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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Mundim de Souza Marques dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 2416859 bytes, checksum: a1119fdd5a8d0203e4d9b34e4d88c7e5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-22 / Urban sediments are potentially polluting because of their association with pollutants such as heavy metals, which occur frequently in industrial activities, increasing the possibility of contamination of water bodies generated by urban runoff. This study aimed to evaluate the composition and the temporal and spatial distribution of sediments in the urban area in the city of Goiania, quantifying the burden and the accumulation of sediment and metals, grain size and organic / inorganic fraction in a portion of the 3 gutter roads and the ledge of a building, for five months. The data was related to the amount of rainfall, traffic flow and wind strength. To this end, three streets were selected with different flows of vehicles, classified as low, medium and high flow. The sediment samples were collected in six installments of 0.5 m2, located in the gutter of the streets during four days of each month from June to October, using the method of brushing and vacuuming, proposed by Seep and Chiew (2002). Also sediment samples were collected on the slab of a building 3.5m height from the floor, and analyzed the load and metals present in the particulate material contained in the filter of a high volume sampler particles. Screening and laser diffraction analyzes were performed to determine the particle size. They determined the concentrations of all metals analyzed by Optical Emission Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). For the determination of organic and inorganic fractions we used the method described by STANDARD METHODS (E 2540). For metals in sediment, it was found that higher concentrations are preferably in the particles <63 pm and that follow, in general, the order Al> Fe> Ca> Ti> Mg> K> In> Ba> S> P > Mn> Zn> Cu> V> Cr> Si> Sr> Pb> Ni> U> Li> Co> Mo> Be> Cd. It was not possible to clearly observe a relationship between sludge load with the intensity of wind. As for the particle size, it was possible to observe a decrease in particle size of the sediment deposited on the slab of the building, with increasing wind speed. It was also observed an inverse behavior of the collected particulate matter in the high volume sampler particles and material collected in the gutter, where, with the rainfall there was a trend in the concentration of metals and charge build-up in the gutter and decrease the filter. As for the organic and inorganic fractions, it observed that the way to greater presence of trees showed higher organic fraction, and the way the sediments have, in general, higher organic fraction of the sediments of "white". The average diameter of the particles showed an increasing trend with the rainfall, and a direct relationship with the flow of vehicles, where the route to greater flow of cars had the highest grain sizes. / Sedimentos urbanos são potencialmente poluidores devido a sua associação a poluentes como metais pesados, que se encontram frequentemente presentes em atividades industriais, aumentando a possibilidade de contaminação de corpos d’água gerada pelo escoamento superficial urbano. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a composição e a distribuição temporal e espacial de sedimentos em área urbana do município de Goiânia, quantificando a carga e o acúmulo de sedimentos e metais, granulometria e fração orgânica/inorgânica, em uma parcela da sarjeta de 3 vias e na laje de uma edificação, por 5 meses. Os dados foram relacionados com a quantidade de precipitação, fluxo de veículos e intensidade do vento. Para tal, foram selecionadas três ruas com diferentes fluxos de veículos, classificadas como de baixo, médio e alto fluxo. As amostras de sedimento foram coletadas em seis parcelas de 0,5 m², localizadas na sarjeta das ruas durante 4 dias de cada mês, de junho a outubro, pelo método da escovação e aspiração, proposto por Vaze e Chiew (2002). Foram coletadas também amostras de sedimentos na laje de uma edificação de 3,5m de altura em relação ao pavimento, e analisadas a carga e metais presentes no material particulado contido no filtro de um amostrador de partículas de grande volume. Foram realizadas análises de peneiramento e difratometria a laser para determinação da granulometria. Foram determinadas as concentrações de todos os metais, analisadas por Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP-OES). Para a determinação da fração orgânica e inorgânica foi utilizado o método descrito pelo STANDART METHODS (2540 E). Os resultados das análises de concentrações de metais, granulometria e fração orgânica/inorgânica foram comparadas com os resultados das amostras de “branco” de cada ponto. Os resultados mostram que a carga de sedimentos tem uma relação inversa com a ocorrência/intensidade de precipitação e com o fluxo de veículos. Para os metais nos sedimentos, verificou-se que as maiores concentrações estão preferencialmente nas partículas < 63 μm, e que seguem, em geral, a ordem de Al > Fe > Ca > Ti > Mg > K > Na > Ba > S > P > Mn > Zn > Cu > V > Cr > Si > Sr > Pb > Ni > U > Li > Co > Mo > Be > Cd. Não foi possível observar claramente uma relação entre carga de sedimentos com a intensidade do vento. Já quanto à granulometria, foi possível observar uma diminuição da granulometria dos sedimentos depositados na laje da edificação, com o aumento da intensidade do vento. Foi observado também um comportamento inverso do material particulado coletado no amostrador de partículas e do material coletado na sarjeta, onde, com a ocorrência de chuvas houve uma tendência de aumento da concentração de metais e acúmulo de carga na sarjeta e diminuição no filtro. Quanto à fração orgânica e inorgânica, foi possível verificar que a via com maior presença de arborização apresentou maior fração orgânica, e que os sedimentos das vias apresentam, de modo geral, maior fração orgânica que os sedimentos de “branco”. O diâmetro médio das partículas apresentou uma tendência de aumento com a ocorrência de chuvas, e uma relação direta com o fluxo de veículos, onde a via com maior fluxo de veículos apresentou as maiores granulometrias.

