Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / David A. Graff / Cotton was the most important commodity in the economy of the industrialized Western world in the mid-nineteenth century, as vital then as petroleum is today. It was widely believed that a prolonged interruption of the cotton supply would lead not merely to a severe economic depression, but possibly to the collapse of Western Civilization. Three quarters of the world’s cotton supply came from the Southern states of the United States. When the American Civil War erupted and cotton supplies were cut off, the British Cotton Supply Association was faced with the difficult task of establishing cotton cultivation in other locations. In order for the effort to succeed, the British had to obtain and distribute millions of pounds of American cotton seeds. The United States government, the Illinois Central Railroad, and a number of organizations and individuals cooperated to obtain the necessary seeds that the British had to have. American farm equipment manufacturers assisted by designing, making, and distributing portable cotton gins and other implements needed by cotton growers overseas. U.S. consuls overseas sometimes assisted the Cotton Supply Association with seed and equipment distribution. This dissertation is about the implementation of the grand economic strategies of the United States and Great Britain. It is also about the people who implemented those strategies on the ground, people as diverse as Union agents who went into Confederate territory to procure cotton seeds, farmers in Illinois, British consuls who distributed seeds grown in Illinois to farmers in the Ottoman Empire, and English colonists who flocked to Fiji with high hopes of becoming cotton planters. It attempts to measure the impact of the cotton boom and subsequent bust that resulted from the American Civil War on societies around the world.

The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the future prospects for membership of the Western Balkan countries in the European Union. Western Balkan includes the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. The main objective of the first chapter is to define the mutual relations between the European Union and the Western Balkan countries, according to their past results since the end of the Cold far until present. The second chapter explains the main features of the political and economic situation in the Western Balkans and the enlargement policy of the European Union. Emphasis was put on the Copenhagen criteria and on some of the main components of the Stabilization and Association Process, such as Stabilization and Association Agreements and EU pre-accession assistance to the Western Balkans. The last chapter deals with the future development and the possibilities for membership of the Western Balkan countries in the EU, based on the evaluation of the results which were achieved by the Western Balkan countries according to the latest European Commission progress report.

<p>Doktorska&nbsp; disertacija&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; studiju&nbsp; faune paukova (Arachnida, Araneae) Makedonije baziranu na&nbsp; kritičkoj&nbsp; analizi&nbsp; publikovanih&nbsp; podataka&nbsp; koji obuhvataju&nbsp; period&nbsp; od&nbsp; 1907.&nbsp; do&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; godine, taksonomskoj reviziji relevantnih arahnolo&scaron;kih zbirki iz osam evropskih prirodnjačkih muzeja i rezultatima sopstvenih tridesetogodi&scaron;njih istraživanja. Terenski&nbsp; rad&nbsp; je&nbsp; baziran&nbsp; na&nbsp; sakupljanju&nbsp; materijala<br />kori&scaron;ćenjem&nbsp; standardnih&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; kao&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; su&nbsp; ručno sakupljanje&nbsp; i&nbsp; sakupljanje&nbsp; putem&nbsp; klopki&nbsp; i&nbsp; noviju metodu&nbsp; upotrebom motornog&nbsp; usisivača. Materijal je<br />laboratorijski obrađivan standardnim postupcima uz pomoć binokularne lupe i mikroskopa. Ukupno&nbsp; su&nbsp; registrovane&nbsp; 742&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; paukova&nbsp; iz&nbsp; 40 familija.&nbsp; Pet&nbsp; taksona&nbsp; pretstavljaju&nbsp; nove&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; za nauku. Dve vrste predstavljaju nove&nbsp; nalaze za&nbsp; faunu paukova&nbsp; Balkanskog&nbsp; poluostrva.