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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Hybridisation between red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Japanese sika (C. nippon) on the Kintyre Peninsula, Scotland

Senn, Helen V. January 2009 (has links)
Hybridisation between introduced and endemic species causes conservation concerns, but also provides us with an opportunity to study the dynamics of gene flow between two species as they first meet. Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) were introduced to the British Isles at a number of locations at the beginning of the 20th century. In the intervening time, sika have spread and their range now extends across approximately 40% of Scotland, where they overlap with that of native red deer (C. elaphus), with which they hybridise. In this study we focus on the consequences of one particular introduction that took place at Carradale, on the Kintyre Peninsula in 1893. First, I assessed the current state of hybridisation using a sample of 735 red and sika deer samples collected in 2006/7 from forestry blocks throughout the Kintyre Peninsula. Genetic analysis was conducted with a panel of 22 highly differentiated microsatellite loci and one mtDNA marker. Population admixture analysis of the microsatellite data was conducted with the Bayesian clustering programme STRUCTURE. Over most of the study area, levels of introgression into red and sika deer were low and were consistent with a scenario of very occasional F1 hybridisation followed by backcrossing. There was, however, one forestry block where 43% of individuals could be defined as hybrids. Second, I developed a branching process model of introgression via backcrossing, to assess whether variation in introgression across microsatellite loci could be interpreted as a signature of selection, or could in fact be attributed to stochastic processes. If only a few hybridisation events have contributed to the hybridising population, the pattern of introgression, even with a large number of genetic markers, will be highly stochastic. This pattern of neutral variation in introgression can have high enough variance that it could be mistaken for selection. Therefore, even if strong selection is acting, it may not be possible to distinguish its effects from neutral variation. Third, I analysed trends in hybridisation and introgression over 15 years on the peninsula, through analysis of a dataset of 1513 red and sika deer samples at 20 microsatellite and a mtDNA marker. There was little evidence of change in the extent of hybridisation and introgression over time. MtDNA introgression was predominantly from red deer into sika. Recent introgression into sika on the peninsula can be explained by a very small number of F1 hybridisation events (~10) via analysis of the number of alleles that have introgressed from polymorphic red deer into the genetically homogenous sika population (a similar analysis cannot be conducted for introgression into red deer). Finally, I conducted a regression analysis of genetic hybrid scores against phenotypic traits to assess the effect of hybridisation on phenotype. Hybridisation has caused changes in the weight of sika-like deer and red-like females. Hybridisation has caused changes in incisor arcade breadth of both populations and jaw length (a proxy for skeletal size) in sika-like females. However, there is no evidence that hybridisation has caused changes in kidney fat (a measure of condition) or pregnancy rates in either population. In conclusion, even a small number of F1 hybridisation events can lead to extensive introgression and the timing and spatial distribution of these events is likely to have a large impact on the structure of a recently hybridising population - stochastic factors dominate both the distribution of hybrid individuals and the distribution of the genes that introgress following a hybridisation event. In red deer and sika deer, increasing phenotypic similarities of the two populations caused by hybridisation are likely to facilitate further breakdown between the two species. It is possible that breakdown in assortative mating between the two species could occur across their range.
2

Resposta à seleção em duas populações de soja com diferentes proporções de cada genitor / Response to selection in two soybean populations with different proportion of each parent