Recently, the wavy leading edge airfoils, inspired by the humpback whale´s flipper, have been investigated, as flow control mechanisms, at low Reynolds numbers in order to improve aerodynamic performance in this particular flow regime. The overall aim of this work is to investigate the airfoil geometric effects on wavy leading edge phenomena in the low Reynolds number regime. Experimental investigations were carried out correlating force measurements with mini-tuft and oil visualizations in order to understand the airfoil thickness effects on wavy leading edge phenomena. Three sets of airfoil thickness were tested (NACA 0012, NACA 0020 and NACA 0030), each set consisting of smooth plus three wavy configurations (A=0.11c, ?=0.40c; A=0.03c, ?=0.40c and A=0.03c, ?=0.11c); Reynolds number was varied between 50,000 and 290,000. The results present many findings that were not possible in previous studies due the fact that these investigations were constrained to specific geometries and/or flow conditions. At higher Reynolds number, the decrease in airfoil thickness leads the airfoils to leading edge stall characteristics causing the lowest aerodynamic deterioration for the thinnest wavy airfoil as compared to smooth configuration in the pre-stall regime. In addition, the results show impressive tubercle performance in the lowest Reynolds number. For any tubercle geometry and airfoil thickness, the wavy leading edge airfoils present higher maximum lift values as compared to smooth configurations showing an unprecedented increase in performance for a full-span model tested in the literature. The flow visualizations present two flow mechanisms triggered by secondary flow: three-dimensional laminar separation bubbles and vortical structures. Regarding three-dimensional laminar bubbles, the results confirm some of the few previous experimental and numerical studies, and presents for the first time these structures as a very efficient flow control mechanism in the post-stall regime justifying the impressive increase in maximum lift in the lowest Reynolds number. Besides that, two characteristics of laminar bubbles, \"tipped-bubbles\" and \"elongated-bubbles\", are identified with different effects in the pre-stall regime. This thesis presents higher tubercle performance for thinner airfoils (NACA 0012) and/or lower Reynolds number conditions (Re=50,000) showing clearly that an optimum performance lead the \"tubercles\" to operate under conditions of leading edge flow separation conditions. Therefore, a design space for tubercles conducted to leading edge stall characteristics confirming the hypothesis of Stanway (2008) eight years before. / Recentemente, aerofólios com bordo de ataque ondulados, inspirados na nadadeira da baleia jubarte, tem sido investigados como mecanismo de controle de escoamento para baixo número de Reynolds com a finalidade de se aumentar o desempenho aerodinâmico neste específico regime de escoamento. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar os efeitos geométricos do aerofólio nos fenômenos do bordo de ataque ondulado na condição de baixo número de Reynolds. Investigações experimentais foram realizadas correlacionando medições de forças com visualizações de lã e óleo a fim de compreender os efeitos da espessura do aerofólio sobre os fenômenos de bordo de ataque ondulado. Três conjuntos de espessura de aerofólios foram testados (NACA 0012, NACA 0020 e NACA 0030) na faixa de número de Reynolds entre 50,000 e 290,000, onde cada conjunto tem um aerofólio liso e três ondulados (A = 0.11c, ? = 0.40c; A = 0.03c, ? = 0.40c e A = 0.03c, 0.11c ? =0.11c). O dados experimentais mostram importantes resultados que não foram possíveis em estudos anteriores devido às investigações serem restritas à geometria ou/e condição de escoamento específicas. O resultados de medida de força mostram que a diminuição da espessura do aerofólio conduz às características de separação de escoamento de bordo de ataque que causam menor deterioração aerodinâmica nos aerofólios ondulados finos quando comparados aos lisos no regime de pré-stall. Além disso, os resultados mostram um desempenho destacado do bordo de ataque ondulado para condição de menor número de Reynolds. Em quaisquer espessuras de aerofólio, os bordos ondulados apresentam valores de sustentação máxima maiores quando comparado aos aerofólios lisos mostrando assim resultado inédito na literatura para modelos ondulados bi-dimensionais. As visualizações de óleo evidenciaram dois mecanismos de controle de escoamento desencadeadas pelo escoamento secundário: bolhas de separação laminar tridimensionais e estruturas vorticais. Os resultados confirmam alguns poucos estudos experimentais e numéricos anteriores relacionadas com bolhas tridimensionais, e apresenta pela primeira vez estas estruturas como um mecanismo muito eficiente de controle de escoamento em regime de pós-stall justificando o aumento de máxima sustentação para o menor número de Reynolds. Adicionalmente, foram identificadas duas estruturas de bolhas tridimensionais nomeados aqui como \"bolhas com pontas\" e \"bolhas alongadas\" que causam distintos efeitos no regime de pré-stall. Esta tese apresenta como resultado maior desempenho para aerofólios ondulados com menor espessura (NACA 0012) e/ou para condições de menor número de Reynolds (Re=50,000)mostrando claramente que estas características levam as ondulações a operarem em condições de stall de bordo de ataque assim tendo um desempenho superior. Portanto, um espaço de projeto para tubérculos conduz às características de stall de bordo de ataque confirmando a suposição de Stanway (2008) oitos anos antes.

