This dissertation draws on criminology, social and developmental psychology and urban sociology in order to understand how contextual, situational and individual characteristics contribute to young people's relationships with and attitudes toward the police. The study's key question is: is ethnicity salient for understanding people's views of the police in Hackney? In answering this question, I adopt Bronfenbrenner's (1979) systemic framework, which proposes that the developing individual is embedded within a complex structure of influences that shape perceptions and behaviours. This mixed-methods study examines different aspects of the relationships between the police and ethnic minorities in the London Borough of Hackney using qualitative (interviews with community leaders and focus groups with secondary school pupils) and quantitative (surveys) research methods. I explore different levels of association with the police (community and individual) based on the understanding that cultures and historical attitudes influence community/police relationships. I also explore different modes of contact (direct and vicarious) within different settings (neighbourhood and school). I examine the applicability of the 'race and ethnicity' paradigm in explaining current police/minority dynamics by taking a nuanced view of these often artificially broadened categories. I consider other influences, such us social groupings and history of migration as well as community assets of collective efficacy and organisational capacity. The empirical work presented here links knowledge construction about the police to identity processes in order to help understand communities' attitudes generally, and children's specifically. As such, it provides insight into the process of legal socialisation. I explore the relationship between general attitudes about the police (in schools under the Safer School Partnerships scheme and in neighbourhoods) and specific attitudes, including police legitimacy, treatment, performance and pupils' willingness to help them (Tyler, 2006). I find that ethnic background has a limited relationship to general attitudes toward the police, with the exception of Black African pupils, indicating that the use of knowledge about the police interacts with identity development processes for some but not for others. Age, social capital, pupils' association with crime and contact with the police are more reliably related to attitudes toward the police. Surprisingly, I find that migrant pupils and those who are recipients of free meals hold more positive attitudes to the police in school than their counterparts. I find that young people's opinions of the police are more strongly linked to school police officers' performance than fair treatment. While this is a case study, it has implications for theory, practice and policy beyond Hackney, specifically relating to police legitimacy and policing ethnic minorities and young people in ethnically diverse locales.

Yes / This article investigates the representation of black, Asian and minority ethnic staff in NHS disciplinary proceedings. The study involved an in-depth knowledge review and analysis of literature on the representation of black, Asian and minority ethnic staff in NHS disciplinary proceedings from 2008 to 2017, as well as semi-structured interviews with 15 key stakeholders. Participants were stakeholders from both primary and secondary care and included equality and diversity leads, human resource professionals, NHS service managers, representatives of trade unions and health professional regulatory council representatives. The knowledge review indicates that to date, black, Asian and minority ethnic staff are disproportionately represented in NHS disciplinary proceedings. Evidence gathered demonstrates the continuation of inappropriate individual disciplinary action and failure to address organisational shortcomings against black, Asian and minority ethnic members of staff. Overall, six factors were identified as underpinning the disproportionate representation of black minority ethnic staff in disciplinaries: closed culture and climate; subjective attitudes and behaviour; inconclusive disciplinary data; unfair decision making; poor disciplinary support; and disciplinary policy misapplication.

Länsstyrelsernas bostadsmarknadsanalyser har funnits och gjorts av Sveriges samtliga 21 län i över 15 år i enlighet med förordningen om kommunernas bostadsförsörjningsansvar och regionala bostadsmarknadsanalyser (SFS 2011:1160). Syftet med bostadsmarknadsanalyserna är bland annat att rapportera till regeringen samt fungera som kunskapsunderlag till kommuner, bransch, region och för politiker. Detta arbete undersöker hur de regionala bostadsmarknadsanalyserna används och om de uppfyller sitt ursprungliga syfte. Att undersöka hur de används samt hur de skapas och vilka data som ligger till grund för analyserna och hur detta skiljer sig åt mellan länen undersöks också i arbetet. Metoden som används är enkäter som skickats ut till samtliga kommuner, län samt alla riksdagspartiers politiska talespersoner och fastighets- och byggbolag. Utöver detta har även bostadsmarknadsanalyser analyserats och dess innehåll undersökts och jämförts länen emellan. Resultatet visar att bostadsmarknadsanalyserna används i stor utsträckning av kommuner och län, men att de inte används nämnvärt av bostadsbolag och bransch. Respondenter inom grupperna politiker och byggbolag önskar bland annat bättre marknadsföring och bättre förankring med näringsliv och kreditgivare. Kommuner och län önskar främst mer träffsäkra analyser som bygger på mer trovärdiga data. / The County Administrative Boards' housing market analyses have been conducted by all 21 counties in Sweden for over 15 years in accordance with the Regulation on Municipal Housing Supply Responsibility and Regional Housing Market Analyses (2011:1160). The purpose of the housing market analyses includes reporting to the government and serving as knowledge base for municipalities, industry, regions, and politicians. This study examines how the regional housing market analyses are used and whether they fulfill their original purpose. The investigation also explores how they are used, how they are created, the data underlying the analyses, and how this varies between the counties. The method used involves surveys sent to all municipalities, counties, all political spokespersons of the parliamentary parties, and real estate and construction companies. In addition, housing market analyses have been analyzed, and their content has been examined and compared between the counties. The results show that the housing market analyses are widely used by municipalities and counties, but not significantly by housing companies and the industry. Respondents within the groups of politicians and construction companies wish for better marketing and better alignment with the business community and lenders. Municipalities and counties primarily desire more accurate analyses based on more credible data.

