Ένα από τα σημαντικότερα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν από την χρήση εμφυτευμάτων και ιατρικών συσκευών και που εμποδίζουν την μακροχρόνια χρήση τους είναι η εμφάνιση νοσοκομειακών σηψαιμικών επεισοδίων σχετιζόμενων με λοιμώξεις που προκαλούνται από πηκτάση αρνητικούς σταφυλόκοκκους, και κυρίως από τον S. epidermidis. Με δεδομένο ότι η εκτεταμένη χορήγηση αντιβιοτικών έχει οδηγήσει στην επικράτηση πολυανθεκτικών βακτηριακών στελεχών της φυσιολογικής χλωρίδας, η κατασκευή αντιβακτηριακών ή και βακτηριοστατικών βιοϋλικών κρίνεται επιβεβλημένη. Για το σκοπό αυτό απαραίτητη είναι η μελέτη και η κατανόηση του μηχανισμού προσκόλλησης των βακτηρίων στην επιφάνεια του βιοϋλικού. Στην κατεύθυνση αυτή διερευνήθηκε η επίδραση των φυσικοχημικών αλληλεπιδράσεων βακτηρίων-υλικών, του ρυθμού διάτμησης και της σχετικής συνεισφοράς τους στην ικανότητα των βακτηρίων να προσκολλώνται στην επιφάνεια του βιοϋλικού αλλά και να ενεργοποιούν τα γονίδια ica που είναι υπεύθυνα για την παραγωγή της εξωκυττάριας βλεννώδους ουσίας (slime) και συγκεκριμένα μιας πολυσακχαρικής φύσεως προσκολλητίνης (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, PIA). Για τη μελέτη αυτή τροποιήθηκαν επιφανειακά με τεχνικές πλάσματος υπάρχοντα βιοϋλικά, παρασκευάστηκαν αυτό-οργανούμενα μονοστρωματικά συστήματα σε γυαλί και χαρακτηρίστηκαν φυσικοχημικά. Ελέγθηκε επίσης εάν οι θεωρίες κολλοειδών συστημάτων, και συγκεκριμένα η θερμοδυναμική, η DLVO και η εκτεταμένη DLVO μπορούν να εξηγήσουν τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η βακτηριακή προσκόλληση μειώνεται με την αύξηση της επιφανειακής ενέργειας και του πολικού χαρακτήρα των υλικών, ενώ δεν επηρεάζεται σημαντικά από το μη πολικό τους χαρακτήρα. Η θερμοδυναμική θεωρία εξήγησε ικανοποιητικά τα αποτελέσματα για υψηλής ιοντικής ισχύος διαλύματα, ενώ η DLVO για χαμηλής. Η εκτεταμένη DLVO θεωρία εξήγησε ικανοποιητικά την επίδραση της φυσικοχημείας τόσο του διαλύματος όσο και της επιφάνειας στη βακτηριακή προσκόλληση. Η αύξηση του ρυθμού διάτμησης μείωσε την προσκόλληση των βακτηρίων με τρόπο που εξαρτώνταν από τις φυσικοχημικές αλληλεπιδράσεις βακτηρίων-υλικών, ενώ παράλληλα μείωσε την προβλεψιμότητα των παραπάνω θεωριών. Επομένως, η βακτηριακή προσκόλληση θεωρήθηκε ως αποτέλεσμα του συνδιασμού φυσικοχημικών αλληλεπιδράσεων και σχηματισμού μακρομοριακών δεσμών. Τα αποτελέσματα από τη μελέτη της έκφρασης των γονιδίων ica έδειξαν ότι η έκφρασή τους αυξάνεται με την μείωση της επιφανειακής ενέργειας του υλικού και την αύξηση του ρυθμού διάτμησης. / One of the major problems arising from the use of implants and medical devices and impeding their long-term use is the emergence of nosocomial septic incidents related to infections caused by Coagulase negative staphylococci, most notably by S. epidermidis. The extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in multi-resistant bacterial strains of normal flora, making the need for developing antibacterial biomaterials of great importance. For this purpose it is necessary to study and understand the mechanism of bacterial adhesion to the surface of biomaterials. In this direction, we investigated the influence of the physicochemical interactions between bacteria and materials, the shear rate and their relative contribution on the ability of bacteria to adhere to the biomaterial surface and to activate the ica genes, which are responsible for the production of extracellular polymeric (slime), and in particular for the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), that mediates cell-cell interactions. For this study, the surface of existing biomaterials was modified by plasma methods, self-assembled monolayers were prepared on glass, and the materials were physicochemicaly characterized. The applicability of the colloidal theories, such as the thermodynamic, the DLVO and the extended DLVO, for the prediction of bacterial adhesion was examined as well. The results showed that the increase in material surface energy and its polar component reduced bacterial adhesion, whereas adhesion was not significantly influenced by the non-polar character of the material surface. The thermodynamic theory explained satisfactorily the results for high ionic strength solutions, while DLVO for solutions with low ionic strength. The extended DLVO theory explained well the effects of both the solution and material surface properties to bacterial adhesion. The increase in shear rate reduced the number of adherent bacteria in a manner that depended on the bacteria-material physicochemical interactions, but not in the way that the above theories predicted. Therefore, bacterial adhesion considered as the result of a combination of the physicochemical and hydrodynamic interactions, and the formation of macromolecular bonds. The investigation of ica genes expression showed that the expression enhanced by the decrease in the material surface energy the increase in shear rate.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