Esse trabalho, estreitado com a linha de pesquisa do Programa de Pósgraduação em Geografia Humana, tem por objetivo maior indicar as transformações recentes ocorridas no espaço urbano da cidade de Tiradentes - MG, ou seja, a partir da década de 1980. A fim de demonstrar isso, houve um estudo sobre a formação socioespacial da cidade ao longo do tempo - desde o século XVIII até 2005, incluindo aí a influência do turismo - que resgatou o dinamismo econômico local após os anos 1960. Desse modo, Tiradentes passa a receber investimentos públicos e privados que incrementam o turismo e, assim, atraem os imigrantes; valorizam seus terrenos e imóveis; transformam o Centro Histórico cada vez mais numa região de comércio e em processo de gentrificação; expandem intensamente a cidade, desde a década de 1980, através de loteamentos nos bairros. Nesse contexto, o trabalho é finalizado com as perspectivas da expansão urbana que estão se formando em Tiradentes. / This research beside the Post-Graduation Program in Human Geography line has as a greatest proposal to indicate the most recently transformation at the urban space of Tiradentes-MG, after the eighties. In order to prove that , a study was made about the sociospace build-up of the city through the years since the eightieth century until 2005, including tourism influence that brought back its economic dynamism of the place after the sixties. By the way, Tiradentes begins to receive public and private investiments increasing the tourism in the city, absorbing migrant people, raising the value of real properties. The Historical Center becomes more and more on a trade region and in gentrification process and new plots of land at the neighborhood shows the intensity expansion of the city since the eighties. On this context, the research ends revealing the perspectives of urban expansion that are taking shape in Tiradentes.

Les aciers contiennent de nombreuses inclusions : à base manganèse, aluminium, silicium, calcium, ... Leur impact individuel sur l'usinabilité demeure cependant mal connu dans la mesure où il est difficile de les isoler pour en quantifier l'influence. Une des premières tâches est de déterminer précisément leur effet tant sur le procédé en tant que tel (efforts, puissance, température) que sur les outils (nature et vitesse d'usure, modification chimique superficielle).De nombreuses études montrent la formation d'un « lubrifiant solide » à l'interface outil/copeau. Ce dépôt est parfois appelé « couche de transfert sélectif » (Build-up Layer). L'objectif de cette thèse est de savoir quels corps se cachent sous le vocable de « couche de transfert sélectif », quand cette couche est susceptible de se former, sur quelle partie de l'outil, dans quelles conditions opératoires, à quelle vitesse, pour quelles contraintes mécaniques et pour quelles températures. Est-elle susceptible de demeurer sur l'outil à l'arrêt de l'opération d'usinage ? A quelle vitesse se forme-telle ? Est-elle systématiquement stable ? / Steels contain many inclusions essentially composed by manganese, aluminium, silicium, calcium. However the influence of the different inclusions on machinability is poorly quantified. One of our first tasks is to determine precisely the effect of the inclusions on the metal cutting process as well as on the cutting tools. Many research works highlight a solid lubricant provided by the material being machined and spread along the tool-chip interface. This coating is so called Build up Layer.This thesis is devoted to answer some important questions: what is the actual composition of the Build-up Layer? Is it always the same for a tool machining a steel grade? When and where will the Build-up Layer appear? Is it stable?

