The thesis deals with the budget of the town of Mělník. The thesis is aimed at analysing the development of budgets in the years 2003 - 2015, and ascertaining the major determinants affecting these budgets. Besides, the thesis uses the town`s balance sheets, and describes the development of property and indebtedness ratio of the town of Mělník. The theoretical part is concerned with local governments and their budget creation, and also describes municipal property and funding possibilities. The practical part analyses budgets, revenues and expenses thereof, as well as the balance sheets showing Mělník`s property and indebtedness. On the basis of the data from the budget and balance sheet development, a medium-term outlook for the town`s economic activity was created.

The thesis investigates the importance of balance sheet in the Swiss financial reporting. At first it shows, on a theoretical basis, which is represented by balancing theories, the essential role of the balance sheet for recipients of accounting information. It also deals with the accounting legislation in Switzerland, general accounting principles, financial statement and its appurtenances and projection of selected balance sheet items. Moreover it examines the information capability of the balance sheet on the practical example of a Swiss company.

QC 20100707

The diploma thesis focuses on estimating the value of a construction company. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts, methods and analyses used in the valuation. In the case study, these analyses are applied to a specific construction company. The outcome of the thesis is the valuation of the construction company using selected methods of valuation.

In this study, we investigate how the implementation of IFRS 16 is affecting the financial statements of Swedish publicly listed firms, and what implications there are for financial statement users. These effects are analyzed by looking at transitional effects on total assets, total liabilities and EBITDA and by comparing different sectors, following estimations of sectoral differences in prior studies (e.g. Fülbier et al., 2008; Morales-Díaz & Zamora-Ramírez, 2018a). As a way of approximating the practical implications of IFRS 16, this study is analyzing changes in the key financial ratios: D/E and EV/EBITDA. We find significant median increases in total assets, total liabilities and EBITDA in the full sample, as well as within each sector group. Further, we confirm the existence of sectoral differences, finding the largest median increases in the Consumer Services sector and the smallest in the Financials sector. We also confirm that IFRS 16 bring new implications for financial statement users, since important and commonly used financial ratios are significantly changed: we observe a significant median increase in the D/E ratio and a significant median decrease in the EV/EBITDA multiple.

Este estudo apresenta uma abordagem comparativa entre as normas contábeis dos US-GAAP, IASC e Brasil para as operações de business combination e para a consolidação das demonstrações contábeis. Define-se business combination de acordo com os conceitos contidos nos US-GAAP, IASC e nos pronunciamentos brasileiros para em seguida apresentar a definição adotada neste estudo. Precedendo a metodologia desta pesquisa, este estudo apresenta algumas estatísticas das operações de business combination e as abordagens das principais dificuldades relacionadas ao tema, assim como se levanta a questão nevrálgica para o estudo. Nos capítulos denominados US-GAAP, IASC e Brasil são tratadas as principais normas contábeis emitidas, destacando-se as definições, o tratamento contábil, métodos de avaliação, consolidação e evidenciações exigidas. Em seguida são esclarecidas na análise comparativa algumas das principais similaridades e diferenças abordadas nos capítulos anteriores. O estudo inclui uma análise dos mais significativos procedimentos de consolidação e apresenta exemplos relativos a cada entidade analisada. Finalmente, as conclusões realizadas na referida análise. / This study presents a comparative analysis among the US-GAAP, IASC and Brazilian accounting pronoucements for the transactions of business combination and for the consolidation of financial statements. It reviews the definition of business combination according to the concepts of US-GAAP, IASC and Brazilian pronouncements and, subsequently, the definition used in this study. Preceding the methodology of this research, this study offers some statistics of the transactions of business combination and gives a survey of how the main difficulties related to this subject were approached, as well as a determination of the most important issue of this study. In the chapters named US-GAAP, IASC and Brazil, the main rules of accountancy are trated, highlighting the definitions, accounting treatment, methods of evaluation, consolidation and disclosure. Moreover, in the comparative analysis, some of the main similarities and differences are cleared up that were shown in the previous chapters. This study includes an analysis of the most significant procedures for consolidation, as well as some examples related to each of the institutions that were focused on. Finally, the conclusions that were made on the basis of analysis are discussed.