Fumes, Leandro Augusto Andrade 28 January 2014 (has links)
O método do retrocruzamento é bastante utilizado no melhoramento de plantas para transferir um ou mais caracteres qualitativos de um genitor doador para um genitor recorrente, que usualmente é um cultivar, sendo assim um método de substituição alélica. Entretanto, existem poucas informações sobre o uso do método do retrocruzamento para o melhoramento de caracteres quantitativos. As informações teóricas baseados no modelo de um loco com dois alelos indicam que uma geração de retrocruzamento para o genitor mais produtivo acarreta um aumento na média da população, mas uma redução na variância genética, o que limita o uso deste método para o melhoramento de caracteres quantitativos. Por outro lado, diversos trabalhos relatam a ocorrência de um aumento da variância genética em seguida a um ou mais retrocruzamentos. Neste sentido, este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a eficiência de uma geração de retrocruzamento para o desenvolvimento de linhas puras superiores em soja, em uma população derivada de um cruzamento biparental entre os cultivares BRS-134 e EMGOPA-315, onde este último foi utilizado como genitor recorrente, por ser mais produtivo. Vinte progênies F2:5 e 20 progênies RC1F4 foram selecionadas para produção de grãos a partir de duas populações básicas (F2:4 e RC1F3) compostas de 100 progênies cada, previamente avaliadas para produção de grãos e caracteres agronômicos em três ambientes. A avaliação experimental das progênies selecionadas foi realizada no ano agrícola de 2011/12 na Estação Experimental de Anhumas, pertencente ao Departamento de Genética da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba, SP. As progênies de cada população foram avaliadas em um experimento em blocos ao acaso com 20 repetições e parcelas lineares de 2 m, separadas por 0,5 m, contendo 30 plantas após o desbaste. Os seguintes caracteres foram avaliados: Produção de grãos (PG), número de dias para maturação (DM), altura das plantas na maturação (AM) e acamamento (AC). Os resultados mostraram que a população derivada de um retrocruzamento gerou um maior número de progênies mais produtivas e, portanto, uma geração de retrocruzamento para o genitor mais produtivo pode ser uma boa estratégia para melhorar a eficiência da seleção para produção de grãos em soja. / The backcross method is commonly used in plant breeding to transfer one or more qualitative traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent, which is usually a cultivar. Therefore is a method of allelic substitution. However, there is limited information on using the backcross method for the improvement of quantitative traits. Theoretical information, based on a one-locus two-allele model, indicates that one generation of backcrossing for the higher yielding parent increases the population mean but decreases the genetic variance. The latter could limit the use of backcross method for the improvement of quantitative traits. On the other hand, several reports have shown a genetic variance increase following one or more backcrossing. This work was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of one generation of backcrossing for the development of superior soybean lines, in a population derived from a two-way cross between BRS-134 and EMGOPA-315 cultivars, where the latter one was used as recurrent parent for being higher yielding. Twenty F2:5 and 20 RC1F4 higher yielding progenies were selected from two base populations (F2:4 and RC1F3) previously evaluated for grain yield and agronomic traits in three environments. Evaluation trials of the selected progenies were carried out in 2011/12 growing season at Anhumas Experimental Station, belonging to the Department of Genetics, ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A randomized complete block design with 20 replications and plots of 2 m rows spaced by 0.5 meter with 30 plants after thinning, was used for each population. The following traits were recorded: grain yield (PG) number of days to maturity (DM), plant height at maturity (AM), and lodging (AC). General results have shown that the backcross population generates a higher number of more yielding progenies, and therefore one generation of backcrossing for the higher yielding parent could be a good strategy to improve the efficiency of selection for grain yield in soybeans.
3

Resposta à seleção em duas populações de soja com diferentes proporções de cada genitor / Response to selection in two soybean populations with different proportion of each parent

Leandro Augusto Andrade Fumes 28 January 2014 (has links)
O método do retrocruzamento é bastante utilizado no melhoramento de plantas para transferir um ou mais caracteres qualitativos de um genitor doador para um genitor recorrente, que usualmente é um cultivar, sendo assim um método de substituição alélica. Entretanto, existem poucas informações sobre o uso do método do retrocruzamento para o melhoramento de caracteres quantitativos. As informações teóricas baseados no modelo de um loco com dois alelos indicam que uma geração de retrocruzamento para o genitor mais produtivo acarreta um aumento na média da população, mas uma redução na variância genética, o que limita o uso deste método para o melhoramento de caracteres quantitativos. Por outro lado, diversos trabalhos relatam a ocorrência de um aumento da variância genética em seguida a um ou mais retrocruzamentos. Neste sentido, este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a eficiência de uma geração de retrocruzamento para o desenvolvimento de linhas puras superiores em soja, em uma população derivada de um cruzamento biparental entre os cultivares BRS-134 e EMGOPA-315, onde este último foi utilizado como genitor recorrente, por ser mais produtivo. Vinte progênies F2:5 e 20 progênies RC1F4 foram selecionadas para produção de grãos a partir de duas populações básicas (F2:4 e RC1F3) compostas de 100 progênies cada, previamente avaliadas para produção de grãos e caracteres agronômicos em três ambientes. A avaliação experimental das progênies selecionadas foi realizada no ano agrícola de 2011/12 na Estação Experimental de Anhumas, pertencente ao Departamento de Genética da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba, SP. As progênies de cada população foram avaliadas em um experimento em blocos ao acaso com 20 repetições e parcelas lineares de 2 m, separadas por 0,5 m, contendo 30 plantas após o desbaste. Os seguintes caracteres foram avaliados: Produção de grãos (PG), número de dias para maturação (DM), altura das plantas na maturação (AM) e acamamento (AC). Os resultados mostraram que a população derivada de um retrocruzamento gerou um maior número de progênies mais produtivas e, portanto, uma geração de retrocruzamento para o genitor mais produtivo pode ser uma boa estratégia para melhorar a eficiência da seleção para produção de grãos em soja. / The backcross method is commonly used in plant breeding to transfer one or more qualitative traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent, which is usually a cultivar. Therefore is a method of allelic substitution. However, there is limited information on using the backcross method for the improvement of quantitative traits. Theoretical information, based on a one-locus two-allele model, indicates that one generation of backcrossing for the higher yielding parent increases the population mean but decreases the genetic variance. The latter could limit the use of backcross method for the improvement of quantitative traits. On the other hand, several reports have shown a genetic variance increase following one or more backcrossing. This work was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of one generation of backcrossing for the development of superior soybean lines, in a population derived from a two-way cross between BRS-134 and EMGOPA-315 cultivars, where the latter one was used as recurrent parent for being higher yielding. Twenty F2:5 and 20 RC1F4 higher yielding progenies were selected from two base populations (F2:4 and RC1F3) previously evaluated for grain yield and agronomic traits in three environments. Evaluation trials of the selected progenies were carried out in 2011/12 growing season at Anhumas Experimental Station, belonging to the Department of Genetics, ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A randomized complete block design with 20 replications and plots of 2 m rows spaced by 0.5 meter with 30 plants after thinning, was used for each population. The following traits were recorded: grain yield (PG) number of days to maturity (DM), plant height at maturity (AM), and lodging (AC). General results have shown that the backcross population generates a higher number of more yielding progenies, and therefore one generation of backcrossing for the higher yielding parent could be a good strategy to improve the efficiency of selection for grain yield in soybeans.
4

