Submitted by biblioteca unifenas (biblioteca@unifenas.br) on 2017-05-15T18:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thailson Fernando Faustino Dissertacao.pdf: 714335 bytes, checksum: e9b1bc519ff0d96e7bd8cbe84dfe1746 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T18:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thailson Fernando Faustino Dissertacao.pdf: 714335 bytes, checksum: e9b1bc519ff0d96e7bd8cbe84dfe1746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional quality of sorghum silage processed and rehydrated with water or whey. The experimental design was a completely randomized 4x2x2 factorial design, with rehydration of the grain in four moisture contents (25, 30, 35 and 40%), rehydration with water or whey and, with or without the addition of bacterial inoculant, totaling 16 treatments with four replicates each. The sorghum grains were ground, rehydrated and conditioned in experimental PVC silos with capacity of 4.5 kg for 90 days, to evaluate the aerobic stability as well as the microbiological and chemical-bromatological characteristics of the silage. The results were submitted to analysis of variance of the statistical program SAS (9.2), and the humidity levels were evaluated by linear and quadratic orthogonal contrasts and, the vehicle of rehydration and inoculant were compared by F test. The use of water compared to the whey in the rehydration decreased the losses by gases, effluents and dry matter of the silages. The increase of moisture in the silages promoted a lower development of fungi and yeasts. The inoculated silages showed higher dry matter contents in relation to the silages without inoculant. The crude protein (CP) concentration in the grain silage of rehydrated sorghum was not altered as a function of the treatments. The addition of inoculant decreases the concentration of acid detergent fiber (ADF), the lowest values being in the silage with 40% moisture with water. Silage rehydrated with whey had higher values of mineral matter, compared to silages rehydrated with water. The use of whey in the rehydration of sorghum grains for silage is a good strategy to avoid its disposal in the environment, and its addition is recommended to the point where the sorghum grain reaches 30% moisture. In addition, it is recommended to use the bacterial inoculant, as it ensures less fermentative loss in the process with greater aerobic stability of the silages. / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a qualidade nutricional da silagem de grão de sorgo processada e reidratada com água ou soro de leite. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x2x2, sendo a reidratação do grão em quatro teores de umidade (25, 30, 35 e 40%), a reidratação com água ou soro e com ou sem a adição de inoculante bacteriano, totalizando 16 tratamentos com quatro repetições cada. Os grãos de sorgo foram moídos, reidratados e acondicionados em silos experimentais de PVC com capacidade de 4,5 kg por 90 dias, para então, avaliar a estabilidade aeróbia, bem como as características microbiológicas e químico-bromatológicas da silagem. Os resultados foram submetidos à análises de variância do programa estatístico SAS (9.2), sendo que os níveis de umidade foram avaliados por contrastes ortogonais lineares e quadráticos, e o veículo de reidratação e inoculante foram comparados por teste F. O uso de água comparado com o soro na reidratação diminuiu as perdas por gases, efluentes e matéria seca das silagens. O aumento da umidade nas silagens promoveu menor desenvolvimento de fungos e leveduras. As silagens inoculadas apresentaram teores de matéria seca superiores em relação às silagens sem inoculante. A concentração PB na silagem de grão de sorgo reidratado não foi alterada em função dos tratamentos. A adição de inoculante diminui a concentração de FDA, sendo que os valores mais baixos foram na silagem com 40% de umidade com água. As silagens reidratadas com soro de leite apresentaram maiores valores de matéria mineral, comparadas às silagens reidratadas com água. A utilização de soro de leite na reidratação de grãos de sorgo para ensilagem é uma boa estratégia para evitar seu descarte no meio ambiente, sendo recomendada sua adição até o ponto em que o grão de sorgo atinja 30% de umidade. Além disso, recomenda-se a utilização do inoculante bacteriano, por assegurar menor perda fermentativa no processo com maior estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.