No description available.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 est le sérotype le plus souvent incriminé lors de toxi-infection alimentaire par les E. coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC). Il peut être associé, dans les cas les plus graves, à des colites hémorragiques mortelles et au syndrome hémolytique et urémique (SHU), touchant essentiellement les jeunes enfants. Le vecteur alimentaire le plus courant lors de ces contaminations est le boeuf haché. L’étape primaire de la contamination bactérienne se situe lors de l'abattage où les bactéries peuvent être transférées de la peau à la carcasse. Une gaine conjonctive entoure les muscles, sa composition protéique, similaire à la matrice extracellulaire (ECM), pourrait jouer un rôle dans l'adhésion bactérienne. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de l'adhésion et de la colonisation des bactéries aux protéines majeures de l’ECM musculaire, a révélé une forte influence des conditions de croissances sur l’adhésion, l'adhésion étant maximale à 25°C et pH7, en particulier aux collagènes I et III. Chez les EHEC, diverses protéines de surfaces peuvent être potentiellement impliquées dans l’adhésion à l’ECM. Le rôle d'un autotransporteur, l'antigène 43 (Ag43), dans l'autoagrégation, l'adhésion et la formation de biofilm, a été établit chez E. coli O157:H7 EDL933. Par la suite, les interactions entre E. coli O157:H7 et la viande ont été étudiées sur deux muscles modèles de types métabolique et contractile opposés (Soleus oxidatif lent et EDL, glycolytique rapide), caractérisés par microspectroscopie de fluorescence UV couplée au rayonnement synchrotron. Les différents types de fibres musculaires ainsi que l’effet d’une anoxie prolongée simulant la maturation des viandes ont été discriminés par leurs réponses spectrales après une excitation à 275 nm. Un tropisme bactérien plus élevé pour le muscle soleus que pour le muscle EDL a été clairement observé. Bien qu'E. coli O157:H7 adhère de manière similaire aux différents types de fibres musculaires, l'adhésion des bactéries se fait essentiellement au niveau de l'ECM, mettant en évidence le rôle clé de l'ECM et du tissu conjonctif musculaire dans l’adhésion des E. coli O157:H7 à la viande. Ces travaux de recherche sur l’adhésion bactérienne aux muscles squelettiques aux niveaux moléculaires, cellulaires et tissulaires fournissent les premières connaissances sur la physiologie des EHEC lors de la contamination de la viande et constituent un pré-requis indispensable au développement de pratiques et de stratégies innovantes afin de réduire le risque de contamination des viandes. / Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the most prevalent serotype involved in foodborne infection by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). It is associated with life-threatening hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS), which essentially affect young children. The major food vector of EHEC contamination is ground beef. The primary bacterial contamination occurs during the slaughter, essentially at dehiding stage where bacteria can be transferred from hides to carcasses. The connective tissue surrounding the muscle, highly similar to extracellular matrix (ECM) could potentially be a support for bacterial adhesion. When investigating the adhesion and colonization to the main muscle fibrous ECM proteins, the great influence of growth conditions on subsequent bacterial attachment was shown. Maximal adhesion to ECM proteins occurred at 25°C and pH 7, especially to collagens I and III. In EHEC, various surface-exposed protein determinants can be expressed and potentially involved in ECM adhesion. Investigating the autoaggregation, bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, the involvement of Antigen 43 (Ag43), an autotransporter protein, was