The research project investigated the trade-off between profit and social welfare objectives and whether metrics existed to measure the social welfare objectives set and the impact made. The study was conducted with leading brands within their respective categories and that are currently active in the South African BoP consumer market. The BoP market is widely recognised as an opportunity for business in developing markets to gain penetration of their brands and grow profits. How much of this ambition is married with social welfare objectives that aim to give back rather than just take out of the communities that they operate in? The challenge has been on what social impact to target and how to measure this. The research project was done using a quantitative research method, sampling brands that are within the top three sellers of their respective categories for LSM 1-4 consumers as measured by AMPS. This was supported by a thorough literature review to highlight the gaps that exist in the current way of interacting with BoP markets. The main finding is that profit is still the primary objective for most brands operating within this space and goals and associated social welfare metrics are still a distant third to marketing and business metrics measured within a business. The study ends with some recommendations for brand and business leaders to consider as they continue their incursions into BoP markets. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lmgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

In this thesis, the interplay between the soloist and drummer in a post-bop jazz setting is examined, studied, and implemented in my playing.    The basis for the work is six transcriptions of soloists and the accompaniment of the drummer, put side by side. Three of the transcriptions are from the 1960s, and the three are from the period 1998 to 2020. To further develop the interplay in this setting, exercises with emphasis on interplay and collective improvisation were done in a quartet featuring electric guitar and tenor saxophone. In this work, I write about the transcriptions, their implementation on the drum set, and the ensemble work to develop the concepts found in the material.   Concludingly, despite the sample size being small, I find that the drummer’s role has moved even further into a counterpoint state of mind since the 1960s. Together the soloist and the drummer create textures of sound, and they react to each other in a less immediate way, prolonging the scope and tension of the music. The vocabulary has moved further away from the idea of the ride cymbal as the centerpiece of timekeeping. Instead, drummers treat the drum kit even more as one voice whilst creating melodic structures that move the music forward.   This work could be of value to any jazz musician wanting to learn more about the drummer’s role in the jazz setting and especially to drummers and soloists wishing to develop their interplay within the band. / <p>På konserten framfört material:</p><p>"Blues to You" (J. Coltrane)</p><p>"I'll Be Seeing You" (S. Fain)</p><p>"Upper Manhattan Medical Group" (B. Strayhorn)</p><p>"Sandslott" &amp; "HJ7" (egna kompositioner)</p><p></p><p>Medverkande musiker:</p><p>Marius Zeeberg - tenorsaxofon</p><p>David Kontra - elgitarr</p><p>Jakob Ulmestrand - kontrabas</p><p>Henrik Jäderberg - trummor</p>

