Communities of practices are particular and identified knowledge networks involved in a new global, virtual and digital framework. The study of their specific characteristics, the Legitimate Peripheral Participation and the duality Reification/Participation, provides the necessary background to understand and formalize the barriers and the limits in this new context. <br />In order to overcome these ones, the analysis of the tools and the methods for computerized reification (content analysis, information architecture, information visualization) and for enrichment and assessment of content and users (Human-Computer Interactions, Collaborative filtering) enables to develop a methodology to support the application of an automated and interactive reification process in a virtual Communities of Practices.

<p>This thesis aims to describe how students encounter proof in a community of mathematical practice at a mathematics department and how they are drawn to share mathematicians’ views and knowledge of proof. Considering the department as a <i>community of practice </i>where the joint enterprise is learning mathematics in a broad sense made it possible to perceive the newcomers as active participants in the practice. The combination of a socio-cultural perspective, Lave and Wenger’s and Wenger’s social practice theories and theories about proof offers a fresh framework in understanding and describing the diversity of the culture involving such a complex notion as proof. Proof is examined from historical, philosophical and didactical points of view and considered as <i>reification </i>and as an <i>artefact </i>from a socio-cultural perspective. The metaphor of <i>transparency</i> of artefacts that refers to the intricate dilemma about how much to focus on different aspects of proof at a meta-level and how much to work with proof without focusing on it, both from teacher and student perspectives, is a fundamental aspect in the data analysis. The data consists of transcripts of interviews with mathematicians and students as well as survey responses of university entrants, protocols of observations of lectures, textbooks and other instructional material. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in the data analysis. A theoretical model with three different teaching styles with respect to proof could be constructed from the data. The students related positively to proof when they entered the practice. Though the mathematicians had no explicit intention of dealing so much with proof in the basic course, students felt that they were confronted with proof from the very beginning of their studies. Proof was there as a mysterious artefact and a lot of aspects of proof remained invisible as experienced by students when they struggled to find out what proof is and to understand its role and meaning in the practice. The first oral examination in proof seems to be significant in drawing students to the practice of proof.</p>

