Objective: Unknown ethiology Background: Capnocytophaga ochracea is a gram-negative anaerobic organism commonly found in human oral flora. It is characteristically sensitive to beta-lactams and resistant to aminoglycosides. Case Report: A 23-year-old woman presented with lower abdominal pain and was admitted for premature labor at 24-weeks of gestation. At presentation, the cervix was closed and the membrane was intact; however, contractions continued, the membrane subsequently ruptured before receiving any steroids or magnesium, and the mother gave birth to a 540-gram female baby. At birth, Apgar scores were 1 at 5 minutes, 1 at 10 minutes, and 2 at 15 minutes. On the fifth day of life, the blood culture grew Capnocytophaga species. Consequently, Cefotaxime was started and ampicillin continued for a total of 14 days; however, on the 6th day, the head ultrasound showed grade 4 intraventricular hemorrhage and a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order was placed in the chart. The patient's health continued to deteriorate, having multiple episodes of bradycardia and desaturation until cardiac arrest on the 17th day. Conclusions: Capnocytophaga ochracea was isolated from the blood culture of a preterm neonate. It was thought to be the cause of the premature labor and subsequent neonatal septicemia. This case report suggests that the prevalence of Capnocytophaga infections is most likely underestimated and that additional premature labors and abortions could have been caused by Capnocytophaga infections that were never detected. Hence, more studies are needed to investigate the route of transmission.

Staphylococcus aureus causes an assortment of infections that range from mild skin infections to bacteremia or necrotizing pneumonia. Patients with S. aureus infections may suffer poor outcomes such as extended hospital stay and death. The goal of this study was to improve outcomes of patients with S. aureus infections by examining microbial characteristics of S. aureus associated with poor clinical outcomes, and comparative effectiveness of S. aureus treatment options for patients with S. aureus infections. Additionally, methods to prevent S. aureus infections among hospitalized patients were assessed. We performed a two-hospital retrospective cohort study to identify microbial characteristics, patient characteristics, or antimicrobial treatments that were predictors of mortality or length of stay among patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pneumonia. We found increased age (> 54 years) (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64-12.33), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (HR: 5.25; CI: 1.52-18.21), and having a hospital-onset pneumonia (HR: 0.32; CI: 0.13-0.75) were associated with mortality while admission to the ICU (odds ratio [OR]: 7.34; CI: 3.58-15.04), increased age (> 54 years) (OR: 2.27; CI: 1.19-4.35), having a hospital-onset pneumonia (OR: 3.60; CI: 1.26-10.28), and receiving vancomycin (OR: 10.85; CI: 3.68-32.00) were predictors of increased length of stay. None of the tested microbial characteristics were associated with poor outcomes. We also completed a multicenter retrospective cohort study to compare the effect of beta-lactams versus vancomycin (both empiric and definitive therapy) on mortality for patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteremia who were admitted to Veteran Affairs Medical Centers. We found an increased hazard of mortality for patients who received empiric treatment with a beta-lactam compared with vancomycin (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00-1.42). However, we observed a protective effect among patients who received definitive treatment with a beta-lactam compared with vancomycin (HR: 0.66; CI: 0.50-0.87). In 2007, 2009-2011, we administered surveys that focused on the implementation of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) MRSA bundle to reduce hospital-onset MRSA infections to infection preventionsts who worked in Iowa hospitals. By the end of the study period, most hospitals implemented a hand hygiene program (range: 87%-94%), placed infected (range: 97%-100%) or colonized patients (range: 77%-92%) on contact precautions, performed active surveillance culturing to identify colonized patients, and monitored the effectiveness of environmental cleaning (range: 23%-71%; P < 0.001). To improve patient outcomes, physicians should provide beta-lactams for definitive treatment of patients with MSSA bacteremia. However, the most effective method to improve outcomes is to prevent S. aureus infections from occurring. This study provides benchmark data that infection prevention staff in rural hospitals throughout the U.S. can use to compare their practices with Iowa hospitals.

