by 12 parameters. Additional information about number, diameter and distribution of vessels within a tumor was taken from the images of colour-coded duplex sonography. The excised complexes were evaluated pathohistologically. Only descriptive statistical analysis was possible because the resulting groups were very small after being sorted according to WHO-classification. Therefore the complexes of mammary glands were subsumpted into two groups – „malignant“ and „benign“ tumours. An irregular contour of the tumor (32 of 61 malignant, 4 of 48 benign tumors), signal enhancement (36/61 malignant, 9/48 benign tumors) or total shadowing (8/61 malignant, 0/48 benign tumors) behind the tumor, calcification (20/61 malignant, 6/48 benign tumors) and irregular vessel diameters (25/61 malignant, 12/48 benign tumors) are signs of malignancy. Tumors that miss a clearly detactable borderline (15/61 malignant, 36/48 benign tumors) and tumors with no signal alteration behind the tumor (17/61 malignant, 39/48 benign tumors) are benign more often. The combination of parameters reduces the number of adequate tumors and rises significance. A tumor showing an irregular contour and calcification (13/61 malignant, 1/48 benign tumors) is more likely to be malignant as well as a tumor of medium echodensity showing signal enhancement (21/61 malignant, 6/48 benign tumors). Tumors of medium echodensity without signal alteration behind the lesion (13/61 malignant, 33/48 benign tumors) and tumors with diffusely distributed vessels of regular diameter (3/36 malignant, 14/29 benign tumors) are more likely to be benign. It could be shown that high-resolution B scan parameters can help differentiate between malignant and benign tumors of the mammary gland, especially if they are used in combination with each other. Parameters from colour-coded duplex sonography can increase predicting value of B scan examinations too but there is no use of analysing resistance index or pulsatility index. One of the criteria established in human medicine ist the contour of a tumor. This parameter is of diagnostic use in mammary tumours of the bitch too. It is not possible to clearly predict the character of a tumor of the mammary gland of a bitch by only a few parameters based on a sonogram but sonographic examination can be helpful for assessing prognosis sometimes.

No campo da medicina diagnóstica através de imagens, o baixo custo e a característica não-invasiva da ultrassonografia modo-B favoreceram as pesquisas que analisam a relação entre a espessura íntima-média (EIM) da artéria carótida e o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Outra técnica de ultrassonografia, baseada no efeito Doppler, também tem sido extensivamente empregada em ambientes clínicos para a medição da velocidade e do fluxo de sangue das artérias periféricas, oferecendo uma abordagem distinta para estudar as doenças cardiovasculares. Neste trabalho, métodos computacionais foram implementados e analisados para extrair informações quantitativas de artérias a partir de imagens 2D. Os ensaios com imagens em modo-B contemplaram a combinação de técnicas de filtragem e algoritmos de contornos ativos para a detecção das interfaces das paredes arteriais e medições da EIM e do diâmetro da luz (DL). Um modelo matemático e 7 imagens reais da artéria carótida comum foram utilizados neste estudo que, dentre as diversas combinações de filtros e algoritmos, apresentou resultados quantitativos similares no cálculo do DL. Para a EIM, porém, a reduzida dimensão da camada íntima-média proporcionou variações indesejadas dos cálculos. Para medir a velocidade do sangue utilizando o modo Doppler, um método semiautomático foi incorporado a um aplicativo computacional para a detecção da envoltória do espectro do gráfico de velocidades. Uma análise comparativa entre sistemas de ultrassonografia comerciais operados por especialistas e este aplicativo incluiu a velocidade de pico sistólico e a integral de velocidade e tempo (VTI) das artérias carótida comum e braquial e de exames ecocardiográficos. A análise de Bland-Altman e o coeficiente de correlação validaram esta metodologia que, complementada pela interface gráfica amigável do aplicativo, pode auxiliar os clínicos em seus estudos de larga escala, baseados nas imagens Doppler ultrassonográficas, com as seguintes vantagens: redução do tempo operacional e de resultados subjetivos e aumento do grau de reprodutibilidade dos resultados. / In the field of image-based diagnostic medicine, low cost and noninvasive B-mode ultrasound technique have supported the researches which investigates the relation between the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Other ultrasound technique, that offers a different approach to study these diseases, is based on Doppler effect and has also been extensively used in clinical sites to measure blood velocity and flow in peripheral arteries. In this work, computational methods were implemented and analyzed to extract quantitative data from 2D images of arteries. Tests with B-mode images covered the combination of filtering techniques and active contour algorithms, in order to detect the arterial wall interfaces and to measure IMT and lumen diameter (LD). One mathematical model and seven real images of the common carotid artery were used in this study which, among several filters and algorithms combinations, showed similar quantitative results for DL measurements. However, for IMT, the small thickness of intima-media layer led to undesirable variation results. To measure blood velocity by using Doppler mode, a semi-automatic methodology was implemented in a computational tool to detect the spectrum envelope of the velocity graphic. A comparative analysis between commercial ultrasound systems operated by specialists and this tool included systolic peak velocities and velocity-time integral (VTI) of the common carotid and brachial arteries and of echocardiographic exams. Bland-Altmans analysis and the correlation coefficient validated this methodology which, besides the user friendly graphical interface of the tool, may help the clinicians for their large-scale studies based on Doppler ultrasound images, with the following advantages: to save operational time, to lower subjective results, and to support measurement reproducibility.

