As referências de casos reais brasileiros nas áreas de negócios são bastante escassas, sobretudo, em relação aos casos de insucessos, falências e fraudes, desprezados no decorrer do tempo e pouco utilizados como elementos de aprendizagem, possibilitando a recorrência de erros anteriormente cometidos. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo entender as estratégias contábeis empregadas por um banco brasileiro que sofreu intervenção do Banco Central do Brasil e foi liquidado sob acusações de fraude. Trata-se de um estudo de caso único, que utiliza como fontes documentos do processo de falência e das apurações do Banco Central do Brasil, atas de reunião do conselho e da diretoria, pareceres, reportagens, bancos de dados de demonstrações financeiras e cotações, entrevistas com repórteres que cobriram o caso e ex-funcionários. O trabalho também busca o entendimento de escolhas contábeis não necessariamente fraudulentas, mas pouco ortodoxas, analisando como o ambiente da instituição pode ter colaborado com a ocorrência dessas práticas e se, antes da intervenção do Banco Central, foram emitidos sinais de alerta suficientemente fortes para que o mercado os captasse. Além da literatura inerente à governança corporativa e insider shareholding, fraude e gerenciamento de resultados, destaca-se o entendimento da crise financeira de 2008, a qual não só impactou o negócio de bancos pequenos e médios em todo o mundo como trouxe à tona discussões sobre o modelo de negócios de concessão de empréstimos e venda da carteira e formas de contabilização. O trabalho desenvolve-se através do estudo isolado de cada fonte de evidência e, ao final, é feita uma triangulação com os itens que amparam as respostas às questões de pesquisa. Com base nas evidências estudadas, observou-se concentração de poder e escolhas que beneficiaram os controladores, através de remuneração e dividendos acima do mercado, e também o relacionamento do banco com outras empresas da família. Desse modo, os sinais de alerta anteriores à intervenção do Banco Central existiram, mas não foram suficientemente claros para chamar a atenção do mercado. Quanto às estratégias de contabilização usadas pela instituição financeira, podem-se salientar: a antecipação dos critérios de contabilização de cessões de crédito (Resolução 3.533, 2008); a classificação da carteira de crédito na categoria \"disponíveis para a venda\" (balanço IFRS); PCLD insuficiente; empréstimos existentes apenas na contabilidade; superavaliação no valor justo de cotas de FIDC e outros instrumentos financeiros sem mercado secundário ativo mensurados a valor de mercado; manipulação de resultados de cessão de crédito; e falta de evidenciação de transações com partes relacionadas e FIDC. / The references of Brazilian real cases in the business area are very scant, particularly about cases of failures, bankruptcies and fraud, neglected over time, and little used as a learning elements, allowing the recurrence of previously committed mistakes. This study aims to understand the financial strategies employed by a Brazilian bank that was seized by Brazil\'s Central Bank and was extinct on fraud charges. This is a single case study, which uses as sources documents of the bankruptcy process and of calculations made by Brazil\'s Central Bank, records of council meetings and board of Directors meetings, accountant\'s opinions, news reports, financial statements databases and quoted market prices, interviews with reporters who covered the case and former employees. This research also seeks to understand not necessarily fraudulent accounting choices, but unorthodox, analyzing how the institution\'s environment may have contributed to the happening of these practices and if, before the intervention of the Central Bank, strong enough warning signs were issued to the market would capture them. In addition to the specific literature on corporate governance and insider shareholding, fraud and earnings management, the understanding the financial crisis of 2008 stands out, because this conjuncture not only unsettled the business of small and medium banks all over the world as brought up deliberations on the lending business model and sale of the portfolio and accounting settings. This study is developed through the analysis of each source of evidence and, in the end, a triangulation with the items that support the answers to the research questions is performed. Based on noted evidence, there was a concentration of power and choices that benefited Controllers, through compensations and dividends above market, and also the bank\'s relationship with other family companies. Thus, there were earlier warning signs for intervention by Central Bank, but they were not clear enough to draw the attention of the market. As the accounting strategies used by the financial institution, can be highlighted: the anticipation of credit assignment accounting criteria (Resolution 3.533, 2008); the loan portfolio classification as \"available for sale\" (IFRS balance sheet); insufficient bad debt provision; effective loans only in accounting; overvaluation in the mark to market of Receivables investment funds shares and other financial instruments measured at fair value without an active secondary market; handling credit assignment results; and lack of disclosure of deals with related parts and Receivables investment funds