A naturalização do caráter mercantil da saúde no Brasil possui estreita vinculação com sua história. Antes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a saúde não era um direito de todos, muito menos uma responsabilidade do Estado e estava restrita a uma parcela da população trabalhadora que pagava para garantir esse benefício. Desde o século passado já se priorizava a saúde privada em detrimento de uma oferta de serviços públicos que abrangesse todas as camadas sociais. Tal fato traduz o processo de reificação e mercantilização da saúde. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar os determinantes sócio-históricos mais gerais ligados à questão da saúde como mercadoria e seus reflexos sobre o SUS. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com 27 participantes, nove secretários de saúde, nove usuários conselheiros municipais de saúde e nove usuários do SUS, distribuídos em nove municípios da Macrorregião Triângulo Sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Para coleta dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas individuais seguindo procedimentos de evocação, enunciação e averiguação. As gravações das entrevistas filmadas ou áudio-gravadas foram transcritas integralmente. A análise das entrevistas foi processada via identificação de conteúdos ex post facto para definição de categorias e unidades temáticas, relacionadas ao processo de reificação da saúde. Tais resultados foram analisados sob a perspectiva do materialismo histórico e dialético. Três categorias temáticas, uma para cada segmento dos entrevistados, agruparam alguns determinantes ligados ao objetivo do trabalho: A) Racionalidades do Sistema Único de Saúde (secretários de saúde), em que foram reunidos conteúdos referentes aos elementos de enfrentamento para a provisão do direito à saúde, apontando racionalidades e intencionalidades que orientam a atuação dos sujeitos no fazer saúde. B) Racionalidades do Controle Social (conselheiros de saúde), relacionada à identificação de processos psicossociais implicados na constituição da identidade com a política pública de saúde e com a memória da luta de classes. C) Relatos de vidas marcadas pela reificação (usuários do SUS), em que os conteúdos referem os conflitos sociais que causam dor, sofrimento e humilhação cotidiana para dezenas de milhões de brasileiros. A análise dos depoimentos nos permitiu identificar que o processo de reificação da saúde pode ser considerado determinante, tanto para a desestruturação do Sistema Único de Saúde, como para a perda da subjetividade e cidadania dos indivíduos. As atividades reificadas em saúde podem ser enfrentadas a partir da formulação de estratégias de organização com a comunidade, cuja síntese realizada com os usuários, permite identificar critérios de enfrentamento com base no cotidiano, dentro do processo saúde/doença / The naturalization of the mercantile character of health in Brazil has close ties with its history. Before the Unified Health System (SUS), health was not a right for everyone, let alone a state responsibility and was restricted to a portion of the working population that paid to ensure that benefit. Since the last century the private health is prioritized at the expense of a public service offering covering all social strata. This fact reflects the process of reification and commodification of health. This study aimed to analyze the broader socio-historical factors linked to the issue of health as a commodity and its impact on the SUS. The research was conducted with 27 participants, nine health secretaries, nine municipal health counselors users and nine SUS users, distributed in nine municipalities of the Macroregion South Triangle of Minas Gerais. For data collection were carried out individual interviews following evocation procedures, enunciation and verification. Recordings of filmed or audio-recorded interviews were transcribed in full. Data analysis was processed by the ex post facto content identification for the definition of categories and topics related to the process of reification of health. These results were analyzed from the perspective of historical and dialectical materialism. Three themes, one for each segment of respondents, grouped some determinants linked to the objective of the study: A) rationalities of the Unified Health System (health secretaries), in which contents have been gathered regarding the coping elements for the provision of the right to health, pointing rationality and intentions that guide the actions of individuals in making health. B) rationalities of social control (health counselors), related to identification of psychosocial processes involved in the formation of identity with the public health policy and with the memory of the class struggle. C) Reports of lives marked by reification (SUS users), in which the contents related social conflicts that cause pain, suffering and daily humiliation to tens of millions of Brazilians. The analysis of testimonies allowed us to identify that the health reification process can be considered decisive for both the disruption of the SUS, as for the loss of subjectivity and citizenship of individuals. The reified in health activities can be addressed from the formulation of organizational strategies with the community, whose synthesis performed with users, identifies coping criteria based on the daily life within the health/disease process.

This thesis aims to describe how students encounter proof in a community of mathematical practice at a mathematics department and how they are drawn to share mathematicians’ views and knowledge of proof. Considering the department as a community of practice where the joint enterprise is learning mathematics in a broad sense made it possible to perceive the newcomers as active participants in the practice. The combination of a socio-cultural perspective, Lave and Wenger’s and Wenger’s social practice theories and theories about proof offers a fresh framework in understanding and describing the diversity of the culture involving such a complex notion as proof. Proof is examined from historical, philosophical and didactical points of view and considered as reification and as an artefact from a socio-cultural perspective. The metaphor of transparency of artefacts that refers to the intricate dilemma about how much to focus on different aspects of proof at a meta-level and how much to work with proof without focusing on it, both from teacher and student perspectives, is a fundamental aspect in the data analysis. The data consists of transcripts of interviews with mathematicians and students as well as survey responses of university entrants, protocols of observations of lectures, textbooks and other instructional material. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in the data analysis. A theoretical model with three different teaching styles with respect to proof could be constructed from the data. The students related positively to proof when they entered the practice. Though the mathematicians had no explicit intention of dealing so much with proof in the basic course, students felt that they were confronted with proof from the very beginning of their studies. Proof was there as a mysterious artefact and a lot of aspects of proof remained invisible as experienced by students when they struggled to find out what proof is and to understand its role and meaning in the practice. The first oral examination in proof seems to be significant in drawing students to the practice of proof.