&nbsp; &Scaron;ezdeset&nbsp; i&nbsp; dva taksona&nbsp; su&nbsp; po&nbsp; prvi&nbsp; put&nbsp; zabeležene&nbsp; za&nbsp; faunu Makedonije. Drevna familija Anapidae je sa jednom vrstom po prvi put registrovana u fauni Makedonije. Revizijom publikovanih podataka, ustanovljeno je da je179&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; pogre&scaron;no&nbsp; identifikovano&nbsp; i&nbsp; navedeno&nbsp; za<br />faunu Makedonije. Vrste&nbsp; su&nbsp; kategorisane&nbsp; prema&nbsp; trenutnom&nbsp; poznavanju njihove rasprostranjenosti, na osnovu čega je izvr&scaron;ena zoogeografska&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; faune.&nbsp; Ustanovljena&nbsp; su&nbsp; 32 horotipa&nbsp; u&nbsp; fauni&nbsp; paukova&nbsp; Makedonije,&nbsp; svrstana&nbsp; u četiri&nbsp; horolo&scaron;ka&nbsp; kompleksa:&nbsp; &scaron;ire&nbsp; rasprostranjene, evropske, mediteranske i endemske vrste. Najveći broj vrsta registrovano je u kompleksu &scaron;iroko rasprostranjenih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (44,3%)&nbsp; koji&nbsp; daju&nbsp; glavni karakter fauni. Visok stepen zastupljenosti evropskih (19,1%)&nbsp; i&nbsp; eurosibirskih&nbsp; (11,3%)&nbsp; horolo&scaron;kih elemenata,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; dva&nbsp; pojedinačno&nbsp; najzastupljenija&nbsp; u fauni&nbsp; paukova&nbsp; Makedonije,&nbsp; je&nbsp; odraz&nbsp; dominantnog planinskog&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; reljefa&nbsp; Makedonije.&nbsp; Horolo&scaron;ki kompleks&nbsp; mediteranskih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; zastupljen&nbsp; je&nbsp; sa&nbsp; 99 vrsta&nbsp; (13,3%).&nbsp; Visok&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (11,3%)&nbsp; koje pripadaju horolo&scaron;kim elementima koji su zastupljeni na prostorima Južne Evrope, Mediterana, Zapadne i<br />Srednje&nbsp; Azije&nbsp; govori&nbsp; o&nbsp; bogatoj&nbsp; fauni&nbsp; paukova kserofilnih,&nbsp; termofilnih&nbsp; i&nbsp; aridnih&nbsp; terena.&nbsp; Lokalni karakter faune može se sagledati u relativno velikom broja&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; iz&nbsp; kompleksa&nbsp; endemskih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (87).&nbsp; Iz ovog kompleksa najdominantniji su vrste iz horotipa &quot;endemiti užeg područja&quot; sa 45 vrsta.Doktorska&nbsp; disertacija&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; studiju&nbsp; faune paukova (Arachnida, Araneae) Makedonije baziranu na&nbsp; kritičkoj&nbsp; analizi&nbsp; publikovanih&nbsp; podataka&nbsp; koji obuhvataju&nbsp; period&nbsp; od&nbsp; 1907.&nbsp; do&nbsp; 2018.&nbsp; godine,<br />taksonomskoj reviziji relevantnih arahnolo&scaron;kih zbirki iz osam evropskih prirodnjačkih muzeja i rezultatima sopstvenih tridesetogodi&scaron;njih istraživanja.Terenski&nbsp; rad&nbsp; je&nbsp; baziran&nbsp; na&nbsp; sakupljanju&nbsp; materijala kori&scaron;ćenjem&nbsp; standardnih&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; kao&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; su&nbsp; ručno sakupljanje&nbsp; i&nbsp; sakupljanje&nbsp; putem&nbsp; klopki&nbsp; i&nbsp; noviju metodu&nbsp; upotrebom motornog&nbsp; usisivača. Materijal je laboratorijski obrađivan standardnim postupcima uz pomoć binokularne lupe i mikroskopa. Ukupno&nbsp; su&nbsp; registrovane&nbsp; 742&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; paukova&nbsp; iz&nbsp; 40<br />familija.&nbsp; Pet&nbsp; taksona&nbsp; pretstavljaju&nbsp; nove&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; za nauku. Dve vrste predstavljaju nove&nbsp; nalaze za&nbsp; faunu paukova&nbsp; Balkanskog&nbsp; poluostrva.&nbsp; &Scaron;ezdeset&nbsp; i&nbsp; dva taksona&nbsp; su&nbsp; po&nbsp; prvi&nbsp; put&nbsp; zabeležene&nbsp; za&nbsp; faunu Makedonije. Drevna familija Anapidae je sa jednom vrstom po prvi put registrovana u fauni Makedonije. Revizijom publikovanih podataka, ustanovljeno je da je179&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; pogre&scaron;no&nbsp; identifikovano&nbsp; i&nbsp; navedeno&nbsp; za<br />faunu Makedonije. Vrste&nbsp; su&nbsp; kategorisane&nbsp; prema&nbsp; trenutnom&nbsp; poznavanju njihove rasprostranjenosti, na osnovu čega je izvr&scaron;ena zoogeografska&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; faune.