Continual scaling of devices and on-chip wiring has brought significant challenges for materials and processes beyond the 32-nm technology node in microelectronics. Recently, three-dimensional (3-D) integration with through-silicon vias (TSVs) has emerged as an effective solution to meet the future interconnect requirements. Among others, thermo-mechanical reliability is a key concern for the development of TSV structures used in die stacking as 3-D interconnects. In this dissertation, thermal stresses and interfacial reliability of TSV structures are analyzed by combining analytical and numerical models with experimental measurements. First, three-dimensional near-surface stress distribution is analyzed for a simplified TSV structure consisting of a single via embedded in a silicon (Si) wafer. A semi-analytic solution is developed and compared with finite element analysis (FEA). For further study, the effects of anisotropic elasticity in Si and metal plasticity in the via on the stress distribution and deformation are investigated. Next, by micro-Raman spectroscopy and bending beam technique, experimental measurements of the thermal stresses in TSV structures are conducted. The micro-Raman measurements characterize the local distribution of the near-surface stresses in Si around TSVs. On the other hand, the bending beam technique measures the average stress and viii deformation in the TSV structures. To understand the elastic and plastic behavior of TSVs, the microstructural evolution of the Cu vias is analyzed using focused ion beam (FIB) and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) techniques. To study the impacts of the thermal stresses on interfacial reliability of TSV structures, an analytical solution is developed for the steady-state energy release rate as the upper bound of the driving force for interfacial delamination. The effect of crack length and wafer thickness on the energy release rate is studied by FEA. Furthermore, to model interfacial crack nucleation, an analytical approach is developed by combining a shear lag model with a cohesive interface model. Finally, the effects of structural designs and the variation of the constituent materials on TSV reliability are investigated. The steady state solutions for the energy release rate are developed for various TSV designs and via materials (Al, Cu, Ni, and W) to evaluate the interfacial reliability. The parameters for TSV design optimization are discussed from the perspectives of interfacial reliability. / text

The surface-normal impact velocity distributions, impact frequencies and impact power per unit area were measured using a force sensor in a vibratory finisher for two types of spherical media. These parameters control the degree, rate and character of plastic deformation of a workpiece surface in vibratory finishing. The force sensor was also used to quantify the effect of media type, finisher amplitude, and location within the finisher on the probability distribution of the particle impact velocity normal to the workpiece. It was found that reducing the total media mass in the finisher and moving closer to the wall resulted in a more aggressive process. It was also found that contacts occured periodically within time periods that corresponded to the finisher’s driving frequency. The Almen system was adapted to a vibratory finishing process to characterize the effect of varying process parameters for the purposes of process development and control. Saturation curves for two types of aluminum Almen strips were obtained by finishing at two distinct conditions. Comparison with the normal contact forces and effective impact velocities, measured for both these conditions, provided insight into the mechanics of the vibratory finishing process. An electromagnetic apparatus was constructed to simulate the normal impacts in the vibratory finisher. It was found that surface-normal impacts at velocities comparable to the higher range in the vibratory finisher produced Almen saturation curves similar to those created in the vibratory finisher. This provided support for the modeling approximation of treating all contact events in a vibratory finisher as effective surface-normal impacts, and the accuracy of the effective impact velocity measurement. A model of the process by which Almen strips were plastically deformed by media impacts in vibratory finishing was presented. The motivation was to extend the use of Almen strip measurements as a means of characterizing vibratory finishing through an improved understanding of the process parameters that controlled time-dependent curvature development. Two thicknesses of Almen strip were tested for two finishing conditions. The quantitative agreement between the model saturation curves and the experimental curves was fair, although the overall trends were predicted very well.