Orientador: Marcelo Siqueira Ridenti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T10:01:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_EmilianoCesarde_M.pdf: 1750416 bytes, checksum: da8e6ce96421f593db033c0ae16625af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O romance S. Bernardo, de Graciliano Ramos, foi publicado em 1934. A narrativa é determinada pelo fechamento da consciência humana à compreensão dos elementos qualitativos e sensíveis da realidade. Assim como todo valor se transforma ¿ ilusoriamente ¿ em valor-de-troca, toda relação humana se transforma destruidoramente ¿ numa relação entre coisas, entre possuído e possuidor. Este é o mundo do protagonista, Paulo Honório, que guia suas ações no sentido sempre da obtenção da vantagem. Ao longo do desenrolar da trama, é possível inferir uma correspondência entre o mundo de S. Bernardo e o conceito de reificação, sistematizado por Georg Lukács na obra História e Consciência de Classe. Tomando como ponto de partida desta dissertação o próprio romance, o conceito de reificação surge, enquanto categoria analítica, tendo em vista o aprofundamento da compreensão e do debate sobre o universo de S. Bernardo. O empreendimento de elaboração da estrutura do romance foi bem sucedido porque garantiu a organicidade dos elementos da obra, ou seja, cada traço adquire sentido em função de outro, o que garantiu a verossimilhança, o sentido da realidade. Esta unidade entre conteúdo e forma é o elemento decisivo da verdade dos seres fictícios, o princípio que lhes infunde vida. Eis o porquê da caracterização de S. Bernardo como um romance realista / Abstract: Graciliano Ramos¿ novel, S. Bernardo, was published in 1934. The narrative is determined by the closing of human¿s consciousness to the understanding of reality¿s qualitative and sensitive elements. As all value becomes - deceptively - in exchange-value, every human relationship is transformed destructively ¿ in a relation between things, between possessor and possessed. This is the protagonist Paulo Honório¿s world, who guides his actions in order to always obtain advantage. Throughout the course of the plot, it is possible to infer a correspondence between S. Bernardo¿s world and the concept of reification, systematized by Georg Lukács in his work History and Class Consciousness. Taking as starting point of this dissertation the novel itself, the concept of reification emerges as an analytical category, aiming to deep the understanding and debate about S. Bernardo¿s universe. The project of developing the novel¿s structure was successful because it ensured the organic elements of the work, ie, every line makes sense in terms of another, what ensured the likelihood and the sense of reality. This unity of content and form is the key element of the truth of fictitious beings, the principle that infuses them life. Here's why S. Bernardo is characterized as a realist novel / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestre em Sociologia