demonstrated in E. coli O157:H7 EDL933. Then, the attachment of E. coli O157:H7 to the meat was determined on two different model muscles, with different contractile and metabolic characteristic (Soleus oxidative, slow and EDL glycolytic, fast), previously characterized by UV microspectroscopy coupled to synchrotron radiation fluorescence. The different of muscle fiber types and the effect of a prolonged anoxia simulating maturing meat were discriminated by their spectral responses after excitation at 275 nm. It clearly appeared that bacteria displayed differential tropism as function of the muscle types, higher for the Soleus than the EDL muscles. While E. coli O157:H7 adhered similarly to the different types of muscle fibers, bacterial adherence essentially occurred at the ECM, pinpointing the key role of connective tissue for E. coli O157:H7 adhesion to meat. This first comprehensive investigation of bacterial adhesion to skeletal muscles at molecular, cellular and tissue levels provides new insight in the physiology of the colonization of meat by EHEC and constitutes a prerequisite for the development of innovative practices and strategies to minimize the risk of meat contamination.

L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire s’inscrit dans le cadre de la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées par un procédé d’oxydation avancée (AOP), la photocatalyse hétérogène. Ce procédé, couplant le rayonnement UV et l’utilisation d’un photocatalyseur (TiO2) au sein d’un réacteur, est envisagé comme procédé de traitement tertiaire pour la désinfection des effluents dis secondaires. Les expérimentations photocatalytiques ont été réalisées sur une bactérie cible, E.coli. Elles ont été conduites en mode batch puis en mode continu. Les expérimentations en mode batch ont été réalisées sous irradiation contrôlée puis solaire. Les données expérimentales acquises sous irradiation contrôlée ont permis la comparaison des performances bactéricides de différents catalyseurs. Elles ont conduit en parallèle à la définition d’un modèle cinétique représentatif de la capacité bactéricide de chaque média. Les expérimentations solaires ont permis de valider le modèle cinétique sous irradiation solaire puis, d’étudier l’inactivation bactérienne dans un effluent réel. Par ailleurs, le potentiel bactéricide du traitement photocatalytique en régime permanent a été évalué. Le fonctionnement du procédé continu a été parfaitement décrit par un modèle cinétique se basant sur la loi cinétique initialement définie en mode batch. Finalement, l’inactivation d’E.coli a été évaluée par différentes techniques de quantification bactérienne. Cela a permit de mettre en évidence le mécanisme principal d’inactivation par voie photocatalytique, la lyse membranaire et d’apporter des informations sur l’état de viabilité « réel » des bactéries au cours du traitement photocatalytique. / The study presented in this paper is part of the reuse of treated wastewater by advanced oxidation process (AOP), the heterogeneous photocatalysis. This process, coupling the UV radiation and the use of a photocatalyst (TiO2) in a reactor, is envisaged as tertiary treatment process for disinfection of said secondary effluent. Photocatalytic experiments were performed on a target bacterium, E. coli. They were conducted in batch and continuous mode. The experiments in batch mode were performed under controlled irradiation and sunlight. The experimental data obtained under controlled irradiation allowed the comparison of the bactericidal performance of different catalysts. They led in parallel to the definition of a representative kinetic model of the bactericidal capacity of each medium. Solar experiments were used to validate the kinetic model under solar irradiation and then to study the bacterial inactivation in a real effluent. Furthermore, the potential of the photocatalytic bactericidal treatment at steady state was evaluated. The operation of the continuous process has been thoroughly described by a kinetic model based on the kinetic law originally defined in batch mode. Finally, inactivation of E. coli was evaluated by different bacterial quantification techniques. This has made it possible to highlight the main mechanism of the photocatalytic bacterial inactivation, the membrane lysis. It provided information about the "real" state of the bacteria viability during the photocatalytic treatment.