&nbsp; Ustanovljena&nbsp; su&nbsp; 32 horotipa&nbsp; u&nbsp; fauni&nbsp; paukova&nbsp; Makedonije,&nbsp; svrstana&nbsp; u četiri&nbsp; horolo&scaron;ka&nbsp; kompleksa:&nbsp; &scaron;ire&nbsp; rasprostranjene, evropske, mediteranske i endemske vrste. Najveći broj vrsta registrovano je u kompleksu &scaron;iroko rasprostranjenih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (44,3%)&nbsp; koji&nbsp; daju&nbsp; glavni karakter fauni. Visok stepen zastupljenosti evropskih (19,1%)&nbsp; i&nbsp; eurosibirskih&nbsp; (11,3%)&nbsp; horolo&scaron;kih elemenata,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; dva&nbsp; pojedinačno&nbsp; najzastupljenija&nbsp; u fauni&nbsp; paukova&nbsp; Makedonije,&nbsp; je&nbsp; odraz&nbsp; dominantnog planinskog&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; reljefa&nbsp; Makedonije.&nbsp; Horolo&scaron;ki kompleks&nbsp; mediteranskih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; zastupljen&nbsp; je&nbsp; sa&nbsp; 99 vrsta&nbsp; (13,3%).&nbsp; Visok&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (11,3%)&nbsp; koje pripadaju horolo&scaron;kim elementima koji su zastupljeni na prostorima Južne Evrope, Mediterana, Zapadne i<br />Srednje&nbsp; Azije&nbsp; govori&nbsp; o&nbsp; bogatoj&nbsp; fauni&nbsp; paukova kserofilnih,&nbsp; termofilnih&nbsp; i&nbsp; aridnih&nbsp; terena.&nbsp; Lokalni karakter faune može se sagledati u relativno velikom broja&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; iz&nbsp; kompleksa&nbsp; endemskih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; (87).&nbsp; Iz ovog kompleksa najdominantniji su vrste iz horotipa &quot;endemiti užeg područja&quot; sa 45 vrsta.</p> / <p>The PhD research project is a study of fauna of spiders (Arachnida,&nbsp; Araneae)&nbsp; of&nbsp; Macedonia&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; a critical analysis of published data covering the period from &nbsp; 1907&nbsp; to&nbsp; 2018,&nbsp; taxonomic&nbsp; review&nbsp; of&nbsp; relevant arachnological&nbsp; collections&nbsp; from&nbsp; eight&nbsp; European Natural history museums and the results of author&rsquo;s thirty years of research. Field&nbsp; work&nbsp; is&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; collection&nbsp; of&nbsp; materials using standard methods such as manual collection and trapping and a newer method using a motor&nbsp; vacuum cleaner.&nbsp; The&nbsp; material&nbsp; was&nbsp; processed&nbsp; with&nbsp; standard procedures&nbsp; using&nbsp; a&nbsp; dissecting&nbsp; binocular&nbsp; and&nbsp; a microscope.A total of 742 species of spiders from 40 families have been registered. Five taxa are new species for science. Two species present new findings for the fauna of the spiders of the Balkan Peninsula. Sixty&nbsp; two taxa were recorded for the first time&nbsp; for the fauna of Macedonia.An&nbsp; ancient&nbsp; family&nbsp; Anapidae&nbsp; with&nbsp; one&nbsp; species&nbsp; has been&nbsp; registered&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; first&nbsp; time&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; fauna&nbsp; of Macedonia. By reviewing&nbsp; the&nbsp; published data, it was established&nbsp; that&nbsp; 179&nbsp; species&nbsp; were&nbsp; incorrectly identified&nbsp; and&nbsp; listed&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; fauna&nbsp; of&nbsp; Macedonia. Species&nbsp; are&nbsp; categorized&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; current knowledge of their distribution, on the basis of which a zoogeographic analysis of the fauna was performed.32&nbsp; chorotypes&nbsp; were&nbsp; established&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; fauna&nbsp; of&nbsp; the spiders&nbsp; of&nbsp; Macedonia,&nbsp; classified&nbsp; into&nbsp; four chorological&nbsp; complexes:&nbsp; widespread,&nbsp; European, Mediterranean and endemic species. The&nbsp; largest&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; is&nbsp; registered&nbsp; in&nbsp; the complex of widespread species (44.3%), which give the main character of the fauna. The high degree of representation of European (19.1%) and Eurosiberian (11.3%)&nbsp; chorological&nbsp; elements,&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; two individually&nbsp; most&nbsp; represented&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; fauna&nbsp; of&nbsp; the spiders of Macedonia, is a reflection of the dominant mountain&nbsp; character&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; relief&nbsp; of&nbsp; Macedonia.&nbsp; The chorological&nbsp; complex&nbsp; of&nbsp; Mediterranean&nbsp; species&nbsp; is represented&nbsp; by&nbsp; 99&nbsp; species&nbsp; (13.3%).