Neonatal sepsis is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. There are two distinct types of sepsis- early and late onset. Group B streptococcus and Listeria are the most common causes of early onset neonatal sepsis historically. Physicians select antibiotics for neonates with fever based on historically common bacterial pathogens such as GBS, Ecoli, Listeria, and Staphylococcal aureus. However, the landscape of bacterial pathogens causing sepsis and fever in neonates seems to be changing. This could potentially change the first choice of antibiotics for this susceptible population. In this case study, we will present early-onset sepsis in a late preterm infant due to Streptococcus pneumoniae as confirmed by blood culture. The only maternal risk factors present in this case for septicemia were delivery less than 37 weeks. Patient initially had respiratory distress at delivery and required CPAP for 3 days. On day 2 of life, cultures were taken due to acute deterioration. Ampicillin and Gentamycin were given to the patient for empiric coverage initially. On day 2 of antibiotics, cultures were reported positive. Patient’s antibiotics had to be altered at that time to cover the isolated organism. The patient was inadequately treated up until cultures were positive. This case raises the question if Ampicillin and Gentamycin remain the best choice for broad antibiotic coverage in neonates with possible sepsis.

Objectives: There is debate on whether the use of third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) increases the risk of clinical failure in bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by chromosomally-mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacterales (CAE). This study evaluates the impact of definitive 3GC therapy versus other antibiotics on clinical outcomes in BSIs due to Enterobacter, Serratia, or Citrobacter species. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study evaluated adult hospitalized patients with BSIs secondary to Enterobacter, Serratia, or Citrobacter species from 1 January 2006 to 1 September 2014. Definitive 3GC therapy was compared to definitive therapy with other non-3GC antibiotics. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression evaluated the impact of definitive 3GC on overall treatment failure (OTF) as a composite of in-hospital mortality, 30-day hospital readmission, or 90-day reinfection. Results: A total of 381 patients from 18 institutions in the southeastern United States were enrolled. Common sources of BSIs were the urinary tract and central venous catheters (78 (20.5%) patients each). Definitive 3GC therapy was utilized in 65 (17.1%) patients. OTF occurred in 22/65 patients (33.9%) in the definitive 3GC group vs. 94/316 (29.8%) in the non-3GC group (p = 0.51). Individual components of OTF were comparable between groups. Risk of OTF was comparable with definitive 3GC therapy vs. definitive non-3GC therapy (aHR 0.93, 95% CI 0.51–1.72) in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Conclusions: These outcomes suggest definitive 3GC therapy does not significantly alter the risk of poor clinical outcomes in the treatment of BSIs secondary to Enterobacter, Serratia, or Citrobacter species compared to other antimicrobial agents.

Background: Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) are common complications after kidney transplantation. In this cohort study, we evaluated the long-term effect of Gram-negative BSI on allograft survival in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: Among a cohort of 1820 kidney recipients who were prospectively followed at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2007, we identified 120 patients with initial episodes of Gram-negative BSI before allograft failure. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to examine the association between Gram-negative BSI, as a time-dependent covariate, and allograft and patient survival. Results: The median age of kidney recipients was 51 years (interquartile range, 39-61 years) and 58% were men. Among patients with Gram-negative BSI, 75% had a urinary tract source of infection and Escherichia coli was the most common microorganism (50%). Gram-negative BSI after transplantation was independently associated with allograft loss due to allograft failure or death (hazard ratio [HR], 2.52; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.83-3.47; P<0.001), allograft failure with death-censored (HR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.11-4.76; P<0.001) and all-cause mortality (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.55-3.26; P<0.001). Conclusions: Prevention and proper management of urinary tract infections in kidney recipients is essential to reduce the risk of more serious complications, including Gram-negative BSI, that are associated with reduced allograft and patient survival.

Vancomycin has been considered first-line treatment for bacteremia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) despite treatment failures in up to 20% of patients with MRSA bacteremia secondary to endocarditis. However, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is as effective as vancomycin for the management of MRSA bacteremia. secondary to endocarditis in injection drug users. We report the successful management of a left ventricular assist device-related MRSA infection with persistent MRSA bacteremia that failed to respond to vancomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin/dalfopristin but did respond to TMP-SMX.