Este trabalho, cujo tema é “Uma contribuição à estruturação dos procedimentos e demonstrações contábeis das cooperativas – Aplicação em uma cooperativa de trabalho", apresenta uma proposta de modificação na estrutura tanto dos procedimentos como das demonstrações contábeis das sociedades cooperativas. Partiu-se do problema que este tipo de sociedade vem enfrentando, ou seja, cálculo de impostos e contribuições com base na receita bruta, receita esta que não pertence à cooperativa, além da apresentação das informações contábeis dessas entidades, que por se tratar de sociedade “sui generis", em função de seu aspecto doutrinário, não vem recebendo tratamento contábil de forma adequada. Iniciou-se a pesquisa com uma síntese da origem e da evolução do cooperativismo no mundo, seus precursores, a formação e evolução do pensamento cooperativista, de sua doutrina, dos seus princípios e normas, proporcionando assim o entendimento do funcionamento deste tipo de sociedade, seus aspectos doutrinários próprios, que a diferenciam do restante das sociedades, além de se conseguir identificar as transações que ocorrem entre elas e seus cooperados, assim como as transações de cada um separadamente, inclusive com a possibilidade de registrá-las. Posteriormente é realizado um estudo do sistema contábil para que, embasado nesta teoria, se consiga discutir e conceituar as receitas, despesas e custos das cooperativas e dos cooperados, bem como, ao mesmo tempo, definir quais os procedimentos contábeis corretos para estas operações. Com isso, buscou-se referencial teórico para sustentar as propostas de modificação tanto nos procedimentos como, por conseqüência, nas demonstrações contábeis das sociedades cooperativas, que foram realizadas de forma a mostrar as receitas, as despesas e os custos destas e de seus cooperados separadamente, fazendo com que a demonstração de resultado se apresente com o resultado da cooperativa e o patrimônio dela se apresente com sua forma própria, seguindo-se os aspectos doutrinários deste tipo de sociedade. Por fim, as propostas de modificações estudadas teoricamente são testadas e comparadas por meio de sua aplicação em demonstrações contábeis de uma cooperativa do ramo de trabalho. / This research has as theme “A contribution for the structuring of the proceedings and cooperatives accounting demonstrations - applied to a working cooperative" and it shows a proposal of the structure changing not only the proceedings but also the accounting demonstrations of the cooperative society starting from the problem which this kind of society has been going through, that is, the taxation and contribution based on gross revenue, which doesn’t belong to the cooperative, besides the accounting presentation of themselves, that deal with the society “sui generis" related to its indocrinate aspect, it hasn’t been getting an accounting treatment appropriately. The research began with the origin synthesis and the cooperativism in the world and its forerunners, the formation and evolution of cooperative thought, its doctrine, its principles and rules, making possible the understanding of the function of this kind of society, its own doctrine aspects which makes the difference from the rest of the societies, besides getting to identify the transactions which occurs among them and their member of a cooperative, as well as the transaction of each one separatedly, including the possibilities of registering them. Afterwards it is achieved a study of the accounting system so that based on this theory we can think it over and name this revenues, expenses and costs of the cooperatives and their members, not to mention, at the same time define which are the correct accounting proceedings for these operations. With this, people searched for theorical referencial to back up the proposal of the changings in the proceedings as well as, by consequences, in the accounting demonstrations of the cooperative societies, which were achieved in a way to show their revenues and costs and also their members separatedly, making the demonstration of the results show along with the cooperative one and their corporate assets shows with its own way following the doctrine aspects of this kind of society. Finally, the proposal for the changing theorically studied, is tried and compared by means of its application in accounting demonstrations of a cooperative type of work.

