In this study, bending moment distributions developed in laterally loaded passive pile and passive pile groups in cohesionless soil were investigated in laboratory conditions through model pile experiments. Different from the active pile loading, the lateral load was given directly to the piles using a movable large direct shear box. In these experiments strain gauges fastened to the piles and a computer based data reading system were used. The strain values were measured at five levels on the piles. The behavior of a single pile and a pile group having five piles were investigated through strain measurements in order to observe bending moment distribution on the piles. After evaluating the test results, the behavior of passive single pile was found to be similar to the results obtained in early studies. Negative bending moments were observed at the specified depths above the shear plane and positive bending moments were measured at the level of the shear plane and below the shear plane. Maximum bending moments were obtained at 0.7L (L: Length of Pile) for single piles and piles in the group. Above the shear plane, maximum bending moments within the pile group were found to be developed on the piles nearest to the loading. On the shear plane maximum bending moments were developed on the piles farthest from the loading just like active piles. Below the shear plane, maximum bending moments were developed mainly on the piles nearest to the loading.

This work begins by establishing the necessary and sufficient conditions for hygrothermal stability of composite laminates. An investigation is performed into the range of coupling achievable from within all hygrothermally stable families. The minimum number of plies required to create an asymmetric hygrothermally stable stacking sequence is found to be five. Next, a rigorous and general approach for determining designs corresponding to optimal levels of coupling is established through the use of a constrained optimization procedure. Couplings investigated include extension-twist, bend-twist, extension-bend, shear-twist, and anticlastic. For extension-twist and bend-twist coupling, specimens from five- through ten-ply laminates are manufactured and tested to demonstrate hygrothermal stability and achievable levels of coupling. Nonlinear models and finite element analysis are developed, and predictions are verified through comparison with test results. Sensitivity analyses are performed to demonstrate the robustness of the hygrothermal stability and couplings to deviations in ply angle, typical of manufacturing tolerances. Comparisons are made with current state-of-the-art suboptimal layups, and significant increases in coupling over previously known levels are demonstrated.

<p>This report deals with the fire resistance of cross-laminated timber (CLT). Themain purpose is to verify a new model on CLT and its ability to sustain itsbearing capacity when exposed to fire. To establish this, a series of bendingtestshas been conducted in combination with fire exposure of the CLT. Twodifferent series, with different dimensions, of beams were tested (series 1 andseries 2). Four basic set-ups: CLT in tension or compression, either equippedwith fire protective covering or not. Results from the tests has been gatheredand evaluated to verify the theoretical model of the fire resistance. Evaluationwas made through analysis of the residual cross-sections of the beamsregarding charring depth and rate and moment of inertia (I).Results of the tests verify to a large extent the Design model. Externalproblems and variations in the beams themselves caused some deviations.Analysis confirmed the CLT as being more similar to other laminated productssuch as Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) then homogenous solid beams. BothCLT and LVL experience delamination when exposed to fire resulting in anincreased charring rate. The difference in rate when using Gypsum plaster as aprotective barrier against the fire exposure is also equal to LVL.The results of the report will be used in the new version of the EuropeanStandard, Euro Code 5 and in the third edition of Fire Safe Timber Buildings.Charring rates proved to be less than expected but the CLTs ability to withstandfire while keeping its bearing capacity</p>

Die exakte Kenntnis vom Materialverhalten und speziell von lokalen Flächenmasseschwankungen der textilen Flächen ist Voraussetzung für eine Verbesserung der Produktentwicklung und für eine hohe Qualitätsverarbeitung in der Konfektionsindustrie. Dieser Fakt ist ebenfalls für die zunehmende Anwendung im Bereich der Simulationsberechnungen von erheblicher Bedeutung. Der Wandel von 2D-CAD- zu 3D-CAD-Systemen führt in der Bekleidungsindustrie zur zwingenden Berücksichtigung der Materialeigenschaften. Aufgrund des Montageprozesses zeigen die konfektionierten textilen Flächen im Vergleich zu unkonfektionierten textilen Flächen ein anderes Erscheinungsbild. Mehrlagige Gewebe (infolge einer Naht, einer Einlage oder eines Futterstoffes) beeinflussen das Biegeverhalten und das Fallverhalten der textilen Flächen erheblich. Zur Bestimmung der Biegesteifigkeit ist seit Jahrzehnten das manuell zu bedienende Prüfgerät nach dem Cantilever-Verfahren das Bekannteste. Die eigenen Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass das Prüfgerät viele Mängel hat, welche die Genauigkeit und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Messergebnisse wesentlich beeinflussen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein neues Biegesteifigkeitsprüfgerät (ACPM 200) entwickelt, um eine optimale Genauigkeit und hohe Reproduzierbarkeit der Messergebnisse zu erfassen. Eine neue Methode zur Ermittlung des Einflusses der Naht auf die Biegesteifigkeit einer größeren textilen Fläche ist in der Arbeit vorhanden, um die exakte Beschreibung des realen Verhaltens von textilen Bekleidungsprodukten zu ermitteln. Die Simulation des Biegeverhaltens textiler Flächen ohne und mit vertikaler Naht wird mit Hilfe der FEM durchgeführt. Abschließend wird eine neue Prüfnorm vorgestellt, welche die Biegesteifigkeit von textilen Flächen mit lokalen Flächenmasseschwankungen mittels des neuen Biegesteifigkeitsprüfgerätes ACPM 200 beinhaltet. / Bending stiffness and Drapeability are essential material parameters for simulating textile and clothing products. Due to assembling processes garments are showing different appearances through modelling than textile fabrics. This is based on stiffening, which is caused by assembling process and local variations within material’s mass throughout the fabric. Since decades the manual bending stiffness testing device, which is based on Cantilever method, has been known. This device is insufficient because of irregular feed speed of bending sample, the visual determination of reaching and reading the bending length, the little reading precision of the measurable slide (half Millimetre) and the form of the front edge of the sample does not stay linear. Obtaining an exact evaluation of this sample edge is not possible with this device. Extensive experiments have confirmed that these deficits influence the accuracy and the reproduction of the results in a high degree. To remedy these deficits and to obtain an exact description of the material’s behaviour in order to achieve an optimal modelling of the clothing products is the new bending stiffness testing device (ACPM 200) at the ITB of TU Dresden developed. Within the investigations a new method for determining the influence of the seam on the bending stiffness of the adjacent textile fabric will be introduced. The Influence of seams on the drapability of textile fabric is investigated. A static model of Fabric with and without vertical seams is analysed with using the finite element method (FEM).

