Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 293-314).

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Après les catastrophes territoriales que le Mexique a subies au cours du XIXème siècle, le législateur mexicain a imposé une série de restrictions sévères sur la possession et la propriété des biens immobiliers sur les côtes et les frontières. Ces restrictions sont décrites dans l'article 27 de la Constitution Politique des États-Unis Mexicains, où il est signalé qu'aucun étranger ne peut avoir domaine directe de la terre dans une bande couvrant cinquante kilomètres de la côte et cent kilomètres de la frontière. Historiquement, toutefois, la propriété étrangère dans la zone restreinte a été toléré et même encouragé par des mécanismes juridiques tels que le fidéicommis sur des biens immobiliers en zone restreinte et les sociétés commerciales, de sorte que maintenant la côte mexicaine, particulièrement la péninsule de la Basse Californie, est dans un processus de reterritorialisation qui fait que tous les jours la terre passe aux mains d'étrangers et les côtes deviennent une zone d'exclusion. À travers de cette étude interdisciplinaire, on essayera de comprendre l'impact de ce processus sur la société péninsulaire et l'évolution du phénomène migratoire Nord-Sud qui se produit au Mexique. / After the territorial disaster Mexico suffered during the nineteenth century, the Mexican legislature imposed a series of tough restrictions on the possession and ownership of real estate both on coasts and borders. These restrictions are stated in the Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States. This Article stipules that no foreigner can have direct ownership of land in a strip comprising fifty kilometers from the shoreline and one hundred kilometers from the border. Historically, however, foreign ownership in restricted zones has been tolerated and even encouraged through legal mechanisms such as the Trust for Real Estate in the Restricted Zone and through Corporations. As a result of this, now, the Mexican coast, particularly in the peninsula of Baja California, is in a process of re territorialization. During this process, the land becomes property of foreigners and the coasts become Zone of Exclusion. Through an interdisciplinary study, we will try to understand the effects that this process has on the peninsular society and the evolution of the North -South migration phenomenon that occurs in Mexico. / Tras los desastres territoriales que México sufrió durante el siglo XIX, el legislador mexicano impuso una serie de fuertes restricciones a la posesión y propiedad de bienes inmuebles tanto en costas como en fronteras. Estas restricciones se encuentran señaladas en el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en donde se estipula que ningún extranjero podrá tener dominio directo de la tierra en una franja que abarca cincuenta kilómetros a partir de la línea costera y cien kilómetros a partir de la línea fronteriza. Sin embargo, históricamente la propiedad extranjera en zona restringida ha sido tolerada e incluso fomentada a través de mecanismos jurídicos como el Fideicomiso de Bienes Inmuebles en Zona Restringida y las Sociedades Mercantiles, de tal manera que actualmente el litoral mexicano, en particular el de la península de Baja California, se encuentra en un proceso de reterritorialización al pasar cotidianamente a manos de extranjeros y convertirse las costas en zona de exclusión. A través de un estudio interdisciplinario se intentarán comprender los efectos que este proceso tiene sobre la sociedad peninsular así como la evolución del fenómeno migratorio Norte-Sur que se presenta en México.

Northwestern Mexico is characterized by different metallogenic provinces that are included along the Basin and Range, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Baja California geological provinces. With the purpose of contribute to the current understanding of the mineralizing processes, the present study focused on two important copper metallogenic provinces: the Cananea Porphyry District in Sonora, and the Sediment-hosted Stratiform Copper- and Mn-deposits in Baja California Sur. The U-Pb zircon ages from the mineralizing porphyries from Cananea district suggest a continued magmatic activity period of ~6 Ma. Also suggests a period of ~20 Ma for the entire magmatic activity in the district. The Re-Os molybdenite ages demonstrate five well-constrained mineralization events in the district; the main mineralization is constrained over a short period of time (~4 Ma). The new molybdenite age from the Pilar deposit documents the oldest mineralizing pulse, suggesting possibly the initiation of the Laramide mineralization in northern Sonora. A detailed study of Mariquita porphyry Cu and Lucy Cu-Mo deposits in the Cananea district was performed. Four hydrothermal stages were defined in Mariquita, whereas a single hydrothermal pulse characterizes Lucy. Emplacement depths between 1-1.2 km, and temperatures between 430-380ºC characterized the mineralization from Mariquita, whereas deeper emplacement depths and higher mineralization temperatures characterized Lucy. The stable isotope systematic and fluid inclusion data determined that the mineralizing fluids in Mariquita deposit are essentially magmatic during the earlier hydrothermal stages, whereas the last stage is the mixing between magmatic and winter meteoric-waters. The mineralizing fluids from Lucy deposit are magmatic in origin. A comprehensive study was performed in the Cu-Co-Zn-Mn ineralization of the Boléo District, and Mn-oxide mineralization along the eastern coast Baja California Sur. The REE and trace element in the Mn-oxides demonstrated the exhalative nature of the mineralizing hydrothermal fluids, and exclude the hydrogenous nature. The stable isotope systematic in ore and gangue minerals, along with the Cu-isotope data helped to decipher the nature of mineralizing and non-mineralizing fluids. The application of Pb, Sr and Re-Os isotope systems was applied to constrain the nature of the fluids involved during the mineralization processes and that the metal sources.