Detta arbete undersöker användningen av evolutionära algoritmer för framtagning och utvärdering av byggordningar i RTS-spel. Syftet var att undersöka om just evolutionära tekniker kan uppnå lika bra resultat som skriptade byggordningar då evolutionära tekniker oftast är billigare att utveckla.För att undersöka denna problemställning utvecklades en applikation med en experimentmiljö och en Artificiell Intelligens (AI) med evolutionär algoritm. Denna applikation och AI användes sedan för utvärdering av framtagna byggordningar.Resultatet antyder att evolutionära tekniker kan uppnå lika bra kvalitet som de skriptade byggordningarna.Något som krävs i detta arbete är fördefinierade skript för byggordningar för att köra evolutionen men något som skulle vara intressant att kolla på är coevolution. Med coevolution hade det varit möjligt evolvera fram byggordningar utan dessa färdiga skript genom att köra evolutionen mot individer i samma population.

The number of displaced people around the world today is unprecedented in world history, with a third of those displaced below the age of 18. These children often undergo traumatic experiences which can cause serious mental health issues before and during their flight as well as afterwards when resettling in a new country. In Sweden, they are offered psychological aid in order to better deal with these issues and hence recover. However, due to the cultural stigma attached to mental health problems, psychosocial aid is often ruled out by the child themselves. In addition, up to 30% of these unaccompanied children have been reported to suffer from PTSD, where merely speaking about one's issue can trigger a relapse of the trauma. There is therefore a shortage of pragmatic approaches to help tackle the challenges that these children faces. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how creative programs such as the organisation Clowns without Borders works with unaccompanied refugees and how their methods affect the wellbeing of these children. This thesis explores the effects that laughter and playing has on a child’s well-being using a qualitative field research approach. The research is a contribution to the field of development since it offers new grounds on how to work towards increasing the living standards of resettled displaced persons.

abstract: Water utilities across the United States are facing numerous challenges, such as limited funding and increasing project complexity, in constructing and upgrading their aging infrastructure. One innovative method to overcome these challenges is through the use of alternative project delivery methods (APDM), such as construction management at-risk (CMAR) and design-build (DB). Previous research has shown that APDM have the potential to deliver higher performing water infrastructure projects when compared to the traditional design-bid-build (DBB) method. However, there is a need to further examine APDM practices and develop tools that may support utilities in the delivery of their APDM water infrastructure projects. This study fills the knowledge gap by conducting several studies that may support public and private utilities in improving the delivery of their APDM water infrastructure projects. First, APDM implementation practices for water infrastructure projects are identified by assessing the state of practice, particularly during project procurement and execution. Second, DB project administration best practices are determined to support utilities seeking to add DB to their organization’s project delivery toolbox. Third, a pioneering web-based project delivery method decision-support tool was developed to aid utilities in selecting the appropriate delivery method for their water project. Finally, project-specific factors and attributes that impact project delivery performance are investigated through exploratory modeling and analysis. The study collected data on 75 completed treatment plant projects, conducted interviews with ten utilities that successfully deliver their water projects using DB, and worked closely with several industry experts through industry workshops and panels. Key findings related to water infrastructure project delivery revealed in this study included: (1) guaranteed maximum price (GMP) is the preferred compensation type for APDM projects; (2) utilities statistically having the lowest comfort level with delivering CMAR projects; (3) qualifications-based procurement is an effective DB project delivery practice; (4) the identification of 13 key project delivery method selection factors; and (5) the three highest predictors that impact unit cost performance are project complexity, project team chemistry and communication, and project size. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020

