O cancro cítrico, causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), é um dos mais graves problemas fitossanitário da citricultura brasileira. Com a introdução da lagarta minadora dos citros (Phyllocnistis citrella [LMC]), houve um aumento drástico do número de focos do cancro cítrico, além da mudança do padrão espacial de fortemente agregado para moderadamente agregado e ao acaso. Foram avaliados: (1) suscetibilidade de três condições foliares: folha intacta, ferimento mecânico e injúria de LMC nas fases ovo, 1º ínstar, 3º ínstar e pupa, inoculados em diferentes concentrações de Xac (101, 102, 104 e 106 ufc/ml); (2) período de suscetibilidade da folha intacta, do ferimento mecânico e injúria de LMC inoculados a 106 ufc/ml; e (3) efeito da temperatura (12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 42°C) e duração do molhamento foliar (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 e 24 h) em folhas sem ferimento inoculadas a 106 ufc/ml. A concentração mínima de inóculo para causar sintomas da doença em folha intacta, injúria de LMC fase ovo e 1º ínstar foi de 104 ufc/ml; em ferimento mecânico e injúria de LMC fase 3º ínstar e pupa, 102 ufc/ml. Injúria da fase pupa resultou em grande severidade do que nos demais tratamentos a 106 ufc/ml (2 vezes maior do que em folha intacta).O período de suscetibilidade da injúria de LMC foi seis vezes mais longo do que do ferimento mecânico e a máxima suscetibilidade foi três vezes maior que em folha intacta. A LMC está relacionada com o aumento do dano que expõem mesofilo foliar à infecção direta de Xac, aumentando a suscetibilidade da folha por longo período. A faixa de temperatura ótima para o desenvolvimento do cancro cítrico foi de 25-35ºC. Entretanto, a severidade foi mais alta entre 30-35ºC. Sintomas de cancro não desenvolveram a 42ºC e na ausência de molhamento foliar. O efeito da temperatura foi maior do que a duração do molhamento foliar. A mínima duração de molhamento para infecção de Xac foi menor que 4 horas. / Asiatic citrus canker, caused by X. axonopodispv.citri (Xac), is one of the most serious phytosanitary problems in Brazilian citrus crops.The introduction of the citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella [CLM]), has resulted in an increase in the number of disease foci and has changed the spatial pattern of citrus canker symptomatic trees from strong aggregation to intermediate aggregation and random patterns. We evaluated: (1) susceptibility of three distinct leaf condition: intact leaves, mechanical wounding, and injury caused by CLM at the egg stage, 1st instar, 3rd instar, and pupal stage, inoculated at different concentration of Xac (101, 102, 104, and 106 cfu/ml); (2) susceptibility period of intact leaves, mechanical wounding, and CLM injury inoculated at 106 ufc/ml; and (3) effect of temperature (12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 42°C) and leaf wetness durations (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h) on unwounded leaves inoculated at 106 ufc/ml. The minimum inoculum concentration to cause symptom development in intact leaves, CLM injury at the egg stage and 1st instar was 104 cfu/ml; in mechanically wounded leaves and CLM injuries at the 3rd instar and pupa stage, 102 cfu/ml. The injuries from pupa stage resulted in greater disease severity than other treatments at 106 cfu/ml (two times higher than in the intact leaf). Susceptibility period of CLM injury was six time longer than mechanical wounding and maximum observed susceptibility was three times higher than intact leaf. CLM is related to the amount of damage that exposes mesophyll cells to direct Xac infection, increasing the susceptibility of leaf for long period. Optimal temperature for development of citrus canker was 25–35°C. However, disease severity was highest in the range 30–35°C. Symptoms did not develop at 42°C and zero hour of leaf wetness duration. Effect of temperature was .greater than leaf wetness duration. The minimum wetness duration for Xac infection was as short as 4 h.

