No description available.

Contexte : La réponse allo-immune induite par la transplantation à partir d'un donneur génétiquement différent est un obstacle majeur au succès de la greffe. Notre objectif est de caractériser les différents phénotypes de rejet d'allogreffe rénale et d'identifier la façon dont chacun est associé aux anticorps anti-HLA. Nous avons également évalué l’impact de certaines propriétés de ces anticorps, comme leur intensité ou leur capacité à fixer le complément, sur l'échec des allogreffes rénales. Pour finir, nous avons étudié l’impact pronostic des formes indolentes de rejets ainsi que l’apport des nouvelles technologies d’analyses transcriptomique des biopsies de patients transplantés. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé une approche en population, basée sur l’étude de larges cohortes de receveurs de greffes rénales. L’étude concomitante des données immunologiques et histologiques, nous a permis de corréler les caractéristiques des anticorps anti-HLA circulants aux phénotypes lésionnels. Résultats : Nous avons identifié et caractérisé 4 types distincts de rejet : les rejets vasculaires médiés par les lymphocytes T (9%) et par les anticorps (21%), non reconnus par les classifications internationales, et les rejets cellulaires (46%) et humoraux sans vascularite (24%). Le risque de perte de greffons est le plus important dans les cas de rejet vasculaire médié par anticorps. Les anticorps dirigés contre le donneur (DSA) fixant le complément induisent un phénotype histologique plus sévère, dominé par des lésions inflammatoires et plus de dépôts de la fraction C4d du complément dans les greffons. En leur présence, le risque de perte de greffons est augmenté de 3,7 fois (IC95 1,9-7,2). Les formes indolentes de rejet médié par les anticorps sont également associées à un risque accru de perte du greffon. L’utilisation d’approches moléculaires permet d’améliorer la stratification du risque au sein du groupe des patients présentant des rejets humoraux. Conclusion : Ce travail répond à un besoin clinique pressant dans le domaine de la transplantation, celui de déterminer l’impact clinique des anticorps anti-HLA et d’améliorer la stratification du risque immunologique en se basant sur leurs propriétés et l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies pour mieux caractériser l’activité et le stade des rejets humoraux. / Background : The alloimmune response induced by transplantation from a donor who differs genetically from the kidney recipient has always been the major obstacle to graft success. The present work aimed to improve characterization of kidney-allograft rejection phenotypes and identify how each one is associated with anti-HLA antibodies. We also sought to determine whether characteristics of these antibodies i.e., their levels or complementbinding ability, might play a role in kidney allograft failure. Finally, we evaluated the clinical relevance of indolent forms of ABMR and the clinical relevance of new genes expression technologies to stratify the kidney recipients at risk for failure. Methods : We used a population-based approach in precisely phenotyped cohorts of kidney recipients. The design of our study, which is based on the concomitant evaluation of immunologic and histologic data, permits a precise connection of circulating anti-HLA antibodies with a phenotype of graft injury. Findings : We identified four distinct patterns of kidney allograft rejection: T cell-mediated vascular rejection (9%), antibody-mediated vascular rejection (21%), not included in international classifications, T cell- (46%) and antibody-mediated rejection without vasculitis (24%). Risk of graft loss was 9.07 times (95CI 3.6-19.7) higher in antibody-mediated vascular rejection than in T-cell mediated rejections (p<0.0001). Patients with post-transplant complement-binding DSA had more severe graft injury phenotype with higher inflammation and increased deposition of complement fraction C4d. They have the poorest graft survival with 3.7 fold increased risk of graft loss (95CI 1.9-7.2). Subclinical ABMR is a truncated for of rejection associated with risk of kidney allograft failure. Gene expression assessment in kidney allografts with early ABMR improves classification of individuals at risk for kidney allograft loss. Conclusion : This work addresses the unmet need of the deleterious impact of anti-HLA antibodies and the improvement of risk stratification in kidney transplantation. Recognition of distinct phenotypes could lead to the development of new treatment strategies. Gene expression assessment appears useful to evaluate disease activity, disease state and prediction of failure.

