Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1990. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of Mossel Bay was subject to the opening of passes accross the two mountain ranges between the coast and the interior of the country. As the harbour gradually became more accessible to its hinterland, the Karoo, imports and exports increased. The granting of municipal status in 1852 precipitated a period of growth and by 1871, the town even had its own newspaper. Until the mid eighties, Mossel Bay was an arid town with little vegetation and scarcely enough water for domestic use. The serious shortage of water hindered the inhabitants in almost every way. With the completion of a water scheme in 1886 whereby water was received from the Outeniqua mountains, not only was the town embellished by the planting of trees but the drains could be cleaned and the fires successfully extinguished. The Town Council had to deal with squatters, roaming dogs and other stray animals. The general hygienic conditions left much to be desired. The drains were dirty, sanitation poor, dumping sites unfavourably situated and until 1891, animals were slaughtered in town. Typhus and Bubonic Plague broke out in the late nineties. The town had its own doctor and pharmacist, while a dentist made sporadic visits. A Cottage Hospital was established. The crime rate was low and the judge of the Circuit Court often had no criminal cases to hear. Commercially a market was established and an unusually high number of wholesalers began trading in the bay. Three large hotels accommodated the many visitors. Travelling ph.o tographers visited regularly and at one stage Mossel Bay even had its own resident photographer. The Mossel Bay Advertiser made an important contribution in influencing public opinion and in participating in the struggle for obtaining a rail link. This struggle was the major issue of the time. The link was frequently promised but it was only the last assurance in 1895 that was ultimately honoured. Major development took place in Shipping: Steam cranes and steam tugs were acquired and large oceanliners called, first fortnightly and then weekly. In so doing, regular contact was established with England. However the Coode Report found that the bay was becoming shallower and for this reason harbour development was rejected. Immense dissatisfaction prevailed after steam ships began calling in on Sundays, thereby forcing the inhabitants to work on the Sabbath. With the completion of the railway lines linking Port Elizabeth and Cape Town to the diamond fields, these ports gradually took over the trade generated by the Karoo. The services of the steamship companies were curtailed in the nineties resulting in diminished trade. At the end of the decade, it was announced that the harbour would receive a new breakwater and wharf. The number of shipwrecks were relatively small in comparison with other places. After the completion of the Kleinbosch Water Scheme in 1886, the town was marketed as a watering place and health resort. Many holiday makers flocked to the bay to swim in the natural bathing place at the Point. Farmers from the interior began to camp near the beach at Diepkloof. After the introduction of a halfday holiday on Saturdays, sporting activities became popular and sports clubs were established. Societies enabled participants to spend their leisure time in a constructive manner. The contribution of the church was large. A few ministers held their posts for lengthy periods and left their stamp on the community. Education was characterised by the struggle between the state supported schools and those run by the church. Although small, the schools produced outstanding students. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mosselbaai was aanvanklik moeilik van sy natuurlike hinterland, die Karoo, bereikbaar aangesien dit deur twee bergreekse van die binneland geskei word. Met die oopstelling van passe het die hawe algaande meer toeganklik geword en het die nedersetting, soos die in- en uitvoer toegeneem het, gegroei. Die Munisipaliteit is in 1852 gestig en daarna het die dorp in so 'n mate ontwikkel dat dit in 1871 'n koerant gehad het. Mosselbaai was tot in die middel tagtigerjare 'n droe, boomlose dorpie met skaars genoeg water vir huishoudelike gebruik. Die ernstige gebrek aan water het stremmend op bykans elke gebied ingewerk. Nadat water in 1886 van die Outeniekwaberge aangel~ is, kon die dorp nie slags verfraai word nie, maar kon afvoerslote gewas en brande met sukses geblus word. Die Dorpsraad het te kampe gehad met plakkers, loslopende diere. Die algemene higiene het veel rondloperhonde en ander te wense gelaat. Die afvoerslote was vuil, sanit~re geriewe swak, stortingsterreine ongunstig gelee en daar is tot in 1891 midde-in die dorp geslag. Tifus en builepes het in die negentigerjare uitgebreek. Die dorp het oor 'n geneesheer en apteker beskik en tandartse het sporadies op besoek gekom. 'n ·"cottage Hospital" is gestig. Die misdaadsyfer was laag en die regter van die Rondgaande Hof het dikwels geen strafsake gehad om te verhoor nie. Op sakegebied was daar 'n mark, 'n ongewoon hoe aantal groothandelaars en verskeie ander sakeondernemings. Drie groot hotelle het huisvesting aan besoekers verskaf. Reisende fotograwe het die dorp gereeld besoek en 'n dekade lank was daar ook 'n residensiele fotograaf. Die Mossel Bay Advertiser het 'n belangrike bydrae gelewer deur die openbare mening te be1nvloed. Die blad het eweneens 'n groot rol gespeel van die stryd om spoorverbinding, wat die grootste deel van Victoriaanse Tydperk gekenmerk het. Alhoewel 'n spoorlyn meermale is dit eers in 1895 toegestaan. ten opsigte die Laatbeloof is, Op maritieme gebied was daar groot ontwikkeling: stoomhyskrane en · -sleepbote is bekom en groot oseaanskepe het Mosselbaai tweeweekliks en later weekliks aangedoen en sodoende gereelde verbinding met Engeland bewerkstellig. Die Coode-verslag het egter bevind dat die baai besig was om vlakker te word en haweontwikkeling is afgekeur. Stoomskepe het op Sondae begin aandoen en het sodoende Sondagwerk op die inwoners afgedwing. Nadat die spoorweg tussen die Diamantveld en die hawestede Kaapstad en Port Elizabeth voltooi is, is Mosselbaai stadig as hawe vir die Groot Karoo verdring. In die negentigerjare is die diens van die stoomskiprederye ingekort, wat 'n geweldige slag vir die handel was. Aan die einde van die dekade is aangekondig dat die hawe 'n golfbreker en nuwe kaai sou kry. Alhoewel verskeie skepe deur die jare vergaan het , was dit min in vergelyking met die skipbreuke elders. Na die voltooiing van die Kleinbosch-waterskema in 1886 is die dorp as badplaas en gesondheidsoord bemark en het groot getalle vakansiegangers na die Baai gestroom om veral in die natuurlike swemsloep by die Punt te baai. Boere van die binneland het ook naby die strand by Diepkloof begin kampeer. Na die installing van 'n halfdagvakansie op Saterdae het sport groot aftrek geniet en is verskillende klubs gestig. Inwoners het ook by verskillende verenigings aangesluit om hul vryetyd op 'n opbouende wyse te verwyl. Op kerklike gebied het 'n paar leraars besonder lank op Mosselbaai gearbei en het veel tot die ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap bygedra. Die onderwys is gekenmerk deur 'n stryd tussen die staatsondersteunde skole en die van die kerke. Alhoewel klein, het die plaaslike skole goeie uitslae behaal en uitstekende studente opgelewer.