&nbsp; The&nbsp; high proportion&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; (11.3%)&nbsp; belonging&nbsp; to&nbsp; the chorological elements that are present on the territory of&nbsp; Southern&nbsp; Europe,&nbsp; the&nbsp; Mediterranean,&nbsp; West&nbsp; and Central&nbsp; Asia&nbsp; speaks&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; rich&nbsp; fauna&nbsp; of&nbsp; spiders&nbsp; of&nbsp; xerophilic,&nbsp; thermophilic&nbsp; and&nbsp; arid&nbsp; terrain.&nbsp; The&nbsp; local character of the fauna can be seen in a relatively large number&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; complex&nbsp; of&nbsp; endemic species&nbsp; (87).&nbsp; From&nbsp; this&nbsp; complex&nbsp; are&nbsp; the&nbsp; most dominant&nbsp; species&nbsp; from&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp; chorotype&nbsp; &quot;narrower endemic&quot; with 45 species.Western&nbsp; Macedonia&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; richest&nbsp; with&nbsp; fauna&nbsp; of spiders, with 23 species from the group of endemites of&nbsp; the&nbsp; narrower&nbsp; area,&nbsp; which&nbsp; speaks&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; great importance of this region as a refugium and space in which&nbsp; the&nbsp; processes&nbsp; of&nbsp; speciation&nbsp; were&nbsp; intensively carried out.</p>

La région de l'Epire du XIIIème au XVème siècle est étudiée sous plusieurs aspects liés aux thèmes de l'autonomie et de l'hétérogénéité qui ont marqué l'histoire de la région durant la période concernée.Tout d’abord, le bilan de l’historiographie politique montre l’agitation de cette période intercalée entre les longues périodes de stabilité que sont la période byzantine en amont et la période ottomane en aval. Les trois siècles étudiés ont en effet vu se succéder la Quatrième croisade (1204), les règnes de la dynastie des Comnènes (1205-1318), puis de la branche de Céphalonie (1318-1340), l’invasion serbe et les migrations albanaises (années 1340-1350), l’expansion de Carlo Ier Tocco (début XVème siècle) et enfin la conquête progressive par les Ottomans de 1418 à 1502.Ensuite, l’étude de la géographie historique de la région (territoire, vocabulaire, géographie administrative, politique, ecclésiastique, bâtiments officiels) montre l’interdépendance entre les événements historiques et les conditions géographiques. On observe en effet que l’hétérogénéité du territoire préexistait aux diverses migrations.Enfin, on a cherché à savoir quelles furent les réactions idéologiques aux bouleversements politiques subis par la région. D’une part, on assista à l’émergence d’un modèle politique à la fois en rupture et en continuité avec le modèle politique byzantin traditionnel. D’autre part, les diverses migrations placèrent la problématique ethnique sur le devant de la scène politique. Néanmoins, les clivages ethniques ne furent pas aussi déterminants que les clivages sociaux, politiques et géographiques ; ils ne débouchèrent en tout cas pas sur l’idée anachronique d’État-Nation. / The region of Epirus from the 13th to the 15th century is studied within several aspects linked to the notions of autonomy and heterogeneity by which the history of the region was marked during the examined period. First of all, the recapitulation of political historiography shows the agitation of this period interposed between the long periods of stability that are the byzantine period and the ottoman one. The above mentioned three centuries actually witnessed the succession of the Fourth Crusade (1204), the reigns of the Comnenian dynasty (1205-1340), then of the Cephalonian branch (1318-1340), the Serbian invasion and the Albanian migrations (1340’s and 1350’s), the expansion of Carlo I Tocco (beginning of the 15th century) and finally the progressive conquest by the Ottomans from 1418 to 1502.Then, the study of historical geography of the region (territory, vocabulary, administrative, political and ecclesiastical geography, official buildings) shows the interdependency between historical events and geographical conditions. Indeed we can notice that the heterogeneity of the territory existed before the various migrations.Finally, we have tried to learn which were the ideological reactions to the political upheavals undergone by the region. On the one hand a political pattern emerged both in rupture and continuity with the traditional byzantine political pattern. On the other hand, the various migrations put the ethnic issue on the political foreground. Nevertheless, the ethnical cleavages were not as determining as the social and political ones; anyway they did not lead to the anachronistic idea of Nation-State.