National Parks bear greater implications than simply preserving or conserving pockets of landscape. They evoke values of conservation versus development, livelihood economics, environmental stewardship and personal enrichment; they fulfil positions in relation to the national and the international stage. Social characteristics are revealed though this comparative study of Banff National Park and the Cairngorms National Park. Perceptions of space, place and boundaries crucially imply different meanings to the people living inside the national park boundaries and those living outside the boundaries. 'Insiders' are long-term permanent residents for whom being in the park is a practical activity; 'outsiders' include scientists, conservationists, bureaucrats, and tourists, who take various ideological positions regarding the park's purpose. Both sides take a serious interest in the park and how it is managed and regard it as a place where they are 'at home'. Groups within these spaces considers their values and rights superior to others and conflict often arises. Non-violent means of gaining power as theorized by Foucault and Bourdieu, employing knowledge and discourse, are highly suggestive in the study of national parks. Discourse of nature is strategically significant as it influences purpose and policy that drive government's decisions on how the park will be managed - in this way discourse shapes the culture of how we use nature. Knowledge, as symbolic capital and as the basis for truth, sparks divisiveness - in particular scientific knowledge versus experiential knowledge. Changes to the exclusive North American model, such as those instituted in the Caimgorms, mark the increased social utility and inclusive nature of national parks. The challenge remains for park managers to reconcile values connected with nationalism and environmental ethics with values connected with local livelihoods.

This study used a comparison of one hundred and forty-eight historical (1888-1913) and current (2008-2014) oblique photographs from thirty-two stations to identify land cover changes that have occurred in portions of the Bow and Elbow valleys as well as surrounding Kananaskis Country region. Implications of these changes for flooding and flood management were explored. Forest cover was found to have drastically increased over the past century, particularly in the Bow valley, as did areas of direct human development. In the same time period, grasslands increased in the Elbow valley but decreased in the Bow, while regenerating areas decreased uniformly throughout both valleys. An analysis of pre (2008)-and-post (2014) flood conditions demonstrated no change in coniferous forest cover in both valleys over the 6-year period, but uncovered a decline of 20% in the Elbow and 3% in the Bow in the broadleaf/mixedwood category. The Elbow’s channel zone was larger in 2014 compared to 2008, whereas the extent of the Bow’s channel zone remained constant. However, both the Bow and Elbow’s bare exposed bars increased substantially, most likely as a result of the 2013 flood. The major source of water flows that contributed to the 2013 flood event originated in high elevation rock and scree areas, which, unlike floodplains, are elements of the watershed that cannot be manipulated over time. It is now recognized that forest cover should act as a buffer to floods. Nevertheless, the 2013 flood event occurred despite the massive buffering effect of a huge increase in older forest stands across the study area. The final discussion includes recommendations for improving flood management in the area. / Graduate / 0329, 0768, 0478 / tanya.taggarthodge@gmail.com