O tomateiro é a segunda hortaliça em importância econômica no mundo, sendo uma das culturas mais exigentes em cuidados fitossanitários, devido ao grande número de doenças que a acometem e pela elevada capacidade destrutiva e difícil controle dos patógenos. A mancha-bacteriana, causada por espécies do gênero Xanthomonas (X. euvesicatoria, X. gardneri, X. vesicatoria e X. perforans), é uma das mais importantes doenças do tomateiro estaqueado ou rasteiro, que afeta a planta em qualquer estádio de desenvolvimento, podendo ocorrer em toda parte aérea, provocando redução em quantidade e qualidade da produção. Para diminuir a disseminação do patógeno e determinar medidas de controle nas áreas de cultivo, é importante que haja a detecção eficiente do patógeno em plantas e sementes. Assim, existe a necessidade de análises que possibilitem detectar bactérias em sementes, especialmente quando o nível de infecção ou incidência é muito baixo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver métodos de detecção e diferenciação de Xanthomonas spp. em sementes de tomate. Desenvolveu-se um meio semi-seletivo, constituído por dextrose (5,0 g/L), NaCl (5,0 g/L), KH2PO4 (1,4 g/L), K2HPO4 (3,6 g/L), extrato de carne (1,0 g/L), peptona (5,0 g/L), extrato de levedura (2,0 g/L), cefaclor (40,0 mg/L), nistatina (50,0 mg/L), benomil (10,0 mg/L) e ágar (14,0 g/L), que mostrou baixa repressividade a Xanthomonas spp. e supressividade moderada aos microrganismos não-alvos associados a sementes de tomate e elevada sensibilidade, além de baixo custo. Por PCR-RFLP de um fragmento do gene rpoB, foi possível diferenciar as diferentes espécies causadoras da mancha-bacteriana em tomateiro. / The tomato is the second economical important horticultural crop in the world, being one of the most exigent cultures in phytosanitary cares, due to the large number of diseases that attack the culture and for the high destructive capacity and difficult control of the pathogens. The bacterial-spot, caused by species of the genus Xanthomonas (X. euvesicatoria, X. gardneri, X. vesicatoria and X. perforans), is one of the most important tomato diseases, affecting plant in any development stage, being able to occur in all aerial part, provoking reduction in quantity and quality of the production. To reduce the pathogen dissemination and to determine control measures in the cultivation areas, it is important that the pathogen detection in plants and seeds has been efficient. So, it is necessary to carry out analysis to detect bacteria in seeds, especially when the infection level or incidence is very low. The objective of this work was to develop detection and differentiation methods of Xanthomonas spp. in tomato seeds. A semi-selective medium was developed, constituted by dextrose (5,0 g/L), NaCl (5,0 g/L), KH2PO4 (1,4 g/L), K2HPO4 (3,6 g/L), meat extract (1,0 g/L), peptone (5,0 g/L), yeast extract (2,0 g/L), cefaclor (40,0 mg/L), nistatine (50,0 mg/L), benomyl (10,0 mg/L) and agar (14,0 g/L), wich showed low repressivity to the Xanthomonas spp. and moderate supressivity to the non-target microorganisms associated to tomato seeds and high sensibility, besides low cost. By PCR-RFLP of a rpoB gene fragment, it was possible to differentiate the species of the tomato bacterial-spot.

Microrganismos endofíticos são definidos como organismos que habitam em pelo menos durante um período de seu ciclo vital, o interior de um vegetal, sem causar aparentemente nenhum dano a este. Na busca de novos organismos e novos metabólitos secundários, um estudo foi conduzido visando avaliar a diversidade química de bactérias endofíticas por meio do isolamento e identificação de metabólitos secundários produzido por bactérias endofíticas de etnovariedades de mandioca, mantidas por tribos indígenas da Amazônia brasileira. Sessenta e sete bactérias endofíticas de mandioca foram selecionadas e submetidas à uma seleção através de testes de antagonismo in vitro. A bactéria endofítica, Bacillus pumilus foi a que apresentou forte ação inibitória contra os fitopatógenos Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium e Sclerotium rolfsii. Essa bactéria foi identificada através do sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene de 16S rRNA e por meio da análise de ácidos graxos (FAME). A obtenção dos metabólitos da bactéria selecionada foi realizada através da extração dos meios de cultura com os solventes hexano, acetato de etila e diclorometano. Após a concentração dos extratos, seus constituintes químicos foram realizados através de cromatografia em camada delgada, cromatografia em coluna, cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas CG-EM) e cromatografia líquida acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas (CL-EM). Os extratos obtidos por meio de diclorometano e acetato de etila continham diferentes componentes químicos que mostraram atividade inibitória contra os três fitopatógenos testados. O método cromatográfico CL-EM permitiu a identificação de uma substância antifúngica produzida pela bactéria endofítica, Bacillus pumilus, conhecida como pumilacidina. / Endophytic microorganisms are defined as organisms that inhabit the interior of a vegetable at least during a period of the vital cycle, without causing any apparent damage. In the search for new organisms and new secondary metabolites, a study was conducted to evaluate the chemical diversity of endophytic bacteria through the isolation and identification of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria of cassava cultivated by Brazilian Amazon Indian tribes. Sixty seven endophytic bacteria isolated from cassava were screened using in vitro antagonisms tests. An endophytic bacterium, the Bacillus pumilus, which showed a strong inhibitory activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Sclerotium rolfsii was selected. This bacterium was identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and by FAME. The bacterial endophytic localization was confirmed by cassava cell tissue examination using scanning electron microscopy. The bacterial metabolites were extracted from the culture media using the solvents hexan, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane. After concentrate the extracts their chemical constituents were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), chromatography column, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The extracts obtained with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate contained different chemical compounds that showed inhibitory activity against the three plant-pathogenic fungi tested. The LC/MS method allowed the identification of an antifungal compound produced by the B. pumilus, which is known as pumilacidin.