La globalisation des marchés, la croissance rapide des pays émergents, le défi de la conception durable des produits et services et les besoins des population à bas revenu sont autant d'enjeux qui incitent les entreprises à chercher de nouvelles formes d'organisation et d'innovation y pour répondre. La théorie de la Base de la Pyramide (BoP) s'inscrit dans ce contexte actuel et propose de contribuer à la lutte contre la pauvreté tout en suivant une logique économique. Bien qu'elle soit relativement récente, la littérature sur cette thématique est multiple et s'inscrit aujourd'hui principalement en sciences de gestion et sciences économiques. Les apports dans le domaine de l'ingénierie sont encore assez peu nombreux et de multiples interrogations restent en suspens sur la faisabilité et l'opérationnalité d'une telle approche. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de comprendre en quoi les dynamiques d'innovation orientées Base de la Pyramide demandent de repenser les pratiques de conception actuelles, plus particulièrement l'ingénierie frugale. Ce procédé de conception, qui intègre des économies d'usage et de dépense, est exploré comme moyen de concevoir des produits et des services dans le double enjeu de lutte contre la pauvreté et de rentabilité économique. Nos contributions se situent sur deux axes. Le premier s'appuie sur une étude de 215 cas d'innovation BoP relatés dans la littérature pour proposer une catégorisation des stratégies appelées BoP. Cette catégorisation donne lieu à une lecture à multi-niveaux et permet de dégager des constats importants : la difficulté de combiner impact social et impact économique dans une même approche, la dichotomie marquée entre les stratégies de marché et les stratégies inclusives, ainsi que l'existence de multiples contextes BoP qui rend compte d'une tension entre l'assouvissement des besoins (impact local) et la recherche d'un changement d'échelle (impact global). Le deuxième axe de contribution porte sur la conception frugale, prise comme une approche possible orientée Base de la Pyramide. Nous définissons l'ingénierie frugale par la recherche du juste-suffisant entre la proposition d'une valeur essentielle et la recherche d'un bas coût. La proposition de nouveaux concepts, tels que les « Non Trade Off » (éléments non négociables) du processus de conception et l' « Adaptabilité » d'un produit, nous amène à interroger l'unicité de ce juste-suffisant. La valeur essentielle n'est pas un concept absolu et unique, mais se décline en une multitude de valeurs (re)définies par l'appropriation du produit lors de la conception, la fabrication et l'usage. Cette appropriation passe par des stratégies de focalisation sur des fonctionnalités essentielles, de façon à pouvoir répondre à un environnement pauvre en ressources et en infrastructures, réduire les coûts de production et d'assemblage et répondre à un besoin essentiel. La conception frugale s'inscrit alors dans une logique inclusive, où chaque partie prenante de la chaîne de valeur contribue à redéfinir le juste-suffisant d'un produit frugal en fonction du contexte. Ces résultats, issus de terrains empiriques en Inde et au Vietnam, permettent d'insister sur la prise en compte d'éléments de l'environnement contextuel dans la conception. Nous proposons de représenter ces éléments sous forme de Scènes, pour compléter les outils centrés-utilisateurs existants, et contextualiser la réflexion sur la valeur essentielle du produit. Pour conclure, de ces résultats émergent les prémisses d'un modèle ouvert de la conception frugale qui laisserait d'avantage de flexibilité aux populations de la Base de la Pyramide à s'approprier la valeur essentielle du produit conçu. Concevoir des produits ouverts, adaptables à la variabilité des contextes, permet ainsi d'œuvrer pour un développement plus durable. / Globalization of markets, rapid growth of emerging countries, challenges of a sustainable design and needs of low-income populations trigger companies to look for new forms of organization and innovation. The Base of the Pyramid (BoP) theory takes root on these challenges and suggests fighting against poverty while generating economic growth. Although recent, the literature on this topic is diverse and today falls mainly in management and economic sciences. The contributions in the field of engineering design are quite few, and many questions remain on the feasibility and operability of such an approach. The goal of this research is to understand how the dynamics of the BoP-oriented innovation may require rethinking current design practices. We will particularly explore frugal engineering, a design process that enrolls economy of use and expense, as a means to design products and services within the dual challenge of fighting against poverty and economic growth. Our contributions take place in two areas. The first one is based on a review of 215 BoP case-studies related in the literature: the outcome is a categorization of the BoP-called strategies. This categorization allows a multilevel reading that generates significant findings: the difficulty of combining social and economic impacts within the same approach, the dichotomy between market and inclusive strategies, as well as the existence of multiple BoP contexts which reflects a tension between needs' satisfaction (local impact) and economy of scale (global impact). The second area of contribution is about frugal design, taken as one possible BoP-oriented approach. We define frugal engineering as the search for a just-enough between a core value and a low-cost proposition. Our proposition of new concepts, such as the “Non Trade Off” during the design process and the “Adaptability” of the product, leads us to question the uniqueness of this just-enough. The core value is not an absolute concept; rather it comes in multiple values (re)defined during design, manufacturing and use phases of the product life cycle. This appropriation is made by focusing on key features of the product, in order to meet the environment, resource and infrastructure constrained, to reduce production and assembly costs, and to meet an essential need. Therefore, frugal design is incorporated in an inclusive logic, in which each stakeholder of the value chain contributes to redefine the just-enough of the product (and process). These results, obtained by empirical studies in India and Vietnam, emphasize the importance of contextual elements to take into account during frugal design. We propose the Scenes as a new tool for representing these elements. The Scenes complement the existing user-centered design tools, and help to contextualize the discussion on the core values of a frugal product. To conclude, the premises of an open frugal design emerge from this research. Such a model would leave more flexibility to the BoP users to appropriate themselves the product and define their essential values. Thus, designing open and adaptable products is a way to nourish a better sustainable development.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-14T18:59:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Samir_Carvalho2017.pdf: 1168334 bytes, checksum: c557cbab9c0e473faea9ae923a224291 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-14T18:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samir_Carvalho2017.pdf: 1168334 bytes, checksum: c557cbab9c0e473faea9ae923a224291 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / The objective of this work is to analyze the aesthetic ideals of two writers of the Beat Generation: Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. With such an objective in mind, their two main works, On the Road and Howl, respectively, were studied comparatively. Through this study, we tried to delineate the interpretation that each author gives to these ideals they share, showing the divergences of understanding and materialization of such ideals in these two works. Besides, there is a historical trajectory. Firstly, building a strong base for the work, we analyze the historical period in America during the moment of formation of the generation. The historical focus then shifts to the private lives of each author, their cultural and linguistic influences, their intellectual itineraries. From that knowledge, it is also possible to understand the process of formation of the ideals themselves, central theme of this dissertation. We also tried to show how the next generations got hold of the ideals studied here, how the readers interpreted those artistic works in an individual way. From that, the authors’ reaction to this reinterpretation is reflected upon. In other words, this work is a deep survey of the aesthetic ideals of two artists, their formation and perpetuation. The main documents and texts used in the development of the analysis described above were: private journals to trace in time the transition of thoughts on their own artistic practices, letters exchanged between the two artists to demonstrate how their thoughts communicated and diverged in certain aspects, articles from newspapers and magazines to show the reception they had at the time and what others thought of the texts we studied, and biographies to base the text with history fundamentals. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de fazer uma análise dos ideais estéticos de dois autores da Beat Generation: Jack Kerouac e Allen Ginsberg. Para tal, empreendeu-se um estudo comparativo das principais obras de cada autor, a saber, On the Road (1957) e “Howl” (1956), respectivamente. Através de tal estudo, pretende-se delinear a interpretação que cada autor dá aos ideais que os dois compartilham, demonstrar as divergências de compreensão e a efetivação dos ideais nessas duas obras. Além do mais, uma trajetória histórica é traçada em alguns sentidos. Primeiramente, com o objetivo de oferecer base para o trabalho, mostra-se o momento histórico vivido nos Estados Unidos durante o período de formação da geração da qual fazer parte os autores. Também é foco de análise histórica a vida particular de cada autor, suas influências culturais e linguísticas, sua trajetória intelectual. A partir de tal conhecimento, é possível compreender também o processo de formação dos ideais estéticos, tema central dessa dissertação. Também se busca demonstrar a apropriação dos ideais estudados pela geração seguinte à dos escritores analisados: a geração leitora que interpretou as obras de maneira particular. A partir disso deseja-se investigar a reação de cada um dos autores para tal reinterpretação. Em outras palavras, trata-se de uma sondagem profunda dos ideais estéticos de dois artistas, sua formação e sua perpetuação. Os principais documentos e textos utilizados para o desenvolvimento da análise acima descrita foram: diários particulares para delinear no tempo as nuances de pensamento sobre suas próprias práticas artísticas, correspondências trocadas entre os autores para demonstrar como os pensamentos dos dois dialogavam e confrontavam um com o outro, artigos de jornais e revistas da época para desvelar a recepção que os autores tiveram e elucubrações diversas sobre os textos estudados, além de biografias para embasar os demais estudos com fundamentação histórica.