As referências de casos reais brasileiros nas áreas de negócios são bastante escassas, sobretudo, em relação aos casos de insucessos, falências e fraudes, desprezados no decorrer do tempo e pouco utilizados como elementos de aprendizagem, possibilitando a recorrência de erros anteriormente cometidos. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo entender as estratégias contábeis empregadas por um banco brasileiro que sofreu intervenção do Banco Central do Brasil e foi liquidado sob acusações de fraude. Trata-se de um estudo de caso único, que utiliza como fontes documentos do processo de falência e das apurações do Banco Central do Brasil, atas de reunião do conselho e da diretoria, pareceres, reportagens, bancos de dados de demonstrações financeiras e cotações, entrevistas com repórteres que cobriram o caso e ex-funcionários. O trabalho também busca o entendimento de escolhas contábeis não necessariamente fraudulentas, mas pouco ortodoxas, analisando como o ambiente da instituição pode ter colaborado com a ocorrência dessas práticas e se, antes da intervenção do Banco Central, foram emitidos sinais de alerta suficientemente fortes para que o mercado os captasse. Além da literatura inerente à governança corporativa e insider shareholding, fraude e gerenciamento de resultados, destaca-se o entendimento da crise financeira de 2008, a qual não só impactou o negócio de bancos pequenos e médios em todo o mundo como trouxe à tona discussões sobre o modelo de negócios de concessão de empréstimos e venda da carteira e formas de contabilização. O trabalho desenvolve-se através do estudo isolado de cada fonte de evidência e, ao final, é feita uma triangulação com os itens que amparam as respostas às questões de pesquisa. Com base nas evidências estudadas, observou-se concentração de poder e escolhas que beneficiaram os controladores, através de remuneração e dividendos acima do mercado, e também o relacionamento do banco com outras empresas da família. Desse modo, os sinais de alerta anteriores à intervenção do Banco Central existiram, mas não foram suficientemente claros para chamar a atenção do mercado. Quanto às estratégias de contabilização usadas pela instituição financeira, podem-se salientar: a antecipação dos critérios de contabilização de cessões de crédito (Resolução 3.533, 2008); a classificação da carteira de crédito na categoria \"disponíveis para a venda\" (balanço IFRS); PCLD insuficiente; empréstimos existentes apenas na contabilidade; superavaliação no valor justo de cotas de FIDC e outros instrumentos financeiros sem mercado secundário ativo mensurados a valor de mercado; manipulação de resultados de cessão de crédito; e falta de evidenciação de transações com partes relacionadas e FIDC. / The references of Brazilian real cases in the business area are very scant, particularly about cases of failures, bankruptcies and fraud, neglected over time, and little used as a learning elements, allowing the recurrence of previously committed mistakes. This study aims to understand the financial strategies employed by a Brazilian bank that was seized by Brazil\'s Central Bank and was extinct on fraud charges. This is a single case study, which uses as sources documents of the bankruptcy process and of calculations made by Brazil\'s Central Bank, records of council meetings and board of Directors meetings, accountant\'s opinions, news reports, financial statements databases and quoted market prices, interviews with reporters who covered the case and former employees. This research also seeks to understand not necessarily fraudulent accounting choices, but unorthodox, analyzing how the institution\'s environment may have contributed to the happening of these practices and if, before the intervention of the Central Bank, strong enough warning signs were issued to the market would capture them. In addition to the specific literature on corporate governance and insider shareholding, fraud and earnings management, the understanding the financial crisis of 2008 stands out, because this conjuncture not only unsettled the business of small and medium banks all over the world as brought up deliberations on the lending business model and sale of the portfolio and accounting settings. This study is developed through the analysis of each source of evidence and, in the end, a triangulation with the items that support the answers to the research questions is performed. Based on noted evidence, there was a concentration of power and choices that benefited Controllers, through compensations and dividends above market, and also the bank\'s relationship with other family companies. Thus, there were earlier warning signs for intervention by Central Bank, but they were not clear enough to draw the attention of the market. As the accounting strategies used by the financial institution, can be highlighted: the anticipation of credit assignment accounting criteria (Resolution 3.533, 2008); the loan portfolio classification as \"available for sale\" (IFRS balance sheet); insufficient bad debt provision; effective loans only in accounting; overvaluation in the mark to market of Receivables investment funds shares and other financial instruments measured at fair value without an active secondary market; handling credit assignment results; and lack of disclosure of deals with related parts and Receivables investment funds