One of the major environmental concerns in the world is the loss of biological diversity due to anthropogenic activities. Of special concern is the conservation of endemic species that are particularly vulnerable to extinction. The Mearns's squirrel (Tamiasciurus mearnsi) is endemic to the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, Baja California. Federally listed as threatened in Mexico and as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), little is known about the ecology of this southernmost Tamiasciurus. Interestingly, Mearns's squirrels exhibit deviations from common behaviors observed in other congeners such as lack of leaf nests (dreys) and larderhoards (middens), suggesting potentially unique adaptations. Herein, I reviewed the diversity and conservation status of the arboreal squirrels of Mexico. Using radio-telemetry and satellite imagery, I examined if the lack of dreys and middens may be associated with differences observed in nesting behavior, home-range dynamics, and life-history and behavioral tactics between Mearns's squirrels and other arboreal squirrels.Mexico harbors 14 species of arboreal squirrels, of which four are endemic, with the states of Chiapas and San Luis Potosí possessing the greatest diversity. Unfortunately, high deforestation rates in Mexico, and a dearth of information on their ecology, pose serious threats to the persistence of this squirrel diversity. Mearns's squirrels apparently are obligate secondary cavity-nesters with specific nesting requirements and their population possibly limited by the low occurrence of tree cavities in their habitat. The species seems to have lost the territorial behavior that is characteristic of the genus Tamiasciurus. Home-range dynamics of Mearns's squirrels are similar to nonterritorial Sciurus squirrels. Although reproduction and survival are similar to other Tamiasciurus, the species is heavier and apparently larger while exhibiting important variations in their behavior compared to other congeners. The lack of dreys and middens appears to be associated with the unique tactics adopted by Mearns's squirrels to persist in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir. The species provides an important opportunity to learn more about geographic variation in nesting behavior and the evolution of territoriality. Large trees and snags that facilitate cavity formation are critical for the conservation of this species.

Characterizing the population genetic structure of a species can provide insight into isolating effects of local adaptation and genetic drift, and homogenizing effects of gene flow. The relative interplay between gene flow and genetic drift can indicate whether multiple conservation units are needed to preserve biodiversity. Baja California, Mexico is a biodiversity hotspot where many individuals are genetically differentiated from conspecific individuals breeding elsewhere. Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), a zooplanktivorous seabird, breeds in colonies along the Pacific coast of North America. One subspecies, P. a. australe, is described from Baja California and another, P. a. aleuticus, is described from the rest of its range to the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Many of the colonies throughout its range have been declining in numbers likely as a result of decreases in food availability in cold-water upwellings along the coast. The mitochondrial control region and eleven nuclear microsatellites were analyzed using programs based on coalescent and Bayesian theory to determine how the southern subspecies compares genetically to the main subspecies. First, population genetic structure was characterized throughout Cassin’s auklet’s breeding range using pairwise genetic differentiation indices, hierarchical analysis of variance, statistical parsimony and Bayesian clustering methods. The two subspecies were genetically differentiated but individuals breeding in the Channel Islands were more genetically similar to P. a. australe individuals. Population genetic differentiation was not evident within the two genetic groups. Second, gene flow between the two genetic groups was estimated using coalescent and Bayesian methods. Significant gene flow was estimated from the northern group (Aleutian Islands to Southeast Farallon Islands) into the southern group (Channel Islands to San Benito Island) but not from the southern group into the northern group since the time of divergence, possibly as a result of the non-breeding distribution. Results show that the two genetic populations diverged recently and the populations have experienced a recent population change in size. Restrictions in home range and foraging range may cause population genetic differentiation, resulting in two distinct management units. Genetic differentiation of the southern population provides support for Baja California and southern California being a biodiversity hotspot. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-28 14:02:24.007

This research explores the politics of development on the East Cape of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Based upon twelve months of ethnographic research and participant observation, primarily in the coastal community of Cabo Pulmo, the researcher investigates and documents how local residents respond to the social and political implications of impending mass tourism development in the region. Rising land values, real estate speculation, and intensifying conflicts over land ownership were some of the earliest symptoms of this process. The central argument is that social conflicts over development are often based in deeper, fundamental political struggles over land—and the ability to participate in the development process itself. This represents an important contribution to our understanding of the political and social dynamics of development, which, in the literature, are often framed in abstract terms of debate that remain highly detached from the lived realities of the people who stand to lose the most if development goes awry. Using the concepts of value, development, community, and sustainability as theoretical starting points, this research argues that conflicts over development should be seen as struggles for inclusion and participation above all else. Ultimately, the conclusion of this research is that conflicts over ownership of and access to land continue to impede alternative forms of development that seek to avoid the negative social, political, and economic consequences of traditional mass tourism models.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--United States International University, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-143).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 287-313).