O leite é um dos alimentos mais completos da natureza e sua importância é baseada em seu elevado valor nutritivo, como riqueza de proteínas, vitaminas, gordura, sais minerais e a alta digestibilidade. Esses fatores são relevantes para considerá-lo um excelente meio de cultura para a maioria dos microrganismos. A pasteurização é necessária e tem a finalidade de eliminar os microrganismos patogênicos, além de diminuir ao máximo o número de microrganismos em geral, mas alguns deles ainda podem sobreviver ao tratamento térmico aplicado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a condição microbiológica e a eficácia da pasteurização industrial do leite tipos A, B, C e as condições microbiológicas do leite cru, através da enumeração de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, termófilas e psicrotróficas, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e fecais e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em 30 amostras de leite comercializado no município de Piracicaba- SP. Com base na legislação do DIPOA (Brasil, 2002) os resultados mostraram que 44,4% das amostras de leite tipo A apresentaram-se fora do padrão microbiológico para aeróbios mesófilos. Para coliformes totais e fecais, o mesmo leite apresentou 66,7% e 55,6% das amostras respectivamente, em desacordo com a legislação vigente. No leite tipo B, nenhuma amostra esteve fora do padrão microbiológico em relação a aeróbios mesófilos. Já para coliformes totais e fecais, 33,3% das amostras estiveram em desacordo com a legislação em vigor. O leite tipo C foi o que apresentou resultado mais satisfatório, pois ao contrário do que se esperava, nenhuma amostra esteve fora do padrão em relação às análises microbiológicas realizadas no presente trabalho. O leite cru analisado apresentou valores elevados para todas as análises microbiológicas realizadas. Não foram encontradas amostras contaminadas com Salmonella spp. em todas as amostras de leite analisadas. O maior valor encontrado para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi 1,1 x 102 UFC/mL, portanto, longe da dose infectiva, mas esse fato não deixa de ser preocupante, já que o leite é um ótimo substrato para bactérias. Após a pasteurização (62,8ºC/30’) realizada no Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, do Departamento de Agroindústria, Alimentos e Nutrição, da ESALQ, todas as amostras novamente analisadas para os parâmetros microbiológicos citados, se mostraram em acordo com a legislação nacional vigente (Brasil, 2002). Os resultados encontrados na presente pesquisa podem ser indicativos de prováveis falhas do binômio tempo/temperatura durante a pasteurização industrial; matéria-prima excessivamente contaminada; higienização e sanificação deficientes das linhas de produção ou contaminação pós-pasteurização. / Milk is one of the most valuable of all foods in nature and its importance is based on its high nutritive value. Milk is rich in proteins, vitamins, fat, mineral salts, and high digestibility. These factors are relevant for it to be considered an excellent culture medium for most microorganisms. Pasteurization is necessary and its main purpose is to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, in addition to reducing to the maximum the number of microorganisms in general. However, some of them may still outlive the thermal treatment applied. The aim of this project was to evaluate the microbiological conditions and efficiency of the industrial pasteurization of type-A,-B and-C milk, and the microbiological conditions of raw milk, through the number of mesophillic, thermophilic and psychrotrophic aerobe bacteria, Staphylococcus positive coagulase, through the determination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms, and also through the research on Salmonella spp. in 30 samples of milk commercialized in Piracicaba-SP. Based on DIPOA legislation (Brazil, 2002), the results showed that 44.4% of the type-A milk samples did not meet the microbiological standard for mesophillic aerobe for total and fecal coliforms, 66.7% and 55.6% of the same milk samples, respectively, were not in accordance with the present legislation. For the type-B milk, no sample failed to meet the microbiological standard in relation to mesophillic aerobes. However, for total and fecal coliforms, 33.3% of the samples were in disagreement with the present legislation. Type-C milk was the one presenting the best result. All samples were in accordance with the microbiological analysis performed in this work. The raw milk examined showed high values for all microbiological analyses. No infected samples with Salmonella spp. were found in the analyzed milk samples. The greatest value found for Staphylococcus positive coagulase was 1.1 x 102 UFC/mL, thus, far from the infective dose, although somewhat concearning since milk is considered na excellent environment for the infestation of bacteria. After the pasteurization (62.8ºC/30’) performed in the Food Microbiology Laboratory, of the Agroindustry, Foods and Nutrition Department, ESALQ/USP, all samples that analyzed again, based on the microbiological parameters mentioned above, met the national legislation in force (Brazil, 2002). The results found in the research may be an indication of probable failures regarding time/temperature during the industrial pasteurization; infected raw-material; defecient sanitation of product lines or post-pasteurization contamination.