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T12:54:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao- DavidFariasAragao.pdf: 836029 bytes, checksum: 5f56186d51e1a0799b6f05257aff569b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / This study analyzes the criminal investigation of illicit committed in cyberspace, taking into account the context of post-modernity, especially the risk and information society and its impact on the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law, where a strong sense of insecurity experienced in the face of the lack of control of dangers coming from social and technological advances and new conducts that endangers life in community. The aim is to trace the constitutional paradigm to develop a valid criminal investigation in order to reconcile the binomial warranty and efficiency in the exercise of this state activity, using the balancing technique to allow the coexistence of fundamental rights to liberty and the States duty to promote public safety. The network action for illicit behavior in a virtual environment has brought great difficulties to materialize it before the courts and assign responsibility in criminal context, requiring the use of special investigative techniques that sometimes clashes with fundamental rights. After the examination of some of these special investigation techniques that are being applied by the Union s Judicial Police in cases relating to electronic bank fraud, it was found which of those can be applied without preliminary judicial authorization or only after jurisdictional analysis to define in a concrete case the possibility of balancing the investigated person s fundamental right, in particular privacy, and others related to. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a investigação criminal de ilícitos praticados no espaço cibernético levando em consideração o contexto da pós-modernidade, mormente a sociedade do risco e da informação e seus reflexos sobre o Direito Penal e Processual Penal, onde predomina uma forte sensação de insegurança experimentada pela sociedade em face da falta de controle dos perigos decorrentes dos avanços sociais e tecnológicos e das novas condutas lesivas ao convívio da coletividade. Busca-se traçar o paradigma constitucional para o desenvolvimento válido da investigação criminal de sorte a compatibilizar o binômio garantismo e eficiência no exercício dessa atividade estatal, utilizando-se da técnica do balanceamento para permitir a coexistência dos direitos fundamentais à liberdade e à privacidade em face do dever do Estado de promover a segurança pública. A atuação em rede para prática de crimes em ambiente virtual trouxe grandes dificuldades para demonstrar em juízo a materialização de ilícitos e atribuir responsabilidades em âmbito criminal, sendo necessária a utilização de técnicas investigativas especiais que por vezes se chocam com direitos fundamentais. Após o exame de algumas dessas técnicas especiais de apuração que estão sendo aplicadas pela Polícia Judiciária da União para os casos relativos às fraudes bancárias eletrônicas, verificou-se quais podem ser empregadas sem autorização judicial e quais apenas com a reserva de jurisdição para que se defina no caso concreto a possibilidade de relativização de direito fundamental do investigado.

LL.M. / Despite payment cards being of a fairly recent origin,1 these instruments of payment play an increasingly significant role in commerce. With reference to credit cards, Cornelius already in 2003 stated: “They fulfil various functions that are increasingly important at a time that ecommerce is taking off at a tremendous pace.”2 Similarly criminals continuously use more inventive and technologically advanced methods to commit fraud, including counterfeit card fraud. Is the South African criminal law, however, keeping up? The aim of this study is to investigate whether the various activities which form part of the criminal business value chain relating to counterfeit card fraud, with specific reference to bank payment cards, are sufficiently criminalised in South Africa or whether the inability of our criminal law to address the challenges posed by this crime type necessitates the introduction of further legislation. In the first part of the dissertation the South African common and statutory criminal law is investigated in some depth to establish the applicability thereof on the activities forming part of the criminal business value chain relevant to counterfeit card fraud. The appropriateness of certain statutory provisions is questioned and recommendations are made to amend current legislation. An argument is also advanced for further development of the common-law offence of theft to include identity theft and the unlawful copying and subsequent use of data. Brief reference is made to the international situation. Chapter 2 is an introduction to bank payment card fraud in South Africa focusing on the most prevalent forms thereof being card-not-present fraud and counterfeit card fraud. Reference is made to the manner in which offences related to counterfeit card fraud are currently approached in our criminal courts and the limited impact prosecutions has on the prevalence of this fraud type.