Desenvolvimento de genótipos de arroz vermelho para sistema de cultivo de terras altas / Red-rice genotypes development for upland farming

GUIMARÃES, João Filipi Rodrigues 23 January 2012 (has links)
Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T13:42:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Filipi Rodrigues Guimaraes.pdf: 944481 bytes, checksum: d58810d122fac4f30acb759ff99d6d79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T13:42:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Filipi Rodrigues Guimaraes.pdf: 944481 bytes, checksum: d58810d122fac4f30acb759ff99d6d79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In Brazil predominates the consumption of white-rice. However, recently the high demand for special types of rice by the population is increasing the necessity of supplying this new market segment with breeds that have its own characteristics which are different from the common white-rice. Thus, the red-rice is one of this special breed and for its farming are usually employed seeds landraces that have high number of tillers, elevated height and lodging susceptibility. Such characteristics work like barriers that the plant breeder has to overcome in order to sustain the development of the red-rice agriculture. The objectives of this study were to obtain rice with red seed-vessel by the backcross method and estimates the genetics parameters of the population (F2) generated by the crossing of the IAC 25 cultivar and red-rice from qualitative descriptors utilised in the rice farming. The plants were grown in plastic containers in greenhouse and the pollination was natural by the dehiscence of the anthers and pollen clearance. F1 plants population were acquired from the crossing of IAC-25 and the red-rice plants that were utilised as male genitors to obtain the RC1, being the female genitor at this point and through the rest of the experiment the IAC-25. For the conduction of the experiment and the parameters estimation was adopted the randomized complete blocks design with 4 treatments (IAC-25, red-rice, F1 population and F2 population) and 4 replicates at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco in the city of Refice. The characters of the genetics parameters estimated were: grain production, plant height, days up to blossoming, number of seeds per panicle, panicle length, flag-leaf length, flag-leaf width, numbers of tillers and days up to seed maturation. It was performed as well the study of the genetic inheritance from the morphologic descriptors: either presence or absence of leaf pilosity on the leaf blade, either golden colour or straws at the glumes and either presence or absence purple apiculus at the rice F2 population by the chi-square test (). In the first experiment was verified that for each 16 descendent at least one would express the expected phenotype based on the occurrence probability of the genotype. The observed values indicates certain non-alignment with the expected estimations as at the RC1 population produced only 6 descendents being that it was expected at least 10 plants with red grain production. In the RC2 population the observed result was even more discrepant concerning the expected values as when it was expected 10 plants with the desired character only 2 were found with the red pericarp. On the second experiment the estimations of the genetics parameters shown that the highest answers by selection were obtained for the plant height, panicle length, numbers of grains per panicle and days up to the blossoming. The plant height and days up to blossoming characteristics showed positive genotypes correlations with the yield. At the inherence study it was evident that the presence and absence of leaf blade pilosity, golden colour and glumes straw have monogenic inheritance and exhibit independent segregation. / No Brasil predomina o consumo do arroz branco, contudo em decorrência do aumento da demanda e a necessidade de atender os novos e diversificados hábitos alimentares, surge como uma alternativa os tipos especiais de arroz que possuem características próprias e distintas do arroz branco. O Arroz vermelho é um dos tipos especiais de arroz e normalmente para o seu cultivo são empregadas sementes “crioulas” ou genótipos locais, que em sua maioria apresentam características, como numero elevado de perfilhos, porte alto e suscetibilidade ao acamamento. Tais caracteres constituem os principais obstáculos encontrados pelo fitomelhorista e que se superados podem proporcionar contribuição inestimável para desenvolvimento da cultura do Arroz vermelho. O objetivo do trabalho foi obter genótipos de arroz com pericarpo vermelho, por meio da metodologia do retrocruzamento e estimar os parâmetros genéticos da população (F2) gerada pelo cruzamento entre cultivar IAC 25 e Arroz vermelho, a partir de descritores qualitativos utilizados na cultura do arroz. As plantas foram conduzidas em vasos plásticos em casa de vegetação e a polinização foi realizada naturalmente pela deiscência das anteras e liberação do pólen. Plantas F1 obtidas do cruzamento entre IAC-25 e Arroz vermelho foram utilizadas como genitores masculinos na obtenção da RC1, tendo como genitor feminino nessa e nas demais etapas de retrocruzamento cultivar IAC-25. Para a condução do experimento e estimativa dos parâmetros genéticos adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (IAC 25, Arroz vermelho, geração F1 e geração F2) em quatro repetições, conduzido no Campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco em Recife. Foram estimados os parâmetros genéticos dos caracteres: produção de grãos, altura da planta, dias até o florescimento, número de grãos por panícula, comprimento da panícula, comprimento da folha bandeira, largura da folha bandeira, número de perfilhos, dias até a maturação dos grãos. Realizou-se também estudo de herança a partir de descritores morfológicos ausência e presença de pilosidade no limbo foliar, coloração dourada ou palha das glumelas e presença ou ausência de apículo púrpura do arroz na da população F2 por meio do teste qui-quadrado (). No primeiro experimento verificou-se que a cada 16 indivíduos pelo menos um apresentaria o fenótipo esperado, com base na probabilidade de ocorrência do genótipo. Os valores observados demonstraram certo desajuste com as estimativas esperadas, pois na população composta de plantas RC1 eram esperadas no mínimo dez plantas com produção de grãos vermelhos, foram constadas apenas seis plantas com esse caráter. Na população composta por plantas RC2 o resultado observado foi ainda mais discrepante em relação aos resultados esperados, pois onde eram esperadas dez plantas com o caráter, foram constatadas apenas duas plantas com grãos de pericarpo vermelho. No segundo experimento as estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos indicaram que as maiores respostas esperadas por seleção foram obtidas nos caracteres altura de planta, comprimento da panícula, número de grãos por panícula e dias até o florescimento. As características altura da planta e dias até a maturação dos grãos apresentam correlações genotípicas positivas com a produtividade. No estudo de herança ficou evidenciado que os caracteres presença e ausência de pilosidade no limbo foliar e cor dourada ou palha das glumelas possuem herança monogênica e apresentam segregação independente.
5