<p>This thesis evaluates the possibility to detect natural defects, such as knots, in timber boards using dynamic excitation test and ABAQUS software. In the study the edgewise bending direction were compared with axial direction. Dynamic excitation and modal analysis were used to extract the natural frequencies of several sound and artificially defected boards with the help of Signalcalc. Mobylizer software. By using the first edgewise natural frequency, modulus of elasticity (MOE) was calculated. An ABAQUS 2D Finite Element model was utilized to model the board and to extract the frequencies for the six first mode shapes in both axial and edgewise directions. The extracted frequencies from the model were compared with the frequencies from the tests. The analytical and experimental results, from the homogeneous boards, in edgewise direction has similar frequency variations. The defects in the timber boards decreased the natural frequencies. The bending modes with more curvature at the location of the artificial defect displayed more frequency deviation in that mode. The variation in response frequencies for uniform and defected boards was more noticeable in edgewise bending modes than in longitudinal modes.</p>

<p>The field of inverse problems is an area in applied mathematics that is of great importance in several scientific and industrial applications. Since an inverse problem is typically founded on non-linear and ill-posed models it is a very difficult problem to solve. To find a regularized solution it is crucial to have <em>a priori</em> information about the solution. Therefore, general theories are not sufficient considering new applications.</p><p>In this thesis we consider the inverse problem to determine the beam bending stiffness from measurements of the transverse dynamic displacement. Of special interest is to localize parts with reduced bending stiffness. Driven by requirements in the wood-industry it is not enough considering time-efficient algorithms, the models must also be adapted to manage extremely short calculation times.</p><p>For the developing of efficient methods inverse problems based on the fourth order Euler-Bernoulli beam equation and the second order string equation are studied. Important results are the transformation of a nonlinear regularization problem to a linear one and a convex procedure for finding parts with reduced bending stiffness.</p>

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 29 pages. / Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Knowledge of structural stability theory is of paramount importance to the practicing structural engineer. In many instances, buckling is the primary consideration in the design of various structural configurations. The first chapter introduces a simplified treatment of the elastic stability of a battened column using classical methods without getting involved with lengthy and complicated mathematical operations. In chapter two, a treatment of the elastic stability of a frame is presented, including effects of elastic restraints. In this study, a theoretical treatment is given which although approximate, is believed to constitute a satisfactory solution of the structure. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 117-120.

Thesis (M.S.) in Civil Engineering--University of Maine, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-228 (v. 1)).

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties, and many potential applications have been proposed, ranging from nanoscale devices to reinforcement of macroscopic structures. However, due to their small sizes, characterization of their mechanical properties and deformation behaviours are major challenges. Theoretical modelling of deformation behaviours has shown that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can develop ripples in the walls on the contracted side when bent above a critical curvature. The rippling is reversible and accompanied by a reduction in the bending stiffness of the tubes. This behaviour will have implications for future nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Although rippling has been thoroughly modelled there has been a lack of experimental data thus far. In this study, force measurements have been performed on individual MWCNTs and vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs). This was accomplished by using a custom-made atomic force microscope (AFM) inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The measurements were done by bending free-standing MWCNTs/VACNFs with the AFM sensor in a cantilever-to-cantilever fashion, providing force-displacement curves. From such curves and the MWCNT/VACNF dimensions, measured from SEM-images, the critical strain for the very onset of rippling and the Young’s modulus, E, could be obtained. To enable accurate estimations of the nanotube diameter, we have developed a model of the SEM-image formation, such that intrinsic diameters can be retrieved. We have found an increase in the critical strain for smaller diameter tubes, a behaviour that compares well with previous theoretical modelling. VACNFs behaved very differently, as they did not display any rippling and had low bending stiffnesses due to inter-wall shear. We believe that our findings will have implications for the design of future NEMS devices that employ MWCNTs and VACNFs. / <p>Artikel 2 Image formation mechanisms tidigare som manuskript, nu publicerad: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-16425 (MÅ 150924)</p>