A naturalização do caráter mercantil da saúde no Brasil possui estreita vinculação com sua história. Antes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a saúde não era um direito de todos, muito menos uma responsabilidade do Estado e estava restrita a uma parcela da população trabalhadora que pagava para garantir esse benefício. Desde o século passado já se priorizava a saúde privada em detrimento de uma oferta de serviços públicos que abrangesse todas as camadas sociais. Tal fato traduz o processo de reificação e mercantilização da saúde. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar os determinantes sócio-históricos mais gerais ligados à questão da saúde como mercadoria e seus reflexos sobre o SUS. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com 27 participantes, nove secretários de saúde, nove usuários conselheiros municipais de saúde e nove usuários do SUS, distribuídos em nove municípios da Macrorregião Triângulo Sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Para coleta dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas individuais seguindo procedimentos de evocação, enunciação e averiguação. As gravações das entrevistas filmadas ou áudio-gravadas foram transcritas integralmente. A análise das entrevistas foi processada via identificação de conteúdos ex post facto para definição de categorias e unidades temáticas, relacionadas ao processo de reificação da saúde. Tais resultados foram analisados sob a perspectiva do materialismo histórico e dialético. Três categorias temáticas, uma para cada segmento dos entrevistados, agruparam alguns determinantes ligados ao objetivo do trabalho: A) Racionalidades do Sistema Único de Saúde (secretários de saúde), em que foram reunidos conteúdos referentes aos elementos de enfrentamento para a provisão do direito à saúde, apontando racionalidades e intencionalidades que orientam a atuação dos sujeitos no fazer saúde. B) Racionalidades do Controle Social (conselheiros de saúde), relacionada à identificação de processos psicossociais implicados na constituição da identidade com a política pública de saúde e com a memória da luta de classes. C) Relatos de vidas marcadas pela reificação (usuários do SUS), em que os conteúdos referem os conflitos sociais que causam dor, sofrimento e humilhação cotidiana para dezenas de milhões de brasileiros. A análise dos depoimentos nos permitiu identificar que o processo de reificação da saúde pode ser considerado determinante, tanto para a desestruturação do Sistema Único de Saúde, como para a perda da subjetividade e cidadania dos indivíduos. As atividades reificadas em saúde podem ser enfrentadas a partir da formulação de estratégias de organização com a comunidade, cuja síntese realizada com os usuários, permite identificar critérios de enfrentamento com base no cotidiano, dentro do processo saúde/doença / The naturalization of the mercantile character of health in Brazil has close ties with its history. Before the Unified Health System (SUS), health was not a right for everyone, let alone a state responsibility and was restricted to a portion of the working population that paid to ensure that benefit. Since the last century the private health is prioritized at the expense of a public service offering covering all social strata. This fact reflects the process of reification and commodification of health. This study aimed to analyze the broader socio-historical factors linked to the issue of health as a commodity and its impact on the SUS. The research was conducted with 27 participants, nine health secretaries, nine municipal health counselors users and nine SUS users, distributed in nine municipalities of the Macroregion South Triangle of Minas Gerais. For data collection were carried out individual interviews following evocation procedures, enunciation and verification. Recordings of filmed or audio-recorded interviews were transcribed in full. Data analysis was processed by the ex post facto content identification for the definition of categories and topics related to the process of reification of health. These results were analyzed from the perspective of historical and dialectical materialism. Three themes, one for each segment of respondents, grouped some determinants linked to the objective of the study: A) rationalities of the Unified Health System (health secretaries), in which contents have been gathered regarding the coping elements for the provision of the right to health, pointing rationality and intentions that guide the actions of individuals in making health. B) rationalities of social control (health counselors), related to identification of psychosocial processes involved in the formation of identity with the public health policy and with the memory of the class struggle. C) Reports of lives marked by reification (SUS users), in which the contents related social conflicts that cause pain, suffering and daily humiliation to tens of millions of Brazilians. The analysis of testimonies allowed us to identify that the health reification process can be considered decisive for both the disruption of the SUS, as for the loss of subjectivity and citizenship of individuals. The reified in health activities can be addressed from the formulation of organizational strategies with the community, whose synthesis performed with users, identifies coping criteria based on the daily life within the health/disease process.

No description available.