Introdução: A febre sem sinais localizatórios é definida como presença de febre de até 7 dias de duração, sem identificação da causa após anamnese e exame físico detalhados. A maioria destas crianças apresenta doença infecciosa aguda autolimitada ou está em fase prodrômica de uma doença infecciosa benigna. Poucas têm infecção bacteriana grave: bacteremia oculta, pneumonia oculta, infecção urinária, meningite bacteriana, artrite séptica, osteomielite ou celulite. Embora a febre seja uma das queixas mais comuns nos serviços de emergência, a abordagem da criança febril permanece controversa. Objetivos: avaliar a aplicabilidade de um protocolo padronizado para o atendimento e seguimento das crianças até 36 meses de idade com febre sem sinais localizatórios e analisar os fatores de risco para infecção bacteriana grave nestas crianças. Métodos: estudo prospectivo em crianças até 36 meses de idade que procuraram o pronto socorro do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, com quadro de febre sem sinais localizatórios, durante o período de um ano (junho/2006 a maio/2007). As crianças foram atendidas conforme protocolo que estratifica o risco de infecção bacteriana grave de acordo com a presença ou não de toxemia, idade e valor da temperatura. Conforme a avaliação de risco, indicava-se triagem laboratorial (hemograma, hemocultura, sedimento urinário, urocultura e, se necessário, radiografia torácica, liquor e coprocultura). Os fatores de risco para infecção bacteriana grave estudados foram: sexo, idade, presença de toxemia, temperatura, número total de leucócitos, número total de neutrófilos e número total de neutrófilos jovens. Resultados: Foram seguidas 215 crianças, sendo 111 (51,6%) do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 11,85 meses (DP ± 8,91). Vinte crianças, na avaliação inicial, apresentavam algum grau de toxemia, e 195 estavam em bom estado geral. Nas crianças de 3 a 36 meses não toxêmicas, 95 tinham temperatura axilar >39ºC. Em 107 crianças (49,8%), houve melhora espontânea do quadro febril; em 88 (40,9%), foi identificada doença benigna autolimitada; e em 20 (9,3%), infecção bacteriana grave. Dentre as infecções bacterianas graves, identificou-se 16 infecções urinárias, três pneumonias e uma bacteremia oculta. Das 215 crianças, 129 (60%) não receberam qualquer antibioticoterapia, e 86 receberam antibiótico em algum momento. O antibiótico empírico foi mantido por, em média, 72 horas. Na análise univariada, dos fatores utilizados para estratificação de risco para infecção bacteriana grave, apresentaram níveis descritivos inferiores a 0,05 a temperatura >39oC, o número total de leucócitos >15.000/mm3 e >20.000/mm3 e o número total de neutrófilos >10.000/mm3. Na análise multivariada apenas o número total de neutrófilos >10.000/mm3 mostrou-se estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: o protocolo aplicado mostrou-se adequado para o atendimento e seguimento destas crianças utilizando para busca de infecção bacteriana grave exames simples e passíveis de serem realizados na maioria dos serviços. A maioria das crianças apresentou resolução espontânea do quadro de febre. Todas as infecções bacterianas graves foram identificadas, sendo a infecção urinária a mais comum. Dentre os fatores de risco o número total de neutrófilos >10.000/mm3 associou-se de maneira estatisticamente significante com infecção bacteriana grave, tanto na análise univariada como na multivariada. / Introduction: Fever without localizing signs is defined as the presence of fever of up to 7 days duration, without identifying the cause after history and physical examination. Most of these children presented self-limited acute infectious disease or is in the prodromal phase of a benign infectious disease. Few have serious bacterial infection: occult bacteremia, occult pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacterial meningitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis or cellulitis. Although fever is a common complaint in emergency departments, the approach to febrile children remains controversial. Objectives: To evaluate the applicability of a standardized guideline for the management of children up to 36 months of age with fever without localizing signs and examine the risk factors for serious bacterial infection in these children. Methods: Prospective study involving children up to 36 months of age with fever without localizing signs treated at the emergency department of Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, from June 2006 to May 2007. The children were treated according to the guideline that classifies the risk of serious bacterial infection according to the presence or absence of toxemia, age and temperature. The laboratory screening was based on risk assessment (blood test, blood culture, urine sediment, urine culture and, if necessary, chest radiograph, cerebrospinal