Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2005

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, February 2010.

Este artículo surge a partir de mi tesis de licenciatura titulada "Yo soy artista y artesano. La distinción en un espacio de producción cultural de San Blas, Cusco". En él buscamos evidenciar y reflexionar en torno a las principales connotaciones que se le atribuyen al barrio de San Blas en el contexto actual del boom turístico que se produce en el Cusco. En ese sentido, identificamos, a lo largo del texto, las principales características que hacen de San Blas un espacio local en tensión en donde algunos de sus elementos se pierden o transforman en función al turismo masivo. San Blas es históricamente conocido en el Cusco por ser el "barrio de los artistas y artesanos". Con el paulatino aumento del turismo, sin embargo, el lugar se ganó también la denominación de "barrio turístico". ¿Cómo entender este San Blas turístico y tradicional? Sostenemos que el barrio es un espacio heterogéneo en donde los contenidos de su cultura local se encuentran en disputa. Siguiendo a Vich (2001), se trata de un lugar en donde el encuentro cultural está marcado por relaciones de poder violentas que están llevando a la pérdida y reconfiguración de lo "sanbleño".

L’émergence du mouvement de revendication identitaire andalou entre la fin du XIXe et le début du XXe siècle signe l’insuccès des libéraux espagnols dans leur tentative de construire un Etat-nation, et confirme leur indifférence face à l’ensemble des problèmes socioéconomiques qui terrassèrent l’Andalousie durant le XIXe siècle. La nécessité de la mise à niveau des mesures juridiques entre toutes ses classes sociales et l’amélioration des conditions de vie et de travail du prolétariat, soumis à des inégalités de traitement et exposé à des discriminations, fit émerger au sein de la petite bourgeoisie un nationalisme alternatif à celui de l'Etat-nation qui, pour les Andalouses et les Andalous, était une réalité lointaine et continuellement hostile. Utilisé comme instrument politique dont le but était de sortir l’Andalousie de son sous-développement, l’andalousisme fut durement réprimé durant les dictatures de PRIMO DE RIVERA et de FRANCO. Mais la violence engendrant la résistance, au lieu d’anéantir les revendications nationalistes périphériques, ces régimes hautement répressifs et autoritaires contribuèrent plutôt à légitimer plus encore leur combat durant la transition démocratique. Dans le but de trouver une solution à la confrontation séculaire qui opposait ces nationalismes à l’Etat, les rédacteurs de la Constitution de 1978 optèrent pour la création d’un Etat des autonomies qui repose sur l’unité de l’Espagne en tant que nation, mais reconnaît tout de même le droit à l’autonomie des nationalités et des régions qui la composent. Cette solution vint à point nommé pour l’Andalousie qui, depuis toujours, concevait l’autonomie politique comme la garantie de son développement. Cependant, au bout de trois décennies d’exercice de régime autonomique, en dépit de l’instrumentalisation de son sous-système politique et de ses Statuts d’Autonomie de 1981 et de 2007 comme moteur de ce développement, force est de constater que l’Andalousie continue à occuper la dernière place parmi les régions les moins développées de l’Espagne. / The emergence of the movement of Andalusian identity claim, between the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century marks the failure of the Spanish liberals in their attempt to build a Nation-state, and confirms their indifference to all the socioeconomic problems which overwhelmed Andalusia during the Nineteenth Century. The need to upgrade legal action between all social classes and the improvement of living and working conditions of the proletariat, subjected to unequal treatment and exposed to discrimination did emerge within the petty bourgeoisie, an alternative nationalism to that of the Nation-state which, for the Andalusians, was a distant and continually hostile reality. Used as a political instrument whose purpose was to make Andalusia emerge from its underdevelopment, the “andalousism” was severely repressed during the dictatorship of PRIMO DE RIVERA and FRANCO. But violence causing resistance, instead of destroying the peripheral nationalist claims, these highly repressive and authoritarian regimes rather contributed to legitimize their fight for democratic transition. In order to find a solution to the confrontation that pitted the secular nationalism against the State, the drafters of the 1978 Constitution opted for the creation of a State of autonomy based on the unity of Spain as a Nation, but nevertheless recognizes the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions that compose it. This solution came in the nick of time for Andalusia that has always conceived, right from the start, political autonomy as a guarantee of its development. However, after three decades of autonomic system exercise, despite the instrumentalisation of its political subsystem and its Statute of Autonomy of 1981 and 2007 as an engine of this development, it is clear that Andalusia continues to occupy the last place among the less developed regions of Spain

Esta dissertação analisa seis poemas de duas das obras mais importantes do poeta Blas de Otero, Ángel fieramente humano (1949) e Redoble de conciencia (1950), com o objetivo de fornecer uma interpretação que busque unir três elementos fundamentais para o entendimento de sua poética: sua biografia, o contexto histórico do Pós-Guerra Civil Espanhola e os elementos existencialistas que se conformam em seus sonetos. O trabalho entrelaça, portanto, a conjuntura histórico-social dos anos de 1940, ou seja, o período imediato após o término da Guerra Civil e o estabelecimento da ditadura franquista, com os rumos pessoais do poeta basco Blas de Otero que gerará, em 1949 e 1950, as duas obras consideradas parte de sua fase existencialista. A partir dessas perspectivas, o debate proposto visa propiciar uma nova visão que possa unir o social com o existencial, o histórico com o poético, o individual com o universal, integrando assim as diferentes percepções da crítica da obra do poeta em uma interpretação orgânica para o que denominamos de poética da insuficiência de Blas de Otero. / This dissertation analyzes six poems of two of the most important works of the poet Blas de Otero, Ángel fieramente humano (1949) and Redoble de conciencia (1950), with the aim of providing an interpretation that seeks to unite three fundamental elements for the understanding of his poetics: his biography, the historical context of the Spanish Civil War and the existentialist elements that conform to his sonnets. The work thus interweaves the historical-social conjuncture of the 1940s, that is, the immediate period after the end of the Civil War and the establishment of the Franco dictatorship, with the personal directions of the Basque poet Blas de Otero, which will generate, in 1949 and 1950, the two works considered part of their existentialist phase. From these perspectives, the proposed debate aims to provide a new vision that can integrate the social with the existential, the historical with the poetic, the individual with the universal, integrating the different perceptions of the critique of the poet\'s work in an organic interpretation for what we call the poetics of Blas de Otero\'s insufficiency.