L'objectif du travail de recherche concerne la conception et la réalisation de biocapteurs à base de mesures impédimétriques, pour lesquels la demande est forte dans différents domaines d'intérêt sociétal, en particulier l'environnement, la sécurité alimentaire et le biomédical. Les biocapteurs sont des moyens d'analyse en plein essor à la fois rapides, sélectifs et peu coûteux applicables à des domaines extrêmement variés (environnement, santé, agroalimentaire,…). Dans ce type d'outil, un élément sensible de nature biologique (anticorps, enzyme, microorganisme, ADN…) doté d'un pouvoir de reconnaissance pour un analyte ou un groupe d'analytes est associé à un transducteur pouvant être de type électrochimique, optique ou thermique. Dans la première partie de ce travail, un aptasensor a été développé pour la détection de la thrombine. Deux aptamères different ciblant la thrombine étaient directement immobilisés sur l'électrode en or. L'aptasensor élaboré présente une grande sensibilité, spécificité et stabilité pour la thrombine. Dans la seconde partie, en utilisant la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique (EIS), nous avons surveillé l'immobilisation de protéines et sans marquage sur une surface d'or, au moyen d'une stratégie d'électro-adressage, compatible avec la production de biopuces pour multi-détection.Cette fonctionnalisation est réalisée par la cycloaddition alcyne / azoture, mieux connu comme la réaction «clic». Enfin, un biocapteur utilisant des protéines de phage à été développé pour la détection de E.coli / The objective of the research concerns the design and realization of biosensors based impedimetric measures, for which there is strong demand in various societal benefit areas, particularly the environment, food security and biomedical.Biosensors are rapid, selective and inexpensive devices that combine a biological recognition element, the so-called bioreceptor (e.g. enzymes, antibodies, DNA or microorganisms) to a physical transducer (e.g. electrochemical, optical, thermal or piezoelectrical). They can be used to detect one specific analyte or one family of analytes for a wide range of applications (e.g. environment, food, health). In the first part of this work, an aptasensor was developed for thrombin detection. Two different aptamers targeting thrombin were directly immobilized on the gold electrode. The aptasensor exhibits high sensitivity, specificity and stability in the detection of thrombin. In the second part, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we have, monitored label-free protein immobilization on a gold surface, through a strategy of electroaddressing, compatible with the production of microarrays for multi-detection. This functionalization is achieved via the alkyne/azide cycloaddition, better known as the "click" reaction.Finally, a biosensor using phage proteins was developed for detecting E. coli

The subject of the dissertation deals with the secondary school pupil's awareness of zoonoses. Zoonoses are the diseases transmited from animals to human beings. Those are one of the topics of biology study currently. The main aim of the dissertation is theoretical definition of the matter in the first place. For knowledge testing have been chosen these four illness: Toxoplasmosis, Lyme boreliossis, Rabies and Creuzfeldt-Jakobo disease. With these chosen illness the main research goal is to provide a comprehensive collection of information about the details such as disease transfer, spread of the disease, disease development, cure and avoidance. The research part of the dissertation tries to find out the extent of knowledge about the chosen kinds of zoonoses among the pupils at specialized secondary schools. As a tool of quantitative research has been used a pupil's didactic test. As based on the evaluated results we may say that the pupil's knowledge at explored schools is relatively satisfactory.

The Diploma thesis contains design of plumbing and gas installations in a pension. The theory solves warming of water, ways of warming, and dimensioning according to ČSN 06 0320. The calculation part solves variants of hot water preparations and installations of sewerage water. The practical part contains a design and a projekt of plumbing and gas installations.