Among all contemporary world's discourses that influence environmental design profession, sustainability appears to be a dominant and compelling narrative. The developing trajectory of sustainability in architecture seems to suggest an antinomy paradigm, a contradiction or inconsistency between two apparently reasonable principles or laws i.e. sustainability and aesthetics. As a result, emerging sustainable design requires an accompanying set of aesthetics which serve as design guidance and evaluation tool. Literature review of philosophy and designing profession realize three kinds of alternative aesthetics i.e. environmental, ecological, and performative aesthetics. The thesis argues that this alternative set of sustainable aesthetics provides a theoretical basis for the practical design of a built environment for eco-tourism. The thesis focuses on analyzing the implication of those aesthetics to sustainability in regards to design of ecolodges. Eco-tourism is one of the emerging pragmatic options of sustainable development and to consume ecotourism is to consume aesthetic experience. By reviewing and analyzing the case studies of ecolodge, this thesis provides the design features and strategies which are argued to integrate beauty and sustainability. The thesis also applies the findings to demonstrate the usefulness of aesthetic approach to sustainable design in one specific design proposal, Floating Bamboo Ecolodge in Halong Bay, Vietnam. / text

Large beach cusps with wavelengths O(200m), sometimes termed mega-cusps, were measured along 18km of the Southern Monterey Bay coastline from October 2004 to April 2005 to investigate the cuspate shoreline response to rip current systems. Monterey Bay is a unique location for the study of rip current systems, which has with well defined rips that are present all year long, a large dune erosional rate, and incident wave energy that is primarily shore-normal with a large alongshore gradient. Contours of the coastline were extrapolated from the surveys using an all-terrain vehicle equipped with Kinematic GPS. Cusp spacing was inferred from the data using a zero up-cross technique and found to be O(230m) for low wave energy beaches and O(250m) for high wave energy beaches. Migration rates of the cusps were found to be 1-5m/day owing to the quasi-uniform erosion of the dune system. Cusps were found to be semi-permanent features with length scales dependant upon the local wave climate.