Stiffness and strength models are derived for simply supported composite sandwich panels comprised of fibre-reinforced face sheets and polymer cores subject to symmetric four point bending and uniformly distributed loading. Optimal trajectories for minimum mass design are calculated using the models and situated on failure mechanism maps. A stiffness constraint is also derived to omit beam designs of excessive compliance. Analytical models were validated through an extensive series of experiments, considering beams comprised of GFRP face sheets with ROHACELL 51-IG and extruded polystyrene (EPS) polymer cores. An alternate loading fixture was used to simulate uniform pressure loads. In general, experiments were able to validate most analytical expressions for a range of experimental conditions. Though the predictions worked well with most beam cases, analytical models were noted to become unreliable for short or slender beams.

The surface-normal impact velocity distributions, impact frequencies and impact power per unit area were measured using a force sensor in a vibratory finisher for two types of spherical media. These parameters control the degree, rate and character of plastic deformation of a workpiece surface in vibratory finishing. The force sensor was also used to quantify the effect of media type, finisher amplitude, and location within the finisher on the probability distribution of the particle impact velocity normal to the workpiece. It was found that reducing the total media mass in the finisher and moving closer to the wall resulted in a more aggressive process. It was also found that contacts occured periodically within time periods that corresponded to the finisher’s driving frequency. The Almen system was adapted to a vibratory finishing process to characterize the effect of varying process parameters for the purposes of process development and control. Saturation curves for two types of aluminum Almen strips were obtained by finishing at two distinct conditions. Comparison with the normal contact forces and effective impact velocities, measured for both these conditions, provided insight into the mechanics of the vibratory finishing process. An electromagnetic apparatus was constructed to simulate the normal impacts in the vibratory finisher. It was found that surface-normal impacts at velocities comparable to the higher range in the vibratory finisher produced Almen saturation curves similar to those created in the vibratory finisher. This provided support for the modeling approximation of treating all contact events in a vibratory finisher as effective surface-normal impacts, and the accuracy of the effective impact velocity measurement. A model of the process by which Almen strips were plastically deformed by media impacts in vibratory finishing was presented. The motivation was to extend the use of Almen strip measurements as a means of characterizing vibratory finishing through an improved understanding of the process parameters that controlled time-dependent curvature development. Two thicknesses of Almen strip were tested for two finishing conditions. The quantitative agreement between the model saturation curves and the experimental curves was fair, although the overall trends were predicted very well.

Stiffness and strength models are derived for simply supported composite sandwich panels comprised of fibre-reinforced face sheets and polymer cores subject to symmetric four point bending and uniformly distributed loading. Optimal trajectories for minimum mass design are calculated using the models and situated on failure mechanism maps. A stiffness constraint is also derived to omit beam designs of excessive compliance. Analytical models were validated through an extensive series of experiments, considering beams comprised of GFRP face sheets with ROHACELL 51-IG and extruded polystyrene (EPS) polymer cores. An alternate loading fixture was used to simulate uniform pressure loads. In general, experiments were able to validate most analytical expressions for a range of experimental conditions. Though the predictions worked well with most beam cases, analytical models were noted to become unreliable for short or slender beams.

Dauguma mašinų ir mechanizmų detalių eksploatacijos metu veikiamos lenkimu. Esant trumpalaikėms perkrovoms, ypatingai įrengimų paleidimo ir stabdymo metu, šiose detalėse gali atsirasti tampriai plastinis įtempių - deformacijų būvis. Kadangi tokios perkrovos dažniausiai periodiškai kartojasi, detalės ar jų atskiri elementai patiria ciklinį tampriai plastinį deformavimą, kuris gali baigtis suirimu. Šiame darbe pateikiamas skritulinio skerspjūvio strypo statinio tampriai plastinio grynojo lenkimo analitinių priklausomybių, naudojant laipsninę įtempių-deformacijų kreivės plastinės dalies aproksimaciją, išvedimas. Gautos priklausomybės įvertina mechaninių medžiagos charakteristikų skirtumus tempimo ir gniuždymo atveju, jos gali būti naudojamos apskaičiuojant įtempių neutraliojo sluoksnio padėties pokyčiams deformavimo metu bei nustatant lenkimo momento ir didžiausios strypo deformacijos priklausomybę. Pateiktos priklausomybės gali būti pritaikytos ir cikliniam tampriai plastinio grynojo lenkimo analitiniam tyrimui. / In real condition a great majority of machines and structure elements are subjected to bending. Occasionally, such an element can be overloaded and its stress strain state exceeds the proportional limit. That’s why the study of elastic-plastic bending has a wide engineering science background and a very broad field of application. This work presents analytical research of circular cross-section element under pure bending. The simple power relation of stress and strain response in the region of plastic deformation is used. The relationships describing non-dimensional deviation of the stress neutral axis from symmetry axis of an element and non-dimensional monotonic bending moment are presented. Results of theoretical analysis are compared with experimental date. Derived relationships can be also fitted to analysis of circular cross-section element loaded by low cycle pure bending.