This thesis was performed within the research project “TrophinOak”, which addresses the impact of multitrophic interactions on the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) clone DF159. In this frame, the present work focuses on the genetic and physiological mechanisms ruling the interaction of the mycorrhiza helper bacterium (MHB) Streptomyces sp. AcH 505 with microcuttings of DF159 either alone or in presence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma croceum or the fungal leaf pathogen oak powdery mildew Microsphaera alphitoides. The work consists of 3 chapters. Chapter 1 characterises the growth of AcH 505 and P. croceum in a soil-based culture system used within the TrophinOak project. Besides the establishment and evaluation of quantification methods of these microorganisms by quantitative real-time PCR, the impact of the soil microbial community and the oak on the bacterium-fungus interaction was investigated, and AcH 505 and P. croceum were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the presence of the soil microorganisms and the oak both affect the bacterium-fungus interaction, and that P. croceum enhances the growth of AcH 505. Chapter 2 presents a study with the oak, AcH 505 and the EM fungus P. croceum, enabling to disentangle the direct effect of the MHB on the oak from the indirect one via the EM symbiosis. The used approach was transcriptomic based on RNA sequencing. It was shown that i) differential gene expression occurred between root and the distant leaf tissues (local vs. systemic effects), different developmental stages and treatments, suggesting that oak specifically coordinates its gene expression patterns, and ii) that genes related to plant growth, defence and DNA modification were dominant among the differential expressed genes, suggesting that these processes play essential roles in both symbiotic interactions investigated. Chapter 3 represents a second transcriptome study, addressing how AcH 505 suppresses powdery mildew infection in oak by analysing RNA Sequencing data from singly- and coinoculated oaks. This study combined the systemic impact of the root associated bacterium with local effects of the leaf pathogen, thereby linking belowground and aboveground interactions. Systemic defence response is induced by the bacterium and further enhanced upon pathogen challenge, suggesting that on the leaf level, some bacterial effectors are recognized as harmful for the plant.

No description available.

O fungo Pleurotus ostreatus pertence ao grupo de basidiomicetos que degradam madeira. Este cogumelo cultivado em todo mundo apresenta grande rusticidade e produtividade, e pode ainda ser usado em processos de biorremediação e biopolpação. Devido a seu potencial biotecnológico, torna-se interessante a compreensão da interação deste com outros microrganismos. Neste sentido, recentemente foi observada a presença de bactérias associadas a P. ostreatus em culturas in vitro, que apresentavam grande pleomorfismo. A partir desta observação foram elaborados ensaios que visaram a confirmação da presença de bactérias. Para tanto, foi utilizada a estratégia do "Ciclo Completo de Análise do rRNA" (full-cycle rRNA analysis) empregada em microrganismos não cultiváveis ou de crescimento fastidioso, além do emprego de técnicas de microbiologia básica, e de estudos de ultraestrutura. Os estudos de microbiologia básica indicaram que se tratava de um microrganismo fastidioso e que se desenvolvia melhor na presença do fungo em sistema de co-cultivo em meios contendo Tween 80 ou Tween 20. Por sua vez, a análise de ultraestrutura demonstrou a presença de estruturas pleomórficas, tanto internamente como externamente à hifa. Em relação ao "Ciclo completo de Análise do rRNA" este se iniciou pela amplificação e seqüenciamento de parte do rDNA bacteriano, que revelou a proximidade desta bactéria com o Complexo Burkholderia cepacia (CBC). A partir desta seqüência, foi realizado um estudo de bioinformática que indicou sondas específicas para este grupo de bactérias. Completando o Ciclo completo de Análise do rRNA, foram realizados ensaios de hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) para a confirmar a relação entre as estruturas bacterianas e a seqüência obtida. Este método comprovou a presença das bactérias no interior das hifas de P. ostreatus. Este trabalho constitui o primeiro relato de bactérias pleomórficas pertencente ao complexo B. cepacia associados a P. ostreatus. / The fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, which belongs to white rot basidiomycete group, is a widely cultivated mushroom; this species has high productivity and rusticity, besides its use in biobleaching and bioremediation processes. This biotechnological potential justifies microbial interaction studies between this fungi and others microorganisms. In P. ostreatus mycelia, it has been observed pleomorphic bacteria growing on agar media. This research describes several assays to confirm bacterial presence in this sample. Therefore, the full-cycle rRNA analysis (described for unculturable or fastidious microorganism), ultrastructure and basic microbiology approaches were employed. Basic microbiology approaches indicated slow growing bacteria, which grown faster near to fungi colonies in solid media amended with Tween 80 or Tween 20 (co-culture system). Ultrastructure studies confirm the presence of intracellular and extracellular pleomorphic bacteria. The full-cycle rRNA analysis started with 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing. This approach demonstrated a relation between these bacteria with Burkholderia cepacia complex. By bioinformatics analysis was determinate which DNA probes can be use to identified this bacterial group. The last step for full-cycle rRNA analysis was applying fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This technique confirmed the relationship between 16S rDNA bacterial sequence and bacterial forms. This is the first time that a pleomorphic bacteria from B. cepacia complex is found associated with P. ostreatus.