No campo da medicina diagnóstica através de imagens, o baixo custo e a característica não-invasiva da ultrassonografia modo-B favoreceram as pesquisas que analisam a relação entre a espessura íntima-média (EIM) da artéria carótida e o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Outra técnica de ultrassonografia, baseada no efeito Doppler, também tem sido extensivamente empregada em ambientes clínicos para a medição da velocidade e do fluxo de sangue das artérias periféricas, oferecendo uma abordagem distinta para estudar as doenças cardiovasculares. Neste trabalho, métodos computacionais foram implementados e analisados para extrair informações quantitativas de artérias a partir de imagens 2D. Os ensaios com imagens em modo-B contemplaram a combinação de técnicas de filtragem e algoritmos de contornos ativos para a detecção das interfaces das paredes arteriais e medições da EIM e do diâmetro da luz (DL). Um modelo matemático e 7 imagens reais da artéria carótida comum foram utilizados neste estudo que, dentre as diversas combinações de filtros e algoritmos, apresentou resultados quantitativos similares no cálculo do DL. Para a EIM, porém, a reduzida dimensão da camada íntima-média proporcionou variações indesejadas dos cálculos. Para medir a velocidade do sangue utilizando o modo Doppler, um método semiautomático foi incorporado a um aplicativo computacional para a detecção da envoltória do espectro do gráfico de velocidades. Uma análise comparativa entre sistemas de ultrassonografia comerciais operados por especialistas e este aplicativo incluiu a velocidade de pico sistólico e a integral de velocidade e tempo (VTI) das artérias carótida comum e braquial e de exames ecocardiográficos. A análise de Bland-Altman e o coeficiente de correlação validaram esta metodologia que, complementada pela interface gráfica amigável do aplicativo, pode auxiliar os clínicos em seus estudos de larga escala, baseados nas imagens Doppler ultrassonográficas, com as seguintes vantagens: redução do tempo operacional e de resultados subjetivos e aumento do grau de reprodutibilidade dos resultados. / In the field of image-based diagnostic medicine, low cost and noninvasive B-mode ultrasound technique have supported the researches which investigates the relation between the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Other ultrasound technique, that offers a different approach to study these diseases, is based on Doppler effect and has also been extensively used in clinical sites to measure blood velocity and flow in peripheral arteries. In this work, computational methods were implemented and analyzed to extract quantitative data from 2D images of arteries. Tests with B-mode images covered the combination of filtering techniques and active contour algorithms, in order to detect the arterial wall interfaces and to measure IMT and lumen diameter (LD). One mathematical model and seven real images of the common carotid artery were used in this study which, among several filters and algorithms combinations, showed similar quantitative results for DL measurements. However, for IMT, the small thickness of intima-media layer led to undesirable variation results. To measure blood velocity by using Doppler mode, a semi-automatic methodology was implemented in a computational tool to detect the spectrum envelope of the velocity graphic. A comparative analysis between commercial ultrasound systems operated by specialists and this tool included systolic peak velocities and velocity-time integral (VTI) of the common carotid and brachial arteries and of echocardiographic exams. Bland-Altmans analysis and the correlation coefficient validated this methodology which, besides the user friendly graphical interface of the tool, may help the clinicians for their large-scale studies based on Doppler ultrasound images, with the following advantages: to save operational time, to lower subjective results, and to support measurement reproducibility.