[pt] Este trabalho aborda a relação comportamento-ambiente construído à luz da ergonomia. Através da metodologia ergonômica, realizou- se um estudo de caso no terminal de passageiros do Aeroporto Internacional de Brasília Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek, para avaliar os constrangimentos provocados ao passageiro durante a execução dos processos de embarque, trânsito e desembarque. Questões como movimentação desorientada e deslocamentos excessivos levaram a uma investigação mais profunda acerca do processo de orientação espacial. Com o objetivo de melhorar as condições de conforto dos passageiros desse aeroporto, esta pesquisa formulou as recomendações ergonômicas, fruto de toda a investigação. / [en] This work approaches the relation behavior-built environment to the light of the ergonomics. Through the ergonomic methodology, a study of case in the terminal of passengers of the International Airport of Brasilia President Juscelino Kubitschek was become fulfilled, to evaluate the passenger`s constraints during the execution of the departure, transit and landing processes. Questions as disoriented movement and extreme displacements had led to a deeper inquiry concerning the process of spatial orientation. With the objective to improve the conditions of comfort of the passengers at this airport, this research formulated the ergonomic recommendations, result of all the inquiry.

Design/Build education in architecture schools is growing in popularity across North America. I have researched the development of this movement, particularly as it has influenced educational programs. This paper begins with a review of the history of design/build at the University level. These historical precedents chart the course of several major benchmarks that have influenced design/build in the United States over the past 100 years. The second part of the study features a matrix highlighting seven current academic programs with long-term success in design/build. Then, I highlight my own design/build experiences within this format. After determining successful design/build programming, I used this information to develop a new curriculum. To test this new system, I led the development and realization of a local design/build project involving a Five College undergraduate team. This small-scale project was chosen in January and the physical build occurred in March, 2015. Completion of this project allowed for a critical analysis of this new method. This paper compares my results with the initial definition of program successes in an attempt to determine best practices for design/build curriculum moving forward.

L’industrie automobile est confrontée à la problématique de dimensionnement en fatigue de pièces structurelles en polymères thermoplastiques. En effet, de nombreux facteurs liés à l’environnement ou aux conditions de service influencent la tenue en fatigue. Les campagnes d’essais en fatigue classiquement menées sont longues (1 mois pour une condition donnée). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’accélérer la caractérisation en fatigue de ce type de matériau en utilisant des essais d’auto-échauffement. Une première analyse empirique est démontrée possible et permet d’estimer l’endurance limitée à 106 cycles. L’analyse des indicateurs mécaniques et de l’évolution de la microstructure (MEB et Micro-tomographie rayon X) durant les paliers de chargements confirme l’existence d’un seuil correspondant à cette endurance limitée. Dans un second temps, une méthode est proposée en associant un critère énergétique à la courbe d’auto-échauffement complète afin de prédire en moins de 2 jours une courbe de Wöhler déterministe. Ce critère est confronté à l’étude de facteur influent telle la géométrie de l’échantillon ou la reprise en eau du matériau. Une courbe unifiée reliant l’énergie dissipée par cycle au nombre de cycles à la rupture est proposée. Enfin, la méthode est appliquée avec succès à l’étude de structures. / Designing short fibers reinforced thermoplastics (SFRP) components is now a major concern for the automotive industry. This task is difficult because of the numerous factors affecting the fatigue lifetime coupled to long fatigue campaigns (usually a month for a given experimental condition).The objective of this thesis is to apply a heat built-up protocol on a SFRP used for structural automotive applications (PA66GF50, a polyamide filled with 50% of glass fiber in mass) to predict quickly the fatigue properties from temperature measurements. A heat build-up protocol developed for metallic materials has been used to speed up the fatigue characterization of PA66GF50. The life time estimation given by a first rough analysis is compared successfully to the fatigue curve obtained from a classical campaign. To understand what is caught from the thermal measurements, the evolution of the microstructure throughout the heat build-up test was investigated by X-ray micro-tomography and SEM and compared to the evolution of the mechanical features. In order to provide a relation between the full heat build-up curve and the Wohler curve, the dissipated energy is then evaluated from the thermal measurements and the parameters of an energetic fatigue criterion are identified from the results obtained from one single sample. The fatigue curve predicted from the heat build-up curve and obtained in 2 days, is compared to the one obtained from a classical fatigue campaign and the agreement is very good. The energy based criterion as well as the identification of the dissipation sources from the temperature measurements are finally challenged by an experimental campaign achieved on a sample with a different geometry and different water content. Dissipated energy curve seems unified results. Finally, the method is applied to the study of the lifetime of structures.