Šiame darbe yra nagrinėjamos kukurūzų grūdų ir burbuolių fizikinės-mechaninės savybės, jų brendimo laikotarpyje, veikiant pusiau statine apkrova. Literatūros apžvalgoje atlikta kukurūzų burbuolių ir grūdų fizikinių-mechaninių savybių bei grūdų tamprumo modulio mokslinių tyrimų analizė. Moksliniai eksperimentiniai tyrimai buvo atlikti 2012 metų rugsėjo-spalio mėnesiais, dukart savaitėje, Žemės ūkio mašinų tyrimų laboratorijoje fizikinių-mechaninių savybių tyrimo mašina „Instron 5960“. Eksperimentiniais tyrimais nustatyti kukurūzų grūdų ir burbuolių biometriniai rodikliai. Tirtas kukurūzų burbuolių atsparumas lenkimui ir gniuždymui. Atlikti grūdo atskyrimo jėgos nustatymo spaudžiant juos eilutėje specialiu antgaliu tyrimai. Atliktas grūdų gniuždymo bandymas, spaudžiant grūdą iki visiško suirimo. Tyrimų duomenys apdoroti statistiškai. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad grūdams bręstant, rugsėjo-spalio mėnesiais, kukurūzų grūdų drėgnis sumažėja nuo 50,94±1,64% iki 36,21±0,52%, o maksimali jėga, reikalinga suardyti grūdą, padidėja nuo 91,54±16,75 N iki 200,67±18,43 N. / This study was carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties in different physiological maturity stage of corn grains and corn ears. The study of the mechanical properties of corn grains and ears were performed under quasi-static conditions with the unit “Instron-5960”. Corn ears bending were determined, when the gap between the support beams was 60 mm and 120 mm. The rupture force of ear breaking decreases with an increasing of distance between the supports. The grain was loaded at three different orientations: over the length, over the width and over the thickness. Single grain was placed between two parallel plates and gradually compressed, while simultaneously recording the force and the corresponding deformation that occurred until the grain ruptured. At this point the force suddenly decreased, while the deformation continued. In most cases the initial portion of the load-deformation curve of the grain is approximately linear up to certain levels of deformation beyond which it became non-linear. The observed bioyield point represents the yield point in the biological materials. This is an indication of initial cell rupture in the cellular structure of the material. Research data were processed statistically. The results showed that the max rupture force of corn grain increased from 91.54±16.75 N to 200.67±18.43 N by decreasing the moisture content from 50.94±1.64% to 36.21±0.52%, respectively. 5 conclusions summarize this work and, finally, the list of... [to full text]

In real conditions, a great majority of machine and structure elements and parts (shafts, pins, axis, etc.) are subjected to bending. That’s why the study of elastic plastic bending has a wide engineering science background and a very broad field of application. This work presents analytical research of elastic plastic pure bending of rectangular cross-section element. The simple power relation expresses stress strain curve in the region of uniform plastic deformation. Derived mathematical relations allow to calculate deviation of dimensionless stress neutral axis from symmetry axis of an element and dimensionless pure bending moment versus monotonic strain. Theoretical curves for different material constants are drawn. Theoretical curves of dimensionless pure bending moment give tolerable coincidence with experimental date. Derived relationships can be also fitted to analysis of rectangular cross-section element loaded by low cycle pure bending.