La région de l'Epire du XIIIème au XVème siècle est étudiée sous plusieurs aspects liés aux thèmes de l'autonomie et de l'hétérogénéité qui ont marqué l'histoire de la région durant la période concernée.Tout d'abord, le bilan de l'historiographie politique montre l'agitation de cette période intercalée entre les longues périodes de stabilité que sont la période byzantine en amont et la période ottomane en aval. Les trois siècles étudiés ont en effet vu se succéder la Quatrième croisade (1204), les règnes de la dynastie des Comnènes (1205-1318), puis de la branche de Céphalonie (1318-1340), l'invasion serbe et les migrations albanaises (années 1340-1350), l'expansion de Carlo Ier Tocco (début XVème siècle) et enfin la conquête progressive par les Ottomans de 1418 à 1502.Ensuite, l'étude de la géographie historique de la région (territoire, vocabulaire, géographie administrative, politique, ecclésiastique, bâtiments officiels) montre l'interdépendance entre les événements historiques et les conditions géographiques. On observe en effet que l'hétérogénéité du territoire préexistait aux diverses migrations.Enfin, on a cherché à savoir quelles furent les réactions idéologiques aux bouleversements politiques subis par la région. D'une part, on assista à l'émergence d'un modèle politique à la fois en rupture et en continuité avec le modèle politique byzantin traditionnel. D'autre part, les diverses migrations placèrent la problématique ethnique sur le devant de la scène politique. Néanmoins, les clivages ethniques ne furent pas aussi déterminants que les clivages sociaux, politiques et géographiques ; ils ne débouchèrent en tout cas pas sur l'idée anachronique d'État-Nation.

Following an interpretive sociological approach, the article analyses the rise and transformation of the UÇK in terms of social order and the resulting implications for a solution of the Kosovo status question. Combining Elias’ concept of society with Bourdieu’s categories of capital, the development of the UÇK can be “understood” from an interpretive point of view. In the social space of war, the UÇK rose as a result of increasing capital. As the war ended, the UÇK fell apart because it was unable to accomplish the indispensable functions of any social order.

This thesis tries to provide valuable insight and explain the role of identity perceptions on security as a means to avert conflicts and security threats. The aim is to provide an identity based explanation to security problems. Constructivism and „social identity theory‟ are its theoretical points of departure which help us understand how we construct social identities and have the tendency to be prejudicial towards others. Our prejudices and negative identity perceptions play a major role in security issues. We will use process tracing to find how identity perceptions are constructed and how they affect security. More explicitly we will trace the process of how identities were affected by historical events as well as the ethnocentric interpretation of these historical events. For thorough analysis, Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia are chosen as case studies. The findings will hopefully propose better solutions to security problems and built knowledge applicable to other similar security threats.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Toxicologie et Sécurité des Aliments : Toulouse, INPT : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 410 réf.

This exegesis examines how a writer can effectively negotiate the relationship between author, character, fact and truth, in a work of Creative Nonfiction. It was found that individual truths, in a work of Creative Nonfiction, are not necessarily universal truths due to individual, cultural, historical and religious circumstances. What was also identified, through the examination of published Creative Nonfiction, is a necessity to ensure there are clear demarcation lines between authorial truth and fiction. The Creative Nonfiction works examined, which established this framework for the reader, ensured an ethical relationship between author and audience. These strategies and frameworks were then applied to my own Creative Nonfiction.

The EU is assumed to have a strong top-down transformative power over the states applying for membership. But despite intensive research on the EU membership conditionality, the transformative power of the EU in itself has been left curiously understudied. This thesis seeks to change that, and suggests a model based on relational power to analyse and understand how the transformative power is seemingly weaker in the Western Balkans than in Central and Eastern Europe. This thesis shows that the transformative power of the EU is not static but changes over time, based on the relationship between the EU and the applicant states, rather than on power resources. This relationship is affected by a number of factors derived from both the EU itself and on factors in the applicant states. As the relationship changes over time, countries and even issues, the transformative power changes with it. The EU is caught in a path dependent like pattern, defined by both previous commitments and the built up foreign policy role as a normative power, and on the nature of the decision making procedures. This path dependent pattern prevents the EU from actively using its strongest tools when trying to influence and steer the applicant states regarding reforms and norm transfer, effectively weakening the transformative power. Evidence from elections in Albania and Macedonia show how the domestic electoral stakeholders actively can resist, and even prune, important norms and laws, on best electoral practice, a key feature for the democratic structures required for EU membership. It is also apparent how there are few domestic change agent strong enough to actively promote normative changes, leaving much of the work for the EU. The clientelistic structures of these countries are a key aspect in shaping interests and actions of the political elite. The result is that layers of old and new institutions are created, producing the mixed pattern of reforms observed all over the Western Balkans. By combining the findings at both the EU level and in the applicant states, this thesis makes both important empirical and theoretical contributions, challenging some core aspects of the Europeanisation literature.