South Asian people are less likely to have their mental health needs recognised and experience inequality in access to services, compared to the White British population in the UK. Attempts through government policy to improve equality in mental health care and outcomes have had limited success. The aim of this study was to explore access to and experiences of services among people of South Asian origin living in the UK who were experiencing distress. An anonymous survey was distributed in GP surgeries and online, collecting a community sample of 103 adults who self-identified as South Asian. The survey contained questionnaires measuring distress, quality of life, acculturation and access to and experience of services for mental health. Between 33% and 50% of the sample was above the threshold for distress, depending on the measure used, while 40% reported a low quality of life. Those who were unemployed had greater levels of distress. Half of the sample had sought help for emotional problems in the past, with the majority seeking help in the NHS. Greater acculturation was associated with reduced distress and a higher quality of life. Seeking help from services was predicted by experiencing distress, being female and having a physical health problem. Clinical implications for mental health service delivery as well as the need for further research relating to the recognition of mental health problems in primary care are discussed.

<p>I Volvo Personvagnars tillverkningsanläggning i Torslanda utanför Göteborg tillverkas personbilar av flera modeller och en mängd olika varianter av varje modell. I dagsläget är produktivitetskraven höga vilket medför risker för belastningsbesvär eller skador för</p><p>operatörerna som monterar ihop bilen. Således blir belastningsergonomi en viktig del i arbetsmiljöarbetet.</p><p>Man har på Volvo Personvagnars slutmonteringsanläggning i Torslanda utvecklat en beräkningsmodell för att beskriva belastningsergonomin i tillverkningen som man kallar BME (Beräknings Modell Ergonomi). Problemet består i att utvärdera validiteten hos BME utifrån ett</p><p>personalekonomiskt perspektiv, det vill säga huruvida kostnader relaterade till sjukfrånvaro,sjukskrivningar, rehabilitering, personalomsättning och omplaceringar kan knytas till belastningsergonomi med hjälp av BME. Genom litteraturstudier, undersökningar om hur den belastningsergonomiska situationen förändrats sedan BME infördes samt genom studier av hur sjukdomsbilden ser ut kunde samband ställas upp mellan belastningsergonomisk tyngd och</p><p>förekomst av skador.</p>

I Volvo Personvagnars tillverkningsanläggning i Torslanda utanför Göteborg tillverkas personbilar av flera modeller och en mängd olika varianter av varje modell. I dagsläget är produktivitetskraven höga vilket medför risker för belastningsbesvär eller skador för operatörerna som monterar ihop bilen. Således blir belastningsergonomi en viktig del i arbetsmiljöarbetet. Man har på Volvo Personvagnars slutmonteringsanläggning i Torslanda utvecklat en beräkningsmodell för att beskriva belastningsergonomin i tillverkningen som man kallar BME (Beräknings Modell Ergonomi). Problemet består i att utvärdera validiteten hos BME utifrån ett personalekonomiskt perspektiv, det vill säga huruvida kostnader relaterade till sjukfrånvaro,sjukskrivningar, rehabilitering, personalomsättning och omplaceringar kan knytas till belastningsergonomi med hjälp av BME. Genom litteraturstudier, undersökningar om hur den belastningsergonomiska situationen förändrats sedan BME infördes samt genom studier av hur sjukdomsbilden ser ut kunde samband ställas upp mellan belastningsergonomisk tyngd och förekomst av skador.