fluid and stool culture). Risk factors for severe bacterial infection were studied: sex, age, presence of toxemia, temperature, total number of leukocytes, total number of neutrophils and total number of young neutrophils. Results: We studied 215 children, 111 (51.6%) females. The mean age was 11.85 months (SD ± 8.91). Toxemia was found in 20 children, and 195 were well-appearing. Among the children from 3 to 36 months without toxemia, 95 had axillary temperature >39ºC. In 107 (49.8%) children, there was spontaneous resolution of fever; in 88 (40.9%), benign self-limited disease was identified; and in 20 (9.3%), there was serious bacterial infectious. Among the serious bacterial infections, we identified 16 urinary infections, three cases of pneumonia and one occult bacteremia. Of the 215 children, 129 (60%) received no therapy, and 86 received antibiotics at some point. Empirical antibiotic treatment was maintained for an average of 72 hours. The temperature >39°C, the total number of leukocytes >15.000/mm3 and >20.000/mm3 and the total number of neutrophils >10,000/mm3 were statistically significant (p<0,05) in univariate analysis of the factors used for risk stratification for serious bacterial infection. In multivariate analysis only the total number of neutrophils >10.000/mm3 was statistically significant. Conclusion: The guideline was shown to be appropriate to follow up these children using simple laboratory tests that can be carried out at most health facilities. Most of the children had spontaneous resolution of fever. All serious bacterial infections were identified, and the urinary tract infection was the most common. Among the risk factors studied the total number of neutrophils >10.000/mm3 was statistically significant with serious bacterial infection in both, univariate and multivariate analysis.

Introdução: Os procedimentos hemodialíticos para a correção da lesão renal têm a infecção como principal complicação. Em pacientes com lesão renal crônica (LRC), submetidos à hemodiálise em centros especializados, a infecção da corrente sanguínea (ICS) comprovadamente é a mais importante. Para pacientes críticos, com lesão renal aguda (LRA), internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), a literatura é escassa. Nesta população, as infecções relacionadas ao procedimento são de difícil avaliação devido à gravidade do paciente e aos inúmeros procedimentos invasivos a que são submetidos. Objetivos: analisar as infecções hospitalares em cardiopatas com LRA ou LRC agudizada submetidos a procedimento hemodialítico, em uma UTI, verificar se a ICS é a principal topografia infecciosa e identificar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de ICS associados ao procedimento hemodialítico. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo (12 meses), envolvendo 101 pacientes internados em uma UTI do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, submetidos a procedimento hemodialítico por meio do cateter temporário, sem cuff, para hemodiálise. Utilizou-se o critério proposto pelos Centers for Disease Control and Prevention para definição de ICS e das demais infecções hospitalares. Os dados coletados foram digitados no programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences e o nível de significância adotado para os testes estatísticos foi de 5%. Aplicou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar os pacientes com e sem ICS, o teste do Qui-quadrado para verificar associações da ICS com fatores de risco relacionados ao procedimento e a Distribuição de Poisson para a comparação das taxas de infecção entre os pacientes do estudo e a população geral da UTI. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos com e sem ICS em relação a sexo, idade, tempo de internação, diabetes, hipertensão, presença de outro cateter central, tipo de lesão renal, gravidade e infecção no início do procedimento. A ICS foi a topografia mais frequente, acometendo 13 (12,9%) pacientes, com densidade de incidência (DI) de 11,4 por mil pacientes-dia. O principal microrganismo isolado foi o Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina. Não foi encontrada associação entre ICS e tipo de procedimento, anticoagulação, solução preparada na beira do leito, número e tempo de conexão à máquina, embora a maior proporção de pacientes com ICS tenha sido submetida a mais de quatro conexões e tempo de conexão à máquina > 48 horas. As DI de ICS, pneumonia, infecção urinária e traqueobronquite foram maiores nos pacientes submetidos a procedimento hemodialítico quando comparados aos outros pacientes da UTI, embora a diferença não tenha sido significativa. Conclusão: A ICS foi a topografia mais frequente nesta população e não esteve associada ao procedimento hemodialítico. O pequeno número de pacientes com ICS pode ter comprometido a identificação de fatores de risco associados ao procedimento. Os resultados