Ce document concerne le développement d'un cadre mathématique spécifiant une technologie capable de prendre en charge quelques unes des problématiques relevant du domaine des grands flux de données. Nous proposons de combiner le point de vue ontologique de Newell et celui épistémologique de Floridi d'abstraction pour construire des outils de transformation de modéles au moyen d'un ensemble adéquats de foncteurs au sens de la théorie des catégories de Samuel Eilenberg et Saunders Mac Lane. La méthode de résolution de problème proposée est basée sur un raisonnement d'abstraction temps réel qui produit, en ligne, une réduction d'un grand nombre de données sémantiquement pauvres en une donnée unique équivalente mais sémantiquement plus riche. Le prix à payer pour un tel enrichissement sémantique de l'information est la perte d'information syntaxique (i.e. le phénoméne d'oubli). Nos contributions sont les suivantes: (i) la démonstration que le concept d'observateur unaire de la théorie des observations datées (TOT) de Le Goc joue le même rôle qu'un échantillonneur de Dirac, (ii) la construction de la catégorie $TOT(\mathbb{Z})$, adéquate à la formulation du processus d'abstraction proposé et (iii) la conception de la méthode de résolution de problème TOM4A (timed observations methodology for abstraction) dont une application concrète est présentée visant à découvrir et modéliser le problème complexe de la fraude interne dans le domaine bancaire / This document concerns the development of a theoretical mathematical framework to provide a technology able to manage some of the problematics of the big data flows domain. We propose to combine Newell's ontological and Floridi's epistemological point of views of abstraction to build tools that transform models by the mean of an adequate set of functors according to Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane's category theory. The proposed problem solving method relies on a real time abstraction reasoning process to resume, on line, a lot of semantically poor data into an equivalent but richer one. The price to pay for such an information semantic enrichment is the loss of syntactic data (i.e. the oversight phenomenon). Our contributions are (i) to prove that Le Goc's timed observations theory (TOT) concept of unary observer plays the same role as Dirac's sampler, (ii) the construction of the $TOT(\mathbb{Z})$ category that is adequate to formulate the proposed abstraction based PSM and (iii) the design of TOM4A (timed observations methodology for abstraction), a specific recursive abstraction-reification based PSM whose a concrete application has been provided for detecting and modeling the complex problem of internal frauds in the banking industry

Today, the use of one's bank card to pay or withdraw money is common. Modern technology provides us with the convenience of instant transactions at the automated teller machine or point of sale but unfortunately, it has also brought the reality and risk of card skimming and counterfeit card fraud. Criminals have become very efficient and technologically advanced in skimming and counterfeiting cards, to such an extent that counterfeit card fraud has become a significant threat to the public, banking, retail and business in South Africa. Counterfeit card fraud is a complex, multi-faceted crime, requiring specific skills and knowledge of card counterfeiting methods from police and bank investigators. The scope of its investigation is wide. It includes different crime scenes and offenders, sophisticated equipment and various aspects that need to be identified positively. Investigators find it difficult to identify perpetrators and certain aspects unique to this crime and, as a result, many investigations are unsuccessful. This research endeavours to establish what identification methods are available to investigators and which are effective. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The opening of a bank account serves as the genesis of a bank customer relationship. It is imperative that the establishment of a bank customer relationship be regulated by law. Both the common law and statutory law regulate the admission of new clients to the realm of banking. It is a minimum requirement, in terms of both statutory and common law, that the identity of a prospective client who wishes to open a bank account must both be established and verified. This, the need to know one’s customer, is not only good law but common sense and an effective measure to prevent criminals from accessing the banking system. Parties who work together must know each other. The need to establish and verify the identity of a potential customer is commonly referred to as the Know Your Customer standards, alternatively the Customer Due Diligence framework. The Know Your Customer standards are neither unique to South Africa nor have their origins in South Africa. The Know Your Customer standards are international standards which the Financial Action Task Force and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision have been advocating for quite some time. A confluence of the Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision greatly influenced the birth of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act in South Africa. The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 prescribes the steps that a bank has to take in order to establish and verify the identity of a potential client. It will be shown in this dissertation that the identification and verification regime established by the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 0f 2001 and the common law are not fool proof. This dissertation makes recommendations on how the current loopholes that exist in the law can be addressed. / Mercantile Law / LLM

The opening of a bank account serves as the genesis of a bank customer relationship. It is imperative that the establishment of a bank customer relationship be regulated by law. Both the common law and statutory law regulate the admission of new clients to the realm of banking. It is a minimum requirement, in terms of both statutory and common law, that the identity of a prospective client who wishes to open a bank account must both be established and verified. This, the need to know one’s customer, is not only good law but common sense and an effective measure to prevent criminals from accessing the banking system. Parties who work together must know each other. The need to establish and verify the identity of a potential customer is commonly referred to as the Know Your Customer standards, alternatively the Customer Due Diligence framework. The Know Your Customer standards are neither unique to South Africa nor have their origins in South Africa. The Know Your Customer standards are international standards which the Financial Action Task Force and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision have been advocating for quite some time. A confluence of the Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision greatly influenced the birth of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act in South Africa. The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 prescribes the steps that a bank has to take in order to establish and verify the identity of a potential client. It will be shown in this dissertation that the identification and verification regime established by the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 0f 2001 and the common law are not fool proof. This dissertation makes recommendations on how the current loopholes that exist in the law can be addressed. / Mercantile Law / LLM