Les stratégies d’entreprises dites « BoP » (pour Bottom/Base of the Pyramid) impliquent la création de produits/services au bas de la pyramide économique, soit 4 milliards d’individus vivant avec moins de 9$ par jour. Les chercheurs et les professionnels expriment l’intérêt de ces stratégies mais relèvent la difficulté d’obtention simultanée des performances économique (pour la firme) et sociale (pour le marché BoP). Notre recherche doctorale s’inscrit dans cette lignée et pose les questions de recherche suivantes : « quels sont les déterminants des performances économique et sociale des stratégies BoP ? Existe-t-il une relation entre ces types de performance ? Pour y répondre, un design méthodologique en trois phases a été élaboré : (I) un sondage de cas basé sur 77 observations de stratégies BoP (II), une étude empirique quantitative basée sur un échantillon de 316 professionnels, (III) une discussion des résultats pour une proposition théorique nommée océan blanc. Les résultats montrent que pour atteindre les performances économique et sociale, l’entreprise doit, (1) avoir des motivations économique et sociale (2), acquérir et capitaliser des connaissances sur le terrain, (3) adapter le prix, la communication, le produit/service mais pas les modes/canaux de distribution, (4) réaliser des alliances sociales et (5) limiter l’influence des institutions, des acteurs locaux et des actionnaires. / The so called « BoP » (for Bottom/Base of the Pyramid) strategies of companies involve products/services creation at the base of the economic pyramid that is 4 billion people living on less than 9$/day. Researchers and professionals express interest in this type of strategy but point out the difficulty of simultaneously obtaining economic performance (for the firm) and social performance (for the BoP market). Our doctoral research is in line with the following research questions: "What are the determinants of economic and social performance of BoP strategies? Does the relationship exist between these types of performance? To answer it, a three phase methodological design has been developed: (I) a case survey method based on 77 observations of BoP strategies, (II) a quantitative empirical study based on 316 professionals, (III) a discussion on results for a theoretical proposition called white ocean. The results show: to achieve the economic and social performances, the company must, (1) have economic and social motivations, (2) acquire and accumulate knowledge in the field, (3) adapt price, communications, product/service but not distribution methods/channels, (4) make social alliances and (5) limit the influence of the institutions, local stakeholders and shareholders.