encontrados indicam que as principais estratégias para prevenção da ICS nesta população continuam a ser aquelas direcionadas à qualidade do cuidado com o acesso e com o procedimento / Introduction: Infection is a major concern when using hemodialysis procedures for the healing of the renal failure. Bloodstream infection (BSI) is the most important infection among patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), who are undergoing hemodialysis in specialized centers. The literature that focuses on patients with acute renal failure (ARF) in intensive care units (ICU) is limited. Infections due to hemodialysis in this population are difficult to evaluate since the patients conditions often require undergoing several invasive procedures. Objectives: to analyze nosocomial infections in cardiac patients with ARF or acute CRF submitted to hemodialysis in an ICU, determine if BSI is the main infection and identify the risk factors to the BSI development associated with hemodialysis. Methods: This prospective cohort study of twelve months included 101 patients admitted to an ICU of the Heart Institute - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, who underwent hemodialysis through uncuffed, temporary central venous catheter. BSI was defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, as were other nosocomial infections. Collected data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences program and 5% was the significance level adopted. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the patients with or without BSI, the Chi-square test to verify the associations between BSI and risk factors related to the procedure and the Poisson Distribution to compare infection rates between patients of the study and the general population of the ICU. Results: There were no differences between the groups with or without BSI, regarding sex, age, length of stay, diabetes, hypertension, presence of another central venous catheter, type of renal failure, severity and infection at the beginning of the procedure. BSI was the most frequent infection, occurring in 13 (12.9%) of the patients, with rate of 11.4/1,000 patient-days. The most common pathogen was methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. There were no associations between BSI and the type of procedure, anticoagulation and solution prepared next to the bed. Furthermore, there were no associations between BSI and the numbers and times of connection to the machine, although the highest proportion of patients with BSI had submitted to more than four connections and with time of connection to the machine higher than 48 hours. The rate of BSI, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and tracheobronchitis were higher in the patients who underwent hemodialysis when compared to other patients in the ICU, although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: BSI was the most frequent infection in this population and was not associated with hemodialysis. The small number of patients with BSI may have compromised the identification of risk factors associated with the procedure. The results indicate that the most important strategies to prevent BSI in this population are still related to the care with the venous access and the hemodialysis

Introdução: A febre sem sinais localizatórios é definida como presença de febre de até 7 dias de duração, sem identificação da causa após anamnese e exame físico detalhados. A maioria destas crianças apresenta doença infecciosa aguda autolimitada ou está em fase prodrômica de uma doença infecciosa benigna. Poucas têm infecção bacteriana grave: bacteremia oculta, pneumonia oculta, infecção urinária, meningite bacteriana, artrite séptica, osteomielite ou celulite. Embora a febre seja uma das queixas mais comuns nos serviços de emergência, a abordagem da criança febril permanece controversa. Objetivos: avaliar a aplicabilidade de um protocolo padronizado para o atendimento e seguimento das crianças até 36 meses de idade com febre sem sinais localizatórios e analisar os fatores de risco para infecção bacteriana grave nestas crianças. Métodos: estudo prospectivo em crianças até 36 meses de idade que procuraram o pronto socorro do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, com quadro de febre sem sinais localizatórios, durante o período de um ano (junho/2006 a maio/2007). As crianças foram atendidas conforme protocolo que estratifica o risco de infecção bacteriana grave de acordo com a presença ou não de toxemia, idade e valor da temperatura. Conforme a avaliação de risco, indicava-se triagem laboratorial (hemograma, hemocultura, sedimento urinário, urocultura e, se necessário, radiografia torácica, liquor e coprocultura). Os fatores de risco para infecção bacteriana grave estudados foram: sexo, idade, presença de toxemia, temperatura, número total de leucócitos, número total de neutrófilos