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<p>Our understanding of the mechanism of ribosome assembly in bacteria is still in its infancy. Work from our laboratory and others have recently established that some protein assembly factors assist the assembly process at its late stages, mediating the correct folding of the functional core of the 30S and 50S subunits. The GTPase YjeQ is an assembly factor that displaces the upper domain of h44 of the mature 30S subunit upon binding, inducing a distortion in the decoding center. We hypothesized that the displacement of h44 is caused by the zinc-finger domain of YjeQ and mediates the release of RbfA, another assembly factor involved in 30S subunit maturation. To understand how the zinc-finger domain of YjeQ implements the functional interplay with RbfA, we constructed several deletion mutants of the domain. We found that the zinc-finger domain of YjeQ was required to bind the 30S subunit, but not the C-terminal extension (CTE) of the domain. The CTE was necessary for stimulation of GTPase activity upon binding to the 30S subunit and removal of bound RbfA from the 30S subunit. The data presented here suggests that the zinc-finger domain is essential for YjeQ to bind the 30S subunit and to implement the functional interplay with RbfA. Ongoing structural studies of the complex formed by the YjeQ CTE variant and the 30S subunit will provide a three dimensional view of the conformational changes that occur to implement the functional interplay between YjeQ and RbfA at the late stages of 30S subunit assembly.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

In view of the global spread of multiresistant bacteria and the occurrence of panresistant bacteria, there is an urgent need for antimicrobials with novel modes of action. A promising class is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including them proline-rich AMPs (PrAMPs), which target the 70S ribosome to inhibit protein translation. Here, we present a new designer peptide, Api805, combining the N- and C-terminal sequences of PrAMPs Api137 and drosocin, respectively. Api805 was similarly active against two Escherichia coli B strains but was inactive against E. coli K12 strain BW25113. These different activities could not be explained by the dissociation constants measured for 70S ribosome preparations from E. coli K12 and B strains. Mutations in the SbmA transporter that PrAMPs use to pass the inner membrane or proteolytic degradation of Api805 by lysate proteases could not explain this either. Interestingly, Api805 seems not to bind to the known binding sites of PrAMPs at the 70S ribosome and inhibited in vitro protein translation, independent of release factors, most likely using a “multimodal effect”. Interestingly, Api805 entered the E. coli B strain Rosetta faster and at larger quantities than the E. coli K-12 strain BW25113, which may be related to the different LPS core structure. In conclusion, slight structural changes in PrAMPs significantly altered their binding sites and mechanisms of action, allowing for the design of different antibiotic classes.

Au cours des dernières années, le développement de nouvelles thérapies contre les infections bactériennes a suscité un grand intérêt face à l’émergence des nombreuses souches résistantes aux antibiotiques. Le point de départ de cette recherche de nouveaux antibiotiques, pour lesquels les bactéries n’ont pas encore acquis de mécanismes de résistance, est l’identification de nouvelles cibles cellulaires. En 2000, des études génétiques ont identifié engA, un gène bactérien dont le produit est une GTPase, comme une cible pharmacologique pertinente: elle est essentielle à la survie cellulaire, conservée au sein des bactéries et absente chez les eucaryotes.Puisque EngA agit comme un facteur d’assemblage pour le ribosome bactérien, un de nos objectifs a été de développer un test de criblage pour identifier des inhibiteurs des interactions EngA-ribosome. Ces interactions sont modulées par des changements conformationnels d'EngA, qui sont eux-mêmes déclenchés par la fixation de différents nucléotides dans le domaine catalytique. Cependant, les liens entre ces différents changements restent encore méconnus. Nous avons utilisé une approche multi-technique pour étudier ces questions et obtenir des informations utiles pour l’optimisation de notre test de criblage.Des analyses de SAXS et protéolyse limitée ont démontré un changement conformationnel en solution après adition de nucléotides di- ou tri-phosphate. La comparaison des données avec des modèles cristallographiques d'EngA a confirmé la conformation de la protéine liée au GDP. Cependant, la conformation de la protéine liée au GTP ne correspond à aucune structure connue. Des essais d’interaction ont démontré que la fixation de différents nucléotides au niveau des domaines catalytiques régule l’interaction d'EngA avec le ribosome. En outre, les effets des nucléotides se produisent en utilisant des fortes concentrations, ce qui suggère que le rôle d'EngA dans la biogenèse du ribosome peut être contrôlé par la concentration intracellulaire de nucléotides. Les travaux visant la détermination de la structure d'EngA dans sa conformation liée au GTP par cristallographie nous ont permis d’obtenir la structure d’EngA dans différentes formes cristallines. Cependant, ces structures représentent la conformation liée au GDP. L’analyse de l’empilement des cristaux a montré des contacts intermoléculaires conservés qui peuvent stabiliser cette conformation pendant la nucléation. Des mutations spécifiques permettant la rupture de ces contacts peuvent éventuellement aider à promouvoir la cristallisation de conformations alternatives. Des analyses de cryo-microscopie électronique ont débuté afin d’obtenir la structure du complexe EngA:50S de chez B. subtilis. Des résultats préliminaires montrent une carte de densité électronique à 6.4 Å de résolution. L’interprétation de ces résultats est en cours. / The development of new therapeutics against bacterial infections has aroused great interest over the last years in the context of drug resistance. The starting-point in the pursuit of new antibiotics for which bacterial resistance mechanisms do not exist is the identification of novel cellular targets. Genetics studies in the early 2000s have identified engA as a conserved bacterial gene whose product is a GTPase that could represent a potential drug target: it is conserved among bacteria, essential for cell survival, and absent in humans.Since EngA acts as an assembly factor for the bacterial ribosome, one of our aims was to develop an assay to screen inhibitors of the EngA-ribosome interactions. These interactions are modulated by EngA conformational changes that are in turn triggered by the binding of different nucleotides to the catalytic G-domain. As the interplay between all these events in bacteria is still not resolved, we have used a multi-technique approach to explore these questions in order to obtain useful information for the setting up of a robust screening assay.SAXS and limited proteolysis showed a conformational change occurring in solution upon addition of either di- or tri-phosphate nucleotides. While model validation analysis confirmed the GDP-bound conformation, the GTP-bound state does not match any known EngA structure. Binding studies have revealed modulation of interactions by different nucleotide-bound states. Furthermore, response to nucleotides occurs at high concentrations, suggesting that the role of EngA in promoting ribosome assembly could be monitored by the intracellular nucleotide concentration. Efforts on identifying the GTP-bound state 3D structure by crystallography have resulted in EngA structures in different crystal forms. Although all the obtained structures represent the GDP-bound state, packing analysis has revealed conserved crystal contacts that can potentially stabilise this conformation during nucleation. Specific mutations aiming at disrupting these contacts may help to promote crystallisation of alternative conformations. Cryo-EM investigation has been initiated in order to obtain the structure of the B. subtilis EngA:50S complex. So far, an electron density map at 6.4 Å resolution has been obtained and its interpretation is underway.