Esta dissertação analisa seis poemas de duas das obras mais importantes do poeta Blas de Otero, Ángel fieramente humano (1949) e Redoble de conciencia (1950), com o objetivo de fornecer uma interpretação que busque unir três elementos fundamentais para o entendimento de sua poética: sua biografia, o contexto histórico do Pós-Guerra Civil Espanhola e os elementos existencialistas que se conformam em seus sonetos. O trabalho entrelaça, portanto, a conjuntura histórico-social dos anos de 1940, ou seja, o período imediato após o término da Guerra Civil e o estabelecimento da ditadura franquista, com os rumos pessoais do poeta basco Blas de Otero que gerará, em 1949 e 1950, as duas obras consideradas parte de sua fase existencialista. A partir dessas perspectivas, o debate proposto visa propiciar uma nova visão que possa unir o social com o existencial, o histórico com o poético, o individual com o universal, integrando assim as diferentes percepções da crítica da obra do poeta em uma interpretação orgânica para o que denominamos de poética da insuficiência de Blas de Otero. / This dissertation analyzes six poems of two of the most important works of the poet Blas de Otero, Ángel fieramente humano (1949) and Redoble de conciencia (1950), with the aim of providing an interpretation that seeks to unite three fundamental elements for the understanding of his poetics: his biography, the historical context of the Spanish Civil War and the existentialist elements that conform to his sonnets. The work thus interweaves the historical-social conjuncture of the 1940s, that is, the immediate period after the end of the Civil War and the establishment of the Franco dictatorship, with the personal directions of the Basque poet Blas de Otero, which will generate, in 1949 and 1950, the two works considered part of their existentialist phase. From these perspectives, the proposed debate aims to provide a new vision that can integrate the social with the existential, the historical with the poetic, the individual with the universal, integrating the different perceptions of the critique of the poet\'s work in an organic interpretation for what we call the poetics of Blas de Otero\'s insufficiency.

La primera vez que visité San Blas fue en el año 2007. Fui con mi promoción del colegio. Con el único ánimo de conocer, compré algunos souvenirs en la feria artesanal del barrio, paseé por sus calles y observé con fascinación sus hermosos balcones azules. No podía faltar también, la típica foto con toda la promoción bajo la paqcha de la plaza. ―Quería volver. No. Tenía que volver‖ ––me dije a mí misma––. Tal fue mi admiración por el Cusco que mi primer trabajo académico en la universidad fue sobre la región y su relación con el turismo. Recuerdo que fue para el curso de ―Argumentación‖. Este, sería mi primer acercamiento a mucha de la bibliografía de esta tesis. Digamos pues, que el Cusco acompañó mis rutas como estudiante desde que salí del colegio.

The Salinas de San Blas Site’s Importance during the Formative Period in the Central Highlands of PerúBased on excavations at San Blas in 1974 the author presents a sequence from Late Archaic to Early Intermediate Period, completed by a short description of the latest San Blas style (late Early Intermediate Period to Late Horizon). Using analogies of ethnohistoric sources discusses the importance of salt production and connections with other areas like Kotosh, Huanuco, and the eastern flank of the Andes (Palcamayo, Tarma, Chanchamayo) showing that Chinchaycocha was not an isolated area but connected closely to wider systems. / Basado en excavaciones en el sitio de San Blas en 1974, el autor presenta una secuencia desde el Periodo Arcaico Tardío al Periodo Intermedio Temprano, complementada con una breve descripción del tardío estilo San Blas (tardío Periodo Intermedio Temprano al Horizonte Tardío) usando analogías de fuentes etnohistóricas. Discute la importancia de la producción de sal y la conexión con otras áreas como Kotosh, Huánuco, y el flanco oriental de los Andes (Palcamayo, Tarma, Chanchamayo) mostrando que la zona de Chinchaycocha no estaba aislada sino más bien conectada de forma estrecha a sistemas más amplios.

(in English): The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the novel Where Tigers Are at Home from the French author Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès belongs to baroque aesthetics. The main terms are explained in the first part and also the formal side of the novel is described there. In the second part then is briefly mentioned the life of the author Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès and the plot of the novel. Chapters concerning the individual baroque characteristics are found in the third part. At the beginning we can find the chapter treating the typification of the characters, following are the chapters about inconstancy, theatre of the world, women in the novel, morbidity and brutality, baroque blending of passion and faith, chapters discussing intertextuality and symbolism and at the end is the chapter dealing with the blending of the author with the novels characters. A specific feature that is found in baroque literature is treated in each chapter and then applied on the text of the novel. After considering all of these baroque features I clearly proved with this dissertation that the novel shows such an amount of baroque features that it belongs to the baroque aesthetics.

The main subject of the thesis is Indian ethnic group Kuna Yala, living in Panama in own geographically separated autonomous territory, on the coast of the Caribbean Sea. The thesis is dedicated to basic aspects of their society - culture, law and economic. Also it describes the uniqueness of Kuna ethnic, how it develops and protects its identity in the relationship with the majority of inhabitants of Panama. The last topic is devoted to adverse impacts, which the society faces to.