Economic Impact Analysis of Marker-Assisted Breeding in Rice

Alpuerto, Vida-Lina Esperanza Battad 21 August 2008 (has links)
Abiotic stresses such as salinity and phosphorous (P) deficiency are major yield-limiting factors for rice, particularly on marginal lands. Marker-aided backcrossing (MAB), enabled by advances in genomics and molecular mapping in recent years, is said to be a more precise, time-saving, and cost-effective way to develop rice varieties that can withstand these abiotic stresses than conventional breeding. The study employs the economic surplus approach to measure the benefits of MAB for salinity tolerance in rice for Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Philippines, and for rice with tolerance to P-deficient soils in Indonesia. At a 5% discount rate, the benefits over 15 years of planting salt-tolerant varieties amount to $226.9 million in the Philippines, $3.666 billion in Bangladesh, $4.848 billion in India, and $895.7 million in Indonesia. The gains from growing varieties that can withstand P deficient soils in Indonesia amount to $2.070 billion. The incremental benefits from completing the salt-tolerant and P-deficient tolerant breeding cycles 2 years earlier are $340.5 million in Bangladesh and $192.1 in Indonesia, respectively. In India, $227.0 million is gained even if MAB develops salt-tolerant varieties just a year earlier. The additional gains from completing the salt-tolerant rice breeding cycle 4 years earlier are $40.3 million in the Philippines and $158.9 in Indonesia. In general, the gains from saline- (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines) and P-deficient (Indonesia) tolerant rice are reduced by 5%, 9%, 14%, and 18% when MAB breeding cycle is delayed by one, two, three, and four years, respectively. In India, there is 3%, 7%, 10%, and 13% loss in benefits from salt-tolerant rice for every additional year of delay in the MAB breeding cycle. / Master of Science
6

Naturally occurring variation in the promoter of the chromoplast-specific Cyc-B gene in tomato can be used to modulate levels of ß-carotene in ripe tomato fruit

Orchard, Caleb January 2014 (has links)
No description available.

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