There are 4 billion poor living on 2 dollars or less per day that make up the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP). If a company calculates their aggregated purchasing power they could be a huge and profitable market. By studying the roles of the different actors and their pre-conditions in BOP-markets the purpose with this thesis is to find out how the private sector can pursue a sustainable market development strategy at the bottom of the economic pyramid and if it really will help to reduce poverty.

<p>There are 4 billion poor living on 2 dollars or less per day that make up the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP). If a company calculates their aggregated purchasing power they could be a huge and profitable market.</p><p>By studying the roles of the different actors and their pre-conditions in BOP-markets the purpose with this thesis is to find out how the private sector can pursue a sustainable market development strategy at the bottom of the economic pyramid and if it really will help to reduce poverty.</p>

By understanding current approaches and methods of product development (PD) combined with knowledge of the needs and know-how of customers in the least developed countries (LDCs) associated risks and excessive costs can be avoided. The main purpose of this thesis is to highlight the important need of developing products and services for the LDCs and to look at current practices for PD and to distill these into one method for developing products pertinent to LDC needs and markets. Conversely, the second purpose for this thesis is to examine possible LDC based development tools that can be applicable when designing for the more established markets. There are also crucial social, cultural, economic and political reasons for addressing LDC related issues. The goal is to show companies of all sizes that it can be profitable to expand to new markets in the LDCs and also that the steps used there can help generate new revenue when implemented in their current markets, as well as to provide them a model for it. This thesis includes and clearly demonstrates the importance of development involvement on the local level and the benefit of using complementors. The thesis data and conclusions are based on literature studies and an extended stay in the Dominican Republic. It is here observed that by getting closer to the end customer, a company will get an increased understanding and knowledge that provides an advantage over the competition. And for companies to succeed in the LDCs, the three most significant things to consider are: 1) to find the specific needs of the customer, 2) design for affordability, and 3) to source and manufacture locally. It will be seen that the benefits to such an approach extend outward in essentially all directions.

Purpose: Periodontitis generally initiates in the interdental area, where biofilm development is difficult to interrupt. Mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes (IDB) offers an effective method for plaque control and prevents gingivitis and periodontitis. This study aimed to determine whether mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes combined with the use of cetylpyridinium chloride (0.3% CPC) gel was more effective at plaque control compared with mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes alone. Materials and Methods: Forty individuals (30 - 70 years) with at least 20 teeth and moderate chronic periodontitis who had no experience with interdental cleaning aids were randomly assigned to a treatment group (brush + gel, n = 20) or a control group (brush, n = 20). Both groups were examined by a dentist at baseline and at 3 and 6 months for changes in interdental plaque [interproximal plaque index (API)] levels, gingival inflammation [sulcus bleeding index (SBI)], probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Results: No baseline differences in age, gender, or number of teeth were observed between the two groups. During the study period, improvements in API and BOP were comparable between groups. However, improvements in SBI and PD were significantly greater in the test group than in the control group (P = 0.046 and P = 0.029, respectively). Conclusion: Mechanical interdental plaque control with interdental brushes combined with the use of CPC gel significantly improved 6-month gingival and periodontal outcomes (SBI and PD) compared with mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes alone.

Thesis (M.A.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-113). Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.