No description available.

It is estimated in the last five years Chinese investors have poured over $93 billion into the United States residential real estate market targeting high-end housing sectors. I analyze the implications of the investment and how it has affected the Bay Area housing prices. In order to find out why large outflows are targeting the United States I compare China’s economy with Japan’s economy in the late 1980’s when Japanese investors invested over $300 billion into high profile real estate properties. I find many similarities, suggesting China has a bubble economy such as Japan before the lost decade. To combat their bubble, China has implemented new restrictions on capital outflows in order to stabilize their volatile markets. In terms of the Bay Area real estate market I gathered evidence a recession is imminent due to the demand falling for high-end housing. The housing market mirrors economic health and indicates whether an economy is in a boom or bust.

M.Sc. / The KaNyaka barrier island system consists of the vegetated KaNyaka and Portuguese Islands, and various partially exposed sandbars. It is situated in south-easternmost Mozambique where it forms a barrier between Maputo Bay in the west and the Indian Ocean in the east. It forms part of the northern most limit of the Maputaland Group, which consists of Pliocene to Holocene sediments. The island system is an example of a compound barrier island since it comprises a stacked succession of several ancient shoreline marine and aeolian sedimentary rock units and sediments, along with various active sedimentary environments. This thesis describe the general geology of the island system, the petrography of the various rock and sedimentary units and provide information on provenance of sediment based on detrital zircon age populations. It also provides several new 14C age dates of shell fossils and calcified rhizoliths. KaNyaka Island consists of two high north-south trending dune cordons along its eastern and western shores, with a low-lying dune-covered area in between. The Western dune cordon consists of aeolian calcareous quartz arenite of the Ridjene Formation unconformably overlain by calcified aeolian dunes of the Alto Pocuane Formation in turn overlain by the unlithified red dunes of the Barreira Vermelha Formation. The core of the Eastern dune cordon consists of the calcareous quartz arenite of the Cabo Inhaca Formation comprised of stacked calcified aeolian dunes, the marine and tidal deposits of the Ponta Mazondue and Ponta Torres formations form the eastern and south-western flanks of the Eastern dune cordon. The formations are overlain by unlithified red to orange sands of the Changana Formation and partially lithified light grey to yellow sands of the Muamuluago Formation. The area between these two dune cordons is covered by low-lying aeolian dunes of the Alto Chumine Formation, ancient sandbar and beach deposits of the Chunhe Formation and both modern and paleo-intertidal flat deposits. Modern sedimentary environments include high-energy beaches, intertidal flats, sand spits, sandbars and aeolian dunes. The presence of aeolian deposits extending below the present sea-level, and marine deposits up to 3m above it, indicates that the KaNyaka barrier island system records a long history of sea-level change. 14C dating of marine and freshwater shell fossils and a rhizolith collected from several of the formations on the KaNyaka barrier island system assist in defining the history of the island with reference to sea-level fluctuations. Results from two freshwater shell fossils in the aeolian Alto Pocuane and Cabo Inhaca Formations indicate that they were deposited and subsequently calcified 47 000 and 30 000 years ago respectively, at times when the sea-level was 40 - 60 m lower than at present. The red sand of the Barreira Vermelha and Changana formation overlying these calcified dunes are suggested to have formed when climate was drier and sea-level even lower, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) around 17 000 years ago. 14C ages on formations overlying the red sand deposits all postdate the Last Glacial Maximum and record sediment deposition of the past 7 000 years when the sea-level was either rather similar or somewhat higher than the present. Detrital zircon age populations, determined by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), indicate that the majority of the sediment building the barrier island system was derived from the Grenvillian (~1100 Ma) and the Pan-African (~500 Ma) orogenic belts situated along the eastern side of Africa. Sediment was probably transported from exposed rock successions of these belts by large rivers like the Zambezi in the north and the Tugela in the south. The sediment was then dispersed along the coast by the south flowing Agulhas Current and northward directed long-shore current. Rivers feeding into Maputo Bay, like the Phongola, Umbeluzi and Incomati, draining the Kaapvaal Craton and Karoo Supergroup provided very little sediment to the barrier island system.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: Douglas Edmonds / Due to their low-lying position near the shoreline, river deltas are vulnerable to fluctuations in relative sea-level (RSL). Moreover, relatively little is known about fluvio-deltaic dynamics during RSL fall because the resulting deposits have low preservation potential. In this paper, I present a field-based study of the Goose River delta, coupled with numerical model simulations, that investigates the fluvio-deltaic response to RSL fall. The Goose River delta is a sandy fjord delta at the mouth of the Goose River located at the western end of Lake Melville, an inlet of the Labrador Sea, Canada and has experienced a RSL fall of 3 to 6 mm/yr in the past 5000 years due to post-glacial isostatic rebound. Aerial images show three abandoned delta lobes and one active lobe, suggesting that avulsions and lobe-switching occurred during RSL fall. Elevation analysis using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) data and optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating suggest that a series of downstepping terraced delta lobes formed at the mouth of the Goose River during a period of RSL fall. Similarly, Delft3D model runs show continued avulsions and formation of multiple terraced delta lobes deposited at progressively lower elevations. I show computationally that by decreasing delta lobe widths, deltas may remain aggradational during RSL fall, creating conditions favorable for lobe-switching during RSL fall. Observations from the field and model runs provide a critical link in understanding the geomorphic processes occurring during RSL fall, and in particular show that 1) incision and sediment bypass is not a necessary response to RSL fall and 2) lateral migration of a delta via avulsion can continue to occur with falling sea-level. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