Fímbrias do tipo IV estão associadas a diversos fenótipos em bactérias gram-negativas, e o presente estudo consistiu na caracterização da fímbria Pil e investigação de seu papel na adesão bacteriana de isolados de EPEC atípica. Por PCR e RT-PCR foram investigadas a presença e a funcionalidade do operon Pil e os resultados demonstraram que este está sendo transcrito somente nos isolados BA558 e BA956. Os genes pilS e pilV foram clonados em vetor de expressão para obtenção das proteínas Pil recombinantes e produção de anticorpos policlonais. A análise qualitativa dos testes de inibição da adesão utilizando os soros anti-PilS e anti-PilV juntos demonstraram que o isolado BA558 apresentou mudança de fenótipo de adesão. Esses resultados nos permitem concluir que o operon Pil está funcional em BA558 e BA956, e a expressão da fímbria Pil nessas cepas não está relacionada à formação de biofilme e autoagregação, porém a proteína fimbrial PilS juntamente com a adesina PilV parecem exercer uma função acessória importante na interação de BA558 às células HEp-2. / Type IV fimbriae are associated with several phenotypes in gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was the characterization of the Pil fimbria and its role in the interaction of atypical EPEC isolates in bacterial adhesion. Using PCR and RT-PCR, we investigated the presence and functionality of the pil operon genes. The results showed that these genes are transcribed only in the BA558 and BA956 isolates. The pilS and pilV genes were cloned into an expression vector for recombinant proteins and polyclonal antibodies production. Qualitative analysis of the adherence inhibition assays using both rabbit sera changed to localized-like the phenotype of BA558 isolate adhesion. Together, these results allow us to conclude that the Pil operon is functional only in the BA558 and BA956 isolates and that the expression of Pil fimbriae in aEPEC is not related to biofilm formation and autoaggregation but, the fimbrial PilS protein together with PilV adhesin seem to play an important accessory function in the interaction between the BA558 and epithelial cells in vitro.

This study investigated the impact of customary fluoride based mouthrinses on the ultrastructure and the functional properties of the in situ pellicle, considering the prevention of erosion (8 volunteers) and initial biofilm formation (12 volunteers). Bovine enamel slabs were carried intraorally. After 1 min of pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with elmex Kariesschutz (A), Dontodent Med Care (B), meridol (C) or elmex Zahnschmelzschutz Professional (D) for 1 min. In situ pellicle formation was continued up to 30 min/8 h before processing the slabs in vitro. Erosion was simulated by incubating the specimens in HCl (pH 3.0, 2.3, 2.0) for 120 s, measuring the kinetics of calcium/phosphate release photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by TEM and EDX. Bacterial adhesion was visualized fluorescence microscopically (DAPI/BacLight). Native enamel slabs or physiological pellicle samples served as controls. All investigated mouthrinses enhanced the erosion preventive pellicle effect in dependence of the pH-value. A significant decrease of Ca/P release at all pH values was achieved after rinsing with D; TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. All mouthrinses tendentially reduced bacterial adherence, however not significantly. The mouthrinse containing NaF/AmF/SnCl2 (D) offers an effective oral hygiene supplement to prevent caries and erosion.

This study investigated the impact of customary fluoride based mouthrinses on the ultrastructure and the functional properties of the in situ pellicle, considering the prevention of erosion (8 volunteers) and initial biofilm formation (12 volunteers). Bovine enamel slabs were carried intraorally. After 1 min of pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with elmex Kariesschutz (A), Dontodent Med Care (B), meridol (C) or elmex Zahnschmelzschutz Professional (D) for 1 min. In situ pellicle formation was continued up to 30 min/8 h before processing the slabs in vitro. Erosion was simulated by incubating the specimens in HCl (pH 3.0, 2.3, 2.0) for 120 s, measuring the kinetics of calcium/phosphate release photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by TEM and EDX. Bacterial adhesion was visualized fluorescence microscopically (DAPI/BacLight). Native enamel slabs or physiological pellicle samples served as controls. All investigated mouthrinses enhanced the erosion preventive pellicle effect in dependence of the pH-value. A significant decrease of Ca/P release at all pH values was achieved after rinsing with D; TEM/EDX confirmed ultrastructural pellicle modifications. All mouthrinses tendentially reduced bacterial adherence, however not significantly. The mouthrinse containing NaF/AmF/SnCl2 (D) offers an effective oral hygiene supplement to prevent caries and erosion.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).