Submitted by ERIKA CHRISTINA LARA null (erikalarac@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T19:23:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - ERIKA CHRISTINA LARA.pdf: 2409729 bytes, checksum: e194e997676a12d24a5d5381ac74c7d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-19T19:33:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lara_ec_dr_jabo.pdf: 2409729 bytes, checksum: e194e997676a12d24a5d5381ac74c7d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T19:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lara_ec_dr_jabo.pdf: 2409729 bytes, checksum: e194e997676a12d24a5d5381ac74c7d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos de dietas contendo silagem inoculada com Lactobacillus plantarum e Bacillus subtilis e suplementadas ou não com amilase sobre a digestibilidade aparente, fermentação ruminal e síntese de proteína microbiana em carneiros, assim como o desempenho e qualidade de carne de cordeiros. Para tanto, dois estudos foram conduzidos, no quais os animais receberam um dos quatro tratamentos (dietas): 1) silagem de milho não inoculada sem adição de amilase na mistura total da ração (MTR); 2) silagem de milho não inoculada e amilase adicionada na MRT; 3) silagem de milho inoculada com 1 × 105 UFC de L. plantarum e 1 × 105 UFC de B. subtilis, sem adição de amilase; 4) silagem de milho inoculada com 1 × 105 UFC de L. plantarum e 1 × 105 UFC de B. subtilis e amilase adicionada na MRT. A enzima utilizada foi a amilase numa taxa de aplicação de 2 g de produto / kg de matéria seca (MS) da dieta (602 unidade dextrinizante (UD) / kg de MS da dieta). A suplementação com amilase em dietas contendo silagem não inoculada aumentou (P=0,045) o consumo de matéria seca dos carneiros quando comparados com aqueles alimentados com silagem não inoculada sem suplementação com amilase (1,311 vs. 1,066 g/d), mas não diferiu dos outros tratamentos. A digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, FDN e EB aumentou (P<0,01) nos carneiros alimentos com silagem inoculada ou suplementados com amilase, sem interações entre os tratamentos. Os animais alimentados com dietas contendo silagem não inoculada e suplementados com amilase apresentaram alta proporção de ácido propiônico e baixa de ácido acético, e consequentemente baixa relação de aceitoc:propiônico. A síntese de proteína microbiana tendeu a ser maior (P=0,097) nos carneiros alimentados com silagem não inoculada e suplementados com amilase e também nos que receberam dieta contendo silagem inoculada sem suplementação com amilase (8,01; 8,05 g/d, respectivamente). Entretanto, nenhum efeito foi verificado na eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. No segundo estudo, cordeiros alimentados com silagem inoculada apresentaram maior consumo de FDN (P=0,019) do que aqueles alimentados com silagem não inoculada (266,5 vs. 245,0 g/d). Cordeiros que receberam dieta contendo silagem inoculada apresentam maior ganho de peso diário (P=0,019) quando comparados àqueles alimentados com silagem de milho não inoculada (232,5 vs. 211,5). A inoculação da silagem aumentou (P<0,05) o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS) e diminuiu (P<0,05) o conteúdo de ácidos graxos insaturados (AGI) (47,55 vs. 46,21% e 52,44 vs. 53,79%, respectivamente), e consequentemente, diminuiu a relação UFA:SFA. A suplementação com amilase no momento da alimentação tendeu (P<0,10) a diminuir a relação AGPI:AGS (0,14 vs. 0,16). O uso de amilases em dietas contendo silagem de milho inoculada não resultou em respostas positivas na digestibilidade e síntese de proteína microbiana de carneiros, bem como não alterou as características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de cordeiros. O uso de dietas contendo silagem de milho inoculada com L. plantarum e B. subtilis e não suplementadas com amilase, aumentou o ganho de peso de cordeiros. / This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of diets containing corn silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis and supplemented or not with amylase on the apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis of wethers as well as, the growth performance and meat quality of lambs. For that, two studies were carried out and in both studies the animals received one of four treatments (diets): 1) Corn silage uninoculated and without amylase added to TMR; 2) Corn silage uninoculated and amylase added to TMR; 3) Corn silage inoculated with 1×105 CFU LP [MA 18/5U] and 1×105 CFU BS [AT553098] without amylase added to TMR; 4) Corn silage inoculated with 1×105 CFU LP [MA 18/5U] and 1×105 CFU BS [AT553098] and amylase added to TMR. The enzyme utilized was amylase at the rate of 2 g of the product / kg of dietary dry matter (DM) (602 dextrinizing unit (DU)/kg of dietary DM). Amylase supplementation on the diet containing uninoculated silage increased (P=0.045) dry matter (DM) intake of wethers compared with wethers fed uninoculated silage without amylase supplementation (1,311 vs. 1,066 g/d), but not differed from others treatments. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and GE increased (P<0.01) in wethers fed with inoculated silages or supplemented with amylase, without interaction among inoculants and amylase. Wethers fed diets containing uninoculated silage and supplemented with amylase showed higher propionic acid and lower acetic acid proportion, with low acetic:propionic acid ratio, consequently. Microbial N supply tended to be higher (P=0.097) in wethers fed uninoculated silage with amylase supplementation and inoculated silage without amylase (8.01; 8.05 g/d). However, no effect was verified on the efficiency of microbial N synthesis. In the second study, lambs fed inoculated silage had higher NDF intake (P=0.019) than lambs fed uninoculated silage (266.5 vs 245 g/d). Lambs fed inoculated silage had higher average daily gain (P=0.019) when compared with lambs fed uninoculated silages (232.5 vs. 211.5). The inoculation of silage increased (P<0.05) the content of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and decreased (P<0.05) the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) (47.55 vs. 46.21% and 52.44 vs. 53.79%, respectively) and consequently decreased the UFA:SFA ratio. The amylase supplementation at moment of feeding trended (P<0.10) to decrease the values of PUFA:SFA ratio (0.14 vs. 0.16). The association of amylase in diets containing inoculated silage did not provided positive responses on the digestibility and microbial N supply of wethers and did not alter the carcass and meat quality of lambs. Inoculation of silage with L. plantarum and B. subtilis improved the average daily gain of lambs when was not associated with amylase supplementation. / CNPq: 141008/2014-8

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-13T17:30:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Mara Cunha Freitas - 2013.pdf: 1356945 bytes, checksum: aae126546b262676d8da9435c96ce3d3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-14T11:25:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Mara Cunha Freitas - 2013.pdf: 1356945 bytes, checksum: aae126546b262676d8da9435c96ce3d3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-14T11:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Mara Cunha Freitas - 2013.pdf: 1356945 bytes, checksum: aae126546b262676d8da9435c96ce3d3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / The objective of this work was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of silage of sugarcane mixed with soybean hulls, bacterial inoculant (L. buchneri) and urea, and their combinations. In addition, intake, milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows were evaluated. In the first experiment, eight different silages were made using the sugarcane cultivar IAC 86-2480 with the additives: Lactobacillus plantarum/Lactobacillus buchneri (strain NCIMB 40788), urea at the level of 0.5% of the original material and soybean hulls at 10 and 20% of the original fresh material. Eight treatments were tested in mini-silos: pure sugarcane (CN); sugarcane with bacterial inoculant (CNIB); sugarcane with 0.5% urea (CNUR); CNUR + IB (CNIBUR); CNUR + 10% soybean hulls (CNUR10%CS); CNUR + 20% soybean hulls (CNUR20%CS); CNIBUR + 10% CS (CNIBUR10% CS) and CNIBUR + 20% CS (CNIBUR20%CS). The experimental design was a completely randomized with 9 opening periods (1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days post-closing) with three replicates. We evaluated total, gaseous, and effluent losses as well as the percentages of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). There was no significant effect of bacterial innoculant or urea on silage characteristics: neither pH, dry matter content of silage or gaseous and effluent losses. Urea and bacterial inoculant increased the level of lactic acid and reduced ethanol level (P<0.05) of the silages. The addition of 10 or 20% of soy hulls, by the other side, led to an improvement of silage composition and reduced gaseous and effluent losses, but showed no effect on ethanol or lactic acid of the ensiled sugarcane. In the second experiment, we evaluate the performance of lactating cows fed sugarcane silages with and without soybean hulls or bacterial innoculant. Four lactating cows were randomly assigned to a 4x4 Latin Square design. The experimental treatments tested were: sugarcane silage with bacterial inoculant (CNIB), CNIB with 10% soybean hulls (CNIB10%CS) and CNIB with 20% CS (CNIB20%CS), and a control treatment without additive (CN) pure cane silage (CN). The four experimental periods, lasting 21 days, were splitted into 14 days of adaptation and the following seven days for data collection (milk yield and composition and live weight of the animals). Bacterial inoculant affected negatively dry matter, NDF and protein intake, whereas addition of soybean hulls increase intake of DM, NDF, milk yield and weight gain. The higher the level of soy hulls the higher gain in weight. The inclusion of soy hulls led to weight gain whereas CN or CNIB led to weight losses. It is recommended the addition of soy hulls to the sugarcane chopped material to be ensiled at levels from 10 to 20%. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o perfil fermentativo de silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com casca de soja, inoculante bacteriano Lactobacillus buchneri e uréia, em diferentes combinações, além de avaliar consumo e desempenho de vacas lactantes (quantidade e composição do leite produzido). Foram confeccionadas oito silagens diferentes, utilizando a cultivar de cana-de-açúcar IAC 86-2480. Como aditivos foram utilizados: inoculante bacteriano foi o Lactobacillus buchneri (cepa NCIMB 40788), uréia na proporção de 0,5% da matéria original e casca de soja nas proporções de 10 e 20% na matéria original. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados mini-silos, com oito tratamentos: cana pura (CN); CN + inoculante bacteriano (CNIB); CN com 0.5% uréia (CNUR); CNUR + IB (CNIBUR); CNUR + 10% casca de soja (CNUR10%CS); CNUR + 20% de casca de soja (CNUR20%CS); CNIBUR + 10% CS (CNIBUR10% CS) and CNIBUR + 20% CS (CNIBUR20%CS). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 9 períodos de abertura dos silos experimentais (1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180 dias pós-fechamento) e 3 repetições. Foram avaliadas as perdas totais, gasosas e por efluentes, além das porcentagens de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Não foram detectados efeitos do inoculante bacteriano ou uréia sobre as características da silagem, como pH, teor de matéria seca e perdas por efluentes ou gases. Uréia e inoculante bacteriano aumentaram o teor de ácido lático e reduziu o teor de etanol das silagens (P<0,05). A adição de casca de soja, por outro lado, melhorou a composição da silagem com redução nas perdas, mas não afetou os teores de etanol ou ácido lático da cana ensilada. No segundo experimento, foram utilizadas quatro vacas para avaliação da produção de leite e sua composição. Essas foram alimentadas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar com e sem casca de soja, em delineamento experimental quadrado latino 4x4. Os tratamentos foram silagem de cana com inoculante bacteriano (CNIB), silagem de cana com inoculante bacteriano e 10% de casca de soja (CNIB+10%CS) e silagem de cana com inoculante bacteriano e 20% de casca de soja (CNIB+20%CS). O tratamento controle foi silagem de cana pura (CN). Os quatro períodos experimentais, com duração de 21 dias, foram divididos em adaptação (14 dias) e coleta de dados de produção e composição do leite, e mudanças no peso vivo. O inoculante bacteriano afetou negativamente o consumo de matéria seca, de FDN e proteína bruta, enquanto a adição de casca de soja aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, de FDN e a produção de leite. A adição de casca de soja proporcionou ganho de peso, com o nível de 20% superando o nível de 10%. Enquanto a inclusão de casca de soja proporcionou ganho de peso, os tratamentos CN e CNIB levaram a perdas de peso. Recomenda-se a adição de casca de soja a massa a ser ensilada de cana-de-açúcar em níveis entre 10 a 20%.

The hypothesis for this study was that phenanthrene degrading bacterial inoculants, in combination with grass species able to tolerate petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, will result in increased degradation, as compared to natural rates of hydrocarbon degradation, or to rates of degradation attributed to bacteria or plants alone. Three experiments were performed to examine this hypothesis: i) assessment of the effect of phenanthrene degrading bacteria (<i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i>, <i>Rahnella aquatilis</i>, and <i>Arthrobacter globiformis</i>) on seed germination, location of attachment on seeds and roots, and inoculant survival on selected grass species, ii) determination of the inoculant survival in contaminated soil in the absence of plants and the ability to degrade target compounds, and iii) degradation potential and survival of selected grass species and bacterial inoculants in soil. In general, all applied inoculants were able to effectively colonize the seeds and had a neutral or positive effect on seed germination and seedling growth. Possible plant and bacteria pairs were chosen based on positive influence of the inoculant and are as follows: perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i>) or creeping red fescue (<i>Festuca rubra</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, or slender wheatgrass (<i>Elymus trachycaulus</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>R. aquatilis</i>. Soil-based assessment of the survival and degradation of hydrocarbons by the selected inoculants was examined with or without a manure nutrient amendment. The addition of the inoculants had a positive impact on the efficacy of hydrocarbon removal in the soil. The manure-amended soil, or <i>A. globiformis</i> inoculated non-amended soil treatments reduced total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration by ~45%, whereas the non-amended control only resulted in a ~20% reduction. When soils were amended with manure and inoculated with any of the phenanthrene degrading bacteria, contaminant concentration decreased in soil by ~33%. <i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i> survived the longest in soil in the absence of plants. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of plant and bacteria pairs for hydrocarbon removal in recalcitrant contamination found in soil from Bruderheim, Alberta. Additional replicates containing this soil were spiked with hexadecane, phenanthrene, and pyrene so the effectiveness of the plant and bacteria pairs at higher levels of fresh contamination could be assessed. In the spiked treatment, inoculation with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased creeping red fescue root biomass. In the non-spiked treatment, <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> application increased creeping red fescue root and shoot biomass. Perennial ryegrass root and shoot biomass did not increase when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, although root biomass values were observably higher in non-spiked soils. Creeping red fescue inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> resulted in the greatest decrease in hydrocarbon concentration as compared to other treatments (~61%). The perennial ryegrass treatment, when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased percent hydrocarbon removal (~10%) above that obtained with perennial ryegrass alone. The addition of plants and <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased hydrocarbon degradation relative to control soils, although the addition of vegetation alone had a comparable effect. A critical benefit of inoculation was the increase in creeping red fescue root biomass at higher concentrations of contamination. This is important because the larger the root biomass the larger the volume of soil that can be remediated. The results indicate that the use of specific plant-bacterial inoculants can enhance remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.

The hypothesis for this study was that phenanthrene degrading bacterial inoculants, in combination with grass species able to tolerate petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, will result in increased degradation, as compared to natural rates of hydrocarbon degradation, or to rates of degradation attributed to bacteria or plants alone. Three experiments were performed to examine this hypothesis: i) assessment of the effect of phenanthrene degrading bacteria (<i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i>, <i>Rahnella aquatilis</i>, and <i>Arthrobacter globiformis</i>) on seed germination, location of attachment on seeds and roots, and inoculant survival on selected grass species, ii) determination of the inoculant survival in contaminated soil in the absence of plants and the ability to degrade target compounds, and iii) degradation potential and survival of selected grass species and bacterial inoculants in soil. In general, all applied inoculants were able to effectively colonize the seeds and had a neutral or positive effect on seed germination and seedling growth. Possible plant and bacteria pairs were chosen based on positive influence of the inoculant and are as follows: perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i>) or creeping red fescue (<i>Festuca rubra</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, or slender wheatgrass (<i>Elymus trachycaulus</i>) with <i>A. globiformis</i> or <i>R. aquatilis</i>. Soil-based assessment of the survival and degradation of hydrocarbons by the selected inoculants was examined with or without a manure nutrient amendment. The addition of the inoculants had a positive impact on the efficacy of hydrocarbon removal in the soil. The manure-amended soil, or <i>A. globiformis</i> inoculated non-amended soil treatments reduced total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration by ~45%, whereas the non-amended control only resulted in a ~20% reduction. When soils were amended with manure and inoculated with any of the phenanthrene degrading bacteria, contaminant concentration decreased in soil by ~33%. <i>Sphingomonas yanoikuyae</i> survived the longest in soil in the absence of plants. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of plant and bacteria pairs for hydrocarbon removal in recalcitrant contamination found in soil from Bruderheim, Alberta. Additional replicates containing this soil were spiked with hexadecane, phenanthrene, and pyrene so the effectiveness of the plant and bacteria pairs at higher levels of fresh contamination could be assessed. In the spiked treatment, inoculation with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased creeping red fescue root biomass. In the non-spiked treatment, <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> application increased creeping red fescue root and shoot biomass. Perennial ryegrass root and shoot biomass did not increase when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i>, although root biomass values were observably higher in non-spiked soils. Creeping red fescue inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> resulted in the greatest decrease in hydrocarbon concentration as compared to other treatments (~61%). The perennial ryegrass treatment, when inoculated with <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased percent hydrocarbon removal (~10%) above that obtained with perennial ryegrass alone. The addition of plants and <i>S. yanoikuyae</i> increased hydrocarbon degradation relative to control soils, although the addition of vegetation alone had a comparable effect. A critical benefit of inoculation was the increase in creeping red fescue root biomass at higher concentrations of contamination. This is important because the larger the root biomass the larger the volume of soil that can be remediated. The results indicate that the use of specific plant-bacterial inoculants can enhance remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.