The 1950s and 1960s witnessed a period of mass immigration to the UK from former colonies. One of the outcomes of this inward migration was that the children of immigrants entered the UK higher education (HE) systems in order to maximise their life opportunities. Despite their entrance in HE, there is a body of evidence showing that an educational attainment gap at degree level exists between BME students and their White counterparts, even when at the point of entry BME students and their counterparts have nearly identical entry grades, hence showing they are equally equipped. The shortfall between the performance of BME and White students has implications for the sector and society per se. So that a better understanding for the rationale of the degree attainment gap could be gained, adding to the quantitative research demonstrating this gap, 20 qualitative research interviews amongst first and second generation university attendees were completed. To support this work, a case based study approach at Coventry University was undertaken which enabled a deeper understanding of the reasons for specific attainment. The research findings reveal that a number of factors have an influence. The factors are external, namely previous experience at school and the route taken to reach HE, course aspects in relation to the one that is chosen and teaching staff. Internal factors centre on attitudes and aspirations, peers and the individual’s knowledge of HE. The final area to emerge is a middle ground, the image of the institution and its ability to make students feel welcome. Educationalists can do little to influence external factors; however, institutions must take action, through curricular changes, course materials and attitudes of tutors, to minimise their negative impact upon attainment. Attainment statistics demonstrate that the gap has started to reduce; however, it still needs addressing further as degree attainment has the ability to impact individuals’ lives and their employment opportunities. Institutional actions can improve the attainment of all HE students.

No / Black and minority ethnic (BME) communities continue to experience inequalities within the U.K. mental health system despite major government policy initiatives. The authors examined the literature for causal factors for continued mental health inequalities facing BME groups and potential solutions. The authors selected 53 articles from 1991 to 2012 based on inclusion criteria encompassing all major policy initiatives and relevant literature detailing explanations of mental health inequalities. Although ethnic inequalities in mental health have been of concern for decades in the United Kingdom, a still‐significant gap exists between policies and methods of implementation. In comparison to White people, more BME people are diagnosed with mental health issues every year. BME communities are also facing barriers in terms of accessing culturally appropriate services, including lack of cultural understanding, communication issues, and where and how to seek help. Service providers need to work closely with people from BME communities prior to service design and delivery. Information should be made available in appropriate languages to support understanding about their illnesses and how they can seek help. Frequent reviews may further help assess BME communities' needs and make required changes and implementations.

Yes / An in-depth knowledge review and analysis of literature on the involvement of Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) staff in NHS disciplinary proceedings from 2008 to 2017 as did 15 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. The research findings indicate that BME staff are disproportionately represented in NHS disciplinary proceedings, there is a continuation of inappropriate individual disciplinary action and a failure to address organisational shortcomings. Six factors emerged: closed culture and climate; subjective attitudes and behaviour; inconclusive disciplinary data; unfair decision making; poor disciplinary support and disciplinary policy mis-application were all identified as underpinning the disproportionate representation of BME staff in disciplinary procedures. Disciplinary policy needs streamlining and greater clarity needs to be achieved regarding the difference between disciplinary, capability and performance issues and to this respect we make several recommendations.

This study used the university discussion-based seminar with the aim of exploring and improving students' experiences of face-to-face group work in Higher Education. The purpose was to devise a pedagogic strategy to address the communicative barriers that extant research and literature suggests often arise between ethnically and/or internationally different student groups in universities. A critical examination of literature relevant to co-operative behaviours in groups was undertaken across disciplines. The result was the assembly and development of a theoretical basis for designing a pedagogy that attends explicitly to compassion in HE teaching, learning and assessment. Compassion is relevant to co-operative behaviours. It is recognised across disciplines and it is valued across cultures. It is defined as the noticing of distress or disadvantaging of others, and then taking action to reduce this. The compassion-focussed pedagogy was then applied in discussion-based seminars across different subjects in a UK university. The study adopted an action research approach, which was divided into two cycles. Cycle 1 was conducted amongst mainly white, local students in a Humanities department where (n=105) students were observed in their seminars, some of whom (n=14) participated in one-to-one interviews or focus groups. Cycle 2 was conducted amongst more diverse cohorts of students in the same HEI's Business department where (n=135) students were observed, some of whom (n=20) participated in one-to-one interviews or focus groups. In total (n=9) seminar tutors were observed and interviewed. Five sampling methods and seven data collection tools were combined to support the use of Template Analysis for comparative, thematic data analysis. Overall, most students made use of the compassion-focused pedagogy, adapting and developing it in seminar discussions to benefit the learning and social experiences of themselves and others. Data from three students helped explore why the pedagogy might not be suitable for all students. There was evidence of a positive impact on seminar academic outcomes in terms of assessment for critical thinking skills, particularly for BME students, although this result is offered cautiously and requires further research. The main indications from the study are that explicit work with the concept of compassion, including overt formal assessment of its use, can be unintrusive on subject material (a tutor concern), ethically appropriate, and beneficial to enhancing social and learning interconnectivity between students. Traditional/ standard categorisations of students as local or international in origin are also found to be extremely problematic and profoundly unhelpful in understanding and unlocking communicative barriers between students.