Este estudo apresenta uma abordagem comparativa entre as normas contábeis dos US-GAAP, IASC e Brasil para as operações de business combination e para a consolidação das demonstrações contábeis. Define-se business combination de acordo com os conceitos contidos nos US-GAAP, IASC e nos pronunciamentos brasileiros para em seguida apresentar a definição adotada neste estudo. Precedendo a metodologia desta pesquisa, este estudo apresenta algumas estatísticas das operações de business combination e as abordagens das principais dificuldades relacionadas ao tema, assim como se levanta a questão nevrálgica para o estudo. Nos capítulos denominados US-GAAP, IASC e Brasil são tratadas as principais normas contábeis emitidas, destacando-se as definições, o tratamento contábil, métodos de avaliação, consolidação e evidenciações exigidas. Em seguida são esclarecidas na análise comparativa algumas das principais similaridades e diferenças abordadas nos capítulos anteriores. O estudo inclui uma análise dos mais significativos procedimentos de consolidação e apresenta exemplos relativos a cada entidade analisada. Finalmente, as conclusões realizadas na referida análise. / This study presents a comparative analysis among the US-GAAP, IASC and Brazilian accounting pronoucements for the transactions of business combination and for the consolidation of financial statements. It reviews the definition of business combination according to the concepts of US-GAAP, IASC and Brazilian pronouncements and, subsequently, the definition used in this study. Preceding the methodology of this research, this study offers some statistics of the transactions of business combination and gives a survey of how the main difficulties related to this subject were approached, as well as a determination of the most important issue of this study. In the chapters named US-GAAP, IASC and Brazil, the main rules of accountancy are trated, highlighting the definitions, accounting treatment, methods of evaluation, consolidation and disclosure. Moreover, in the comparative analysis, some of the main similarities and differences are cleared up that were shown in the previous chapters. This study includes an analysis of the most significant procedures for consolidation, as well as some examples related to each of the institutions that were focused on. Finally, the conclusions that were made on the basis of analysis are discussed.

Le but de cette thèse est de relier la valorisation des produits dérivés àl’analyse par scénario qui fait référence dans la gestion des banques. La valorisationdes options est un domaine qui a donné lieu à une très large littératureavec un cadre mathématique bien défini, développé plutôt à destinationdes praticiens de la finance de marché dans l’optique d’une couverture par réplication.La gestion du risque de ces produits est donc analysée sous l’angledu fameux principe d’absence d’opportunité d’arbitrage. Selon ce principe,l’estimation pour un taux futur devient celle qu’anticipe les marchés dès aujourd’huigrâce à la présence d’instrument de couverture. D’un autre côté, lepilotage financier en entreprise se base sur une approche dite “par scénario”.Différents scénarios qui semblent perspicaces et font sens économiquementpour les dirigeants de la banque sont retenus, et une projection pour chaquescénario est étudiée. Ces scénarios ne sont en général pas probabilisés; noussommes dans une modélisation de l’incertain où la notion de probabilité etd’espérance n’intervient pas. La banque, qui possède des produits complexesliés à son activité, ne se couvre pas comme le fait un service lié à des activitésde marché. C’est dans l’étude de ce cadre d’analyse que s’inscrit lathèse. Nous analysons ce besoin de projection par scénario sur le périmètredes produits complexes. / The aim of this thesis is to link the pricing of derivative products to the scenariobased analysis used in banks management. Options’ pricing has a wideliterature and a well-defined mathematical framework focusing on the marketfinance problematics and in particular on delta hedging. The risk managementof these products are thus analyzed with this point of view based onthe famous absence of arbitrage opportunity principle. Under this principle,the best estimates for tomorrow are those anticipated by the market todaydue to the presence of hedging instuments. On the other side, corporate financialmanagement is based on a scenario based approach. Senior managersselect scenarios which seem both interesting and plausible and a projectionfor each scenario is analyzed. Generally, we do not attribute probability tothe scenarios, which implies a modeling based on uncertainty where the notionof probability and mathematical expectation are not involved. Bank hascomplex products for the needs of its activity and it does not hedge them asa service related to market activities would do. We do our analyze in thisframework. We analyze this need of scenario based projection for complexproducts.

This work focuses on the problems of monetary aggregates in the Czech Republic within compilation of balance sheet items statistics of monetary financial institutions. The content of this paper comprises the methodological basis for the compilation of monetary aggregates and the overall balance sheet statistics with focus on detailed description of the procedure of compiling of this statistics in the Czech National Bank. The goal is to provide an overview of the methodology of balance sheet statistics, practical aspects of its composition and compiling of monetary aggregates.