Bending loss in silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides was calculated using conformal mapping of the curved waveguide to an equivalent straight waveguide. Finite-element analysis with perfectly matched layer boundaries was used to solve the vector wave equation. Transmission loss was experimentally measured as a function of bend radius for several SOI waveguides. Good agreement was found between simulated and measured losses, and this technique was confirmed as a good predictor for loss and for minimum bend radius for efficient design.

This thesis concerns new hydrogen- and polarity-related effects in the photoluminescence of ZnO single crystal wafers and the relationship between surface electron accumulation and surface hydroxyl coverage on different ZnO surfaces. A comparative study of the low temperature photoluminescence of various types of hydrothermal and melt-grown ZnO wafers revealed several new hydrogen-related exciton recombination lines and a number of consistent polarity-related differences in the PL emission from different crystallographic surfaces. Temperature-dependent PL measurements were extensively used to distinguish the ground and excited state transitions involved in these effects. ZnO samples of different surface polarity were annealed in oxygen and nitrogen gases and in hydrogen-containing forming gas mixtures in an attempt to identify the origin of these new PL features. The well known aluminium-related I_₆ recombination line was resolved into two separate features in hydrothermal ZnO, and the new component I6-H (3.36081 eV) was found to repeatedly quench and then re-emerge after annealing in oxygen and forming gas, respectively. A model involving an aluminium - lithium - hydrogen defect complex was proposed for I6-H and further tested via hydrogen and deuterium implantation experiments on hydrothermal ZnO wafers with different lithium concentrations. These experiments also provided evidence for the involvement of a different lithium-hydrogen defect complex in other hydrogen-related emission lines I₄b,c (3.36219 eV and 3.36237 eV) unique to hydrothermal ZnO. In addition, a broad Gaussian-shaped feature observed in the near-band-edge PL emission from the O-polar (000‾1), a-plane (11‾20) and r-plane (1‾102) faces of ZnO was shown to be surface sensitive and also related to hydrogen. The involvement of hydrogen in the chemical and electronic properties of different ZnO surfaces was also investigated. The thermal stability of the hydroxyl termination and the associated downward surface band bending on the polar and non-polar surfaces of ZnO was studied by synchrotron and real-time photoelectron spectroscopy, both during and after annealing and subsequent H₂O/H₂ dosing in ultra-high vacuum conditions. On the O-polar face, the band bending could be reversibly switched over a range of approximately 0.8 eV by adjusting the surface H-coverage using simple UHV heat treatments and atmospheric exposure. A transition from electron accumulation to electron depletion on the O-polar face was observed at a H-coverage of approximately 0.9 monolayers. In contrast, the downward band bending on the Zn-polar face was significantly more resilient and electron-depleted surfaces could not be prepared by heat treatment alone. This was also the case for in situ cleaving in UHV conditions which failed to produce hydroxyl-free surfaces due to migration of hydrogen from the bulk to the cleaved surface. Interestingly, the thermal stability of the hydroxyl termination on the a-plane (11‾20) and m-plane (10‾10) surfaces was signiifcantly lower than on the polar faces due to the availability of a lower energy desorption pathway and the electrostatic stability of these non-polar surfaces in their clean, bulk terminated form. The surface band bending on the non-polar ZnO surfaces was also found to be directly related to their OH coverage with a transition from downward to upward band bending, similar to that observed on the O-polar face, as the OH coverage was reduced. Thermal admittance spectroscopy and deep level transient spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of lithium removal on the defect nature of hydrothermal ZnO. A number of new defects were introduced by the high temperature (1100-1400°C) annealing/re-polishing process used to reduce the lithium concentration, particularly E₁₉₀ (also known as T2) which is thought to be related to Zn vacancies. Significantly, both the E₅₀ defect level and the I6-H PL emission line were absent after lithium (and hydrogen) removal suggesting an association of both these features with the same aluminium - lithium - hydrogen defect complex.