Coastal populations of perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the Baltic Sea has declined substantially the last decades while the populations of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has increased rapidly during the same time period. Earlier studies have suggested that predation on perch larvae and or competition from sticklebacks are the causes behind the decline in perch. To test if predation from sticklebacks commonly occur on perch larvae as well as provide data on stickleback diets in general, diets of sticklebacks were examined by looking at the stomach content of collected samples of sticklebacks from different bays along the Swedish and Finnish coast. Results showed no evidence of stickleback predation on perch larvae as no perch larvae were found in any of the examined stomachs.  Three-spined sticklebacks generally had the same diet in all studied bays consisting mainly of Chironomidae and Asellus aquaticus. The diet results suggest that competition between perch larvae and sticklebacks is minor if any due to low proportions of zooplankton found in the stomachs of the sticklebacks while zooplankton is the main food source for perch larvae. In bays where three spined sticklebacks were found with nine-spined sticklebacks they generally had similar diets. Still, due to a larger size and gape size of three-spined sticklebacks they fed more on larger prey like Asellus aquaticus while nine-spined sticklebacks contained smaller prey such as benthic cladocerans. Due to few samples from bays where sticklebacks were found together with perch larvae, no conclusion regarding predation on larvae as the main the mechanism for declines in coastal perch population can be drawn from the results in this study.

Luminescence is the emission of light by an object. Living organisms including certain bacteria are capable of luminescence. Bacteria are the most abundant luminescent organisms in nature. Bacterial luminescence has been studied most extensively in several marine bacteria. Bacterial luminescence is due to the action of the enzyme called luciferase. The luminescent bacteria exist in nature either as free living bacteria or in symbiotic association ship with certain marine organisms. Research on luminescent bacteria has always been a fascinating one. In the present study, twenty free living luminescent bacteria were isolated from Bay of Bengal, India using soft agar overlay method in sea water complex agar (SWCA). All the 20 strains were characterized for certain biochemical tests and they were tentatively identified that they are all Photobacterium spp. The effect of salinity, pH glycerol concentration and heavy metals on the growth and luminescence of these 20 strains was also studied. In this part of experiment, visual scoring was done to categorize the luminescence. In case of salinity, it has been found that up to 6% of NaCl the intense of luminescence was good and thereafter it declined. Further, in some strains it was completely ceased beyond 9% of salinity. Luminescence was not greatly affected by pH in liquid medium however; the same was affected in solid medium. The intensity of luminescence has increased with increasing concentrations of glycerol ranging from 0.3 to 1.2%. All the 20 luminescent bacteria were characterized for their tolerance to heavy metals and antibiotics. Copper and zinc at 1 mg/ml concentration have inhibited the growth and luminescence of the all strains. Surprisingly, mercury at the same concentration has inhibited only two strains (AMET1913 and AMET1920). However, at 2 mg/ml concentration mercury has inhibited the growth and luminescence of all the 20 strains. Selected six luminescent bacterial strains were also characterized for their antibiotic susceptibility against six different antibiotics. It has been found that most of the strains were sensitive to all the six antibiotics tested. Since, the bioluminescence is regulated by quorum sensing, the effect of culture filtrate extracted with dichloromethane was also tested for its effect on luminescence. These DCM extracts haven‟t influenced the luminescence much.