e número total de neutrófilos jovens. Resultados: Foram seguidas 215 crianças, sendo 111 (51,6%) do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 11,85 meses (DP ± 8,91). Vinte crianças, na avaliação inicial, apresentavam algum grau de toxemia, e 195 estavam em bom estado geral. Nas crianças de 3 a 36 meses não toxêmicas, 95 tinham temperatura axilar >39ºC. Em 107 crianças (49,8%), houve melhora espontânea do quadro febril; em 88 (40,9%), foi identificada doença benigna autolimitada; e em 20 (9,3%), infecção bacteriana grave. Dentre as infecções bacterianas graves, identificou-se 16 infecções urinárias, três pneumonias e uma bacteremia oculta. Das 215 crianças, 129 (60%) não receberam qualquer antibioticoterapia, e 86 receberam antibiótico em algum momento. O antibiótico empírico foi mantido por, em média, 72 horas. Na análise univariada, dos fatores utilizados para estratificação de risco para infecção bacteriana grave, apresentaram níveis descritivos inferiores a 0,05 a temperatura >39oC, o número total de leucócitos >15.000/mm3 e >20.000/mm3 e o número total de neutrófilos >10.000/mm3. Na análise multivariada apenas o número total de neutrófilos >10.000/mm3 mostrou-se estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: o protocolo aplicado mostrou-se adequado para o atendimento e seguimento destas crianças utilizando para busca de infecção bacteriana grave exames simples e passíveis de serem realizados na maioria dos serviços. A maioria das crianças apresentou resolução espontânea do quadro de febre. Todas as infecções bacterianas graves foram identificadas, sendo a infecção urinária a mais comum. Dentre os fatores de risco o número total de neutrófilos >10.000/mm3 associou-se de maneira estatisticamente significante com infecção bacteriana grave, tanto na análise univariada como na multivariada. / Introduction: Fever without localizing signs is defined as the presence of fever of up to 7 days duration, without identifying the cause after history and physical examination. Most of these children presented self-limited acute infectious disease or is in the prodromal phase of a benign infectious disease. Few have serious bacterial infection: occult bacteremia, occult pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacterial meningitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis or cellulitis. Although fever is a common complaint in emergency departments, the approach to febrile children remains controversial. Objectives: To evaluate the applicability of a standardized guideline for the management of children up to 36 months of age with fever without localizing signs and examine the risk factors for serious bacterial infection in these children. Methods: Prospective study involving children up to 36 months of age with fever without localizing signs treated at the emergency department of Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, from June 2006 to May 2007. The children were treated according to the guideline that classifies the risk of serious bacterial infection according to the presence or absence of toxemia, age and temperature. The laboratory screening was based on risk assessment (blood test, blood culture, urine sediment, urine culture and, if necessary, chest radiograph, cerebrospinal fluid and stool culture). Risk factors for severe bacterial infection were studied: sex, age, presence of toxemia, temperature, total number of leukocytes, total number of neutrophils and total number of young neutrophils. Results: We studied 215 children, 111 (51.6%) females. The mean age was 11.85 months (SD ± 8.91). Toxemia was found in 20 children, and 195 were well-appearing. Among the children from 3 to 36 months without toxemia, 95 had axillary temperature >39ºC. In 107 (49.8%) children, there was spontaneous resolution of fever; in 88 (40.9%), benign self-limited disease was identified; and in 20 (9.3%), there was serious bacterial infectious. Among the serious bacterial infections, we identified 16 urinary infections, three cases of pneumonia and one occult bacteremia. Of the 215 children, 129 (60%) received no therapy, and 86 received antibiotics at some point. Empirical antibiotic treatment was maintained for an average of 72 hours. The temperature >39°C, the total number of leukocytes >15.000/mm3 and >20.000/mm3 and the total number of neutrophils >10,000/mm3 were statistically significant (p<0,05) in univariate analysis of the factors used for risk stratification for serious bacterial infection. In multivariate analysis only the total number of neutrophils >10.000/mm3 was statistically significant. Conclusion: The guideline was shown to be appropriate to follow up these children using simple laboratory tests that can be carried out at most health facilities. Most of the children had spontaneous resolution of fever. All serious bacterial infections were identified, and the urinary tract infection was the most common. Among the risk factors studied the total number of neutrophils >10.000/mm3 was statistically significant with serious bacterial infection in both, univariate and multivariate analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anselmo Silva Ramos.pdf: 9452970 bytes, checksum: 54edbfe5612f83c527cf96b62151498d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-25 / Based on the premisse that the oral trauma might cause the introduction of bacteria in the bloodstream, this study was developed aiming at investigating the frequency of transitory bacteremia in different dental procedures and the usual in dogs and the risk of infectious endocarditis in these animals. 