Le parc national Banff, joyau du réseau de Parcs Canada, est l’objet d’une anomalie : il contient une ville à l’intérieur même de ses frontières. Si, au moment de la création de Banff, les gestionnaires du parc jugeaient le développement urbain compatible avec ces espaces protégés, depuis les années 1980, leur priorité est passée à la protection de la nature. Bien que la Loi sur les parcs nationaux du Canada prévoit que les parcs ont une double fonction, soit l’utilisation par le public et la protection pour les générations futures, le principe de l’intégrité écologique impose un impératif juridique et moral à ce dernier aspect. Dès lors, on imposa à la ville de Banff d’importantes limites à son développement en accord avec le principe d’absence d’effets nuisibles sur l’environnement, parmi lesquelles le plafonnement de sa population à 8000 habitants, la limitation de son périmètre urbain à 3,93 km2, ainsi que sa superficie commerciale plafonnée à 10 %. Il semble ainsi que la ville et le parc national ont une relation d’interdépendance unique, évoluant en fonction de la succession des paradigmes environnementaux. En ajoutant la résilience urbaine à l’équation, nous chercherons à comprendre comment ce concept peut sous-tendre de manière durable la définition du rapport dynamique entre la ville de Banff et les écosystèmes du parc. Ce mémoire sera donc l’occasion d’étayer les multiples politiques de protection de la nature en vigueur à Banff à travers une étude de cas exploratoire, puis de l’interpréter en fonction des différentes éthiques de l’environnement et à travers la théorie de la résilience urbaine. À cet égard, les politiques de protection de la nature seront évaluées en fonction de critères de résilience urbaine identifiés dans la littérature scientifique. / Banff National Park, Parks Canada's jewel, is characterized by a peculiar anomaly: it contains a small town within its boundaries. While at the time of Banff's creation, park managers considered urban development compatible with these protected areas, since the 1980s, their priority then switched to nature protection. Although the Canada National Parks Act states that parks have a dual function of public use and protection for future generations, the principle of ecological integrity places a legal and moral imperative on the latter. As a result, the town of Banff was subject to significant limitations on its development consistent with the “no net negative environmental impact” principle, including a population cap of 8,000, a town perimeter limit of 3.93 km2, and a commercial land area limit of 10%. It thus seems that the town and the national park have a unique interdependent relationship, evolving according to the succession of environmental paradigms. By adding urban resilience to the equation, we will seek to understand how this concept can sustainably underpin the definition of the dynamic relationship between the town of Banff and the park’s ecosystems. This master’s thesis will therefore be an opportunity to identify the multiple nature protection policies enforced in Banff through an exploratory case study, then to interpret it according to the different environmental ethics and through the urban resilience theory. Nature protection policies will also be evaluated according to the urban resilience criteria found in the literature on the subject.

This thesis mobilizes the concept of “colonial entanglement” to emphasize the deep complexity and unpredictability of Indigenous and non-Indigenous relationships within what is now known as the Banff-Bow Valley. Responding to various literatures—including Indigenous Studies, Settler Colonial Studies, Political Theory, and Canadian Politics—I posit that the concept of colonial entanglements offers a parallax view of contexts, such as the Banff-Bow Valley, and events like the Buffalo Reintroduction Project. Not only does such a concept reveal how Indigenous nations— both human and non-human—are targeted by the racializing and gendered entanglements of colonizing regimes that seek to break up and replace them, but it also shows how these nations continue to persist and resist despite colonizing efforts to achieve otherwise. In other words, colonial entanglements compel one to also consider how nations like the Ĩyãħé Nakoda also exert influence on other Indigenous and non-Indigenous life in the Banff-Bow Valley—albeit, in different ways and to different degrees. After unpacking the concept in the first chapter, I use colonial entanglement to show how colonizing regimes and their expansionist modes of relationship react to the Indigenous nations they become entangled with. Using the signing of Treaty 7 and the establishment of a national park in Banff, I reveal how the Canadian state seeks to erect colonizing regimes of property that cater to capital as they transit the Banff-Bow Valley by ‘breaking up’ and ‘breaking from’ Indigenous nations and their expansive modes of relationship. Next, I consider how such reactionary violence is continually justified and legitimated through the articulation and reiteration of state of nature fictions that rely on notions of wilderness and tropes of Indigeneity to delegitimize the enduring presence of Indigenous nations. Specifically, I look at the Indian Act, the prohibition of hunting in the Park, and the Banff Indian Days festival to show how state of nature fictions articulate a supposed transition from a “past state of nature” to a contemporary “state of (dis)possession” entangled with white supremacist and heteropatriarchal forms of power. In doing so, these fictions make and reproduce colonial subjects who buy into and support colonizing violence and breakage that disproportionately targets those Indigenous to place. In the final chapter, I turn to focus on the Buffalo Reintroduction Project. Here, I consider how the project presents contemporary opportunities for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people to support and/or disrupt colonizing states of (dis)possession and the state of nature fictions they rely on, while also considering the project’s potential for a politics oriented towards expansive modes of relationship revolving around principles of decolonization and anti-colonial internationalism. / Graduate