36 dogs were were evaluated and classified as to the degree of the periodontal disease in six treatments: T1 (n=5) healthy gum/ negative control;T2(n=6) mild gingivitis; T3 (n=6) moderate or severe gingivitis/feeding;T4(n=6)moderate or severe gingivitis / toothbrushing t5(n=6)moerate or severe periodontitis/ removal of subgum plaque ;T5(n=7) severe periodonctis / exodontia. Blood samples for hemogram and hemoculture were obtained before the procedures, and two for hemoculture with thirty-minute breaks after the procedures. The hemoculture was performed in triphasic hemobac and the hemograms in electronic counter. After that, the animals were sumitted to cardiac assessment by ultrasound tests. A great accumulation of plaque was observed in animals of different ages especially in the upper molar and premolar teeth. The hemogram revealed values indicative of ANN, normal leucometria and trombocitopenia in all groups. There were 22 % of positive hemocultures beforem, 32,2% immediately after and 30 minutes after the procedures with mostly Staphylococcus sp and Streptococcus sp .In the ultrasound tests there were no alterations indicative of proliferative vegetative lesions. The diameters of the atria and ventricles were smaller in the animals with periodontitis. The cardiac debt was also smaller in these animals. The thickness of the walls of the ventricles were smaller in the healthy animals. The average mitral thickness did not significantly vary in the healthy animals and the ones with PD. The average values were compatible with endocardiosis (3,39 +_ 0,71) in 31 animals. The two represent the measurement of the diameter of the root of the Aorta out of the limits and the relation LV/AO made cardiopathy evident in at least 15 animals. The cardiac debt was smaller in the animals with PD within the group of weight associated with other parameters of the ventricular function suggest a PD effect on the cardiocirculatory activity. / Com base na premissa de que o trauma oral pode provocar a introdu??o de bact?rias na corrente sangu?nea, este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de investigar a freq??ncia de bacteremia transit?ria em diferentes procedimentos odontol?gicos e usuais em c?es e o risco de endocardite infecciosa nesses animais. Foram avaliados 36 c?es classificados quanto ao grau da doen?a periodontal em seis tratamentos: T1 (n=5) gengivas saud?veis / Controle negativo; T2 (n=6) - gengivite leve; T 3 (n= 6) gengivite moderada ou grave / alimenta??o; T 4 (n= 6) gengivite moderada ou grave / escova??o; T 5 (n=6) - periodontite moderada ou grave / remo??o da placa subgengival; T6 (n=7) periodontite grave / exodontia. Amostras de sangue para hemograma e hemocultura foram obtidas antes dos procedimentos, e duas para hemocultura com intervalos de 30 minutos ap?s os procedimentos. A hemocultura foi realizada em Hemobac trif?sico e os hemogramas em contador eletr?nico. Ap?s, os animais foram submetidos ? avalia??o card?aca pela ecocardiografia. Em animais de diferentes idades foi observado grande ac?mulo de placa, sobretudo nos pr?-molares e molares superiores. O hemograma revelou valores indicativos de ANN, leucometria normal e trombocitopenia em todos os grupos. Obteve-se 22% de hemoculturas positivas antes, 32,2% imediatamente e 30 minutos ap?s os procedimentos com predom?nio de Staphylococcus sp e Streptococos sp. Na avalia??o ultrassonogr?fica n?o foram evidenciadas altera??es indicativas de les?es proliferativas vegetativas. Os di?metros dos ?trios e ventr?culos foram menores nos animais com periodontite. Tamb?m o d?bito card?aco foi menor nesses animais. A espessura da parede do ventr?culo foi menor nos animais sadios. A espessura m?dia da mitral n?o variou significativamente entre animais sadios e com DP. Os valores m?dios foram compat?veis com endocardiose (3,39 ? 0,71) em 31 animais. Dois apresentaram a mensura??o do di?metro da raiz da aorta fora dos limites e a rela??o VE/AO evidenciou cardiopatia em pelo menos 15 animais. O d?bito card?aco menor em animais com DP na mesma faixa de peso em associa??o com outros par?metros da fun??o ventricular sugere um efeito da DP sobre a atividade cardiocirculat?ria.