Ce mémoire se propose d’aborder le concept adornien de matériau musical selon deux de ses moments essentiels : l’intégration et la désintégration. Dans un premier temps, il s’agira d’analyser la critique de l’Aufklärung, selon laquelle la rationalité éclairée, par la domination progressive de la nature, se transforme en son contraire, le mythe. Cette analyse servira de base théorique pour la compréhension du concept de matériau. Dans un deuxième temps, il conviendra d’examiner la tendance progressiste—exemplifiée dans la sonate classique de Beethoven—vers l’intégration du matériau musical, comprise comme un moment dans le processus plus large de rationalisation sociale identifié par Max Weber. Dans un troisième temps, il conviendra d’examiner la tendance régressive—exemplifiée dans les œuvres du Beethoven tardif, de Mahler et de Berg—vers la désintégration du matériau musical, une tendance qui reflète les aspects noirs de l’Aufklärung, à savoir la fragmentation sociale et la réification. Enfin, nous évaluerons quelques commentaires critiques soulevant des doutes quant à la validité d’un concept de matériau musical basé sur une philosophie de l’histoire qui, malgré ses distances, ne s’échappe pas de ses origines hégéliennes. / This thesis will examine integration and disintegration in Adorno’s concept of musical material. Chapter one will analyze the dialectic of the Enlightenment, according to which rationality, through the progressive domination of nature, turns into its opposite, myth. This analysis will serve as the theoretical basis for understanding Adorno’s concept of material. Chapter two will examine the progressive tendency—exemplified in Beethoven’s classical sonata—towards the integration of musical material, understood as a moment in the larger process of social rationalization identified by Max Weber. Chapter three will examine the regressive tendency—exemplified in the works of late Beethoven, Mahler and Berg—toward the disintegration of musical material, a tendency correlative with Enlightenment’s dark side, with social fragmentation and reification. The thesis will conclude by discussing a few criticisms which cast doubt on the validity of understanding musical material on the basis of a philosophy of history which, despite its distances, remains bound to its Hegelian origins.

Ce mémoire se propose d’aborder le concept adornien de matériau musical selon deux de ses moments essentiels : l’intégration et la désintégration. Dans un premier temps, il s’agira d’analyser la critique de l’Aufklärung, selon laquelle la rationalité éclairée, par la domination progressive de la nature, se transforme en son contraire, le mythe. Cette analyse servira de base théorique pour la compréhension du concept de matériau. Dans un deuxième temps, il conviendra d’examiner la tendance progressiste—exemplifiée dans la sonate classique de Beethoven—vers l’intégration du matériau musical, comprise comme un moment dans le processus plus large de rationalisation sociale identifié par Max Weber. Dans un troisième temps, il conviendra d’examiner la tendance régressive—exemplifiée dans les œuvres du Beethoven tardif, de Mahler et de Berg—vers la désintégration du matériau musical, une tendance qui reflète les aspects noirs de l’Aufklärung, à savoir la fragmentation sociale et la réification. Enfin, nous évaluerons quelques commentaires critiques soulevant des doutes quant à la validité d’un concept de matériau musical basé sur une philosophie de l’histoire qui, malgré ses distances, ne s’échappe pas de ses origines hégéliennes. / This thesis will examine integration and disintegration in Adorno’s concept of musical material. Chapter one will analyze the dialectic of the Enlightenment, according to which rationality, through the progressive domination of nature, turns into its opposite, myth. This analysis will serve as the theoretical basis for understanding Adorno’s concept of material. Chapter two will examine the progressive tendency—exemplified in Beethoven’s classical sonata—towards the integration of musical material, understood as a moment in the larger process of social rationalization identified by Max Weber. Chapter three will examine the regressive tendency—exemplified in the works of late Beethoven, Mahler and Berg—toward the disintegration of musical material, a tendency correlative with Enlightenment’s dark side, with social fragmentation and reification. The thesis will conclude by discussing a few criticisms which cast doubt on the validity of understanding musical material on the basis of a philosophy of history which, despite its distances, remains bound to its Hegelian origins.

This thesis investigates the importance of the work community and its social organisation and the role it has for the participants' ability to learn and to form a professional identity as pedagogical leaders. Furthermore, the thesis wants to investigate if it matters to the directors’ learning how the principal (municipality or private company) organises for learning. The empirical material for the study comes mainly from semi-structured interviews with participants in the directors’ programme and close colleagues. An expression for the working community in a workplace is a community of practice. Learning and social interaction are about negotiation of meaning, making sense in everyday life. All four interviewed participants have contexts with features of communities of practice. In a few cases, it is clear that the context is about educational leadership, in a practice that is designed in collaboration with colleagues. Although there are significant differences in both the scope and the structure of supporting structures between the two investigated private contexts, it becomes clear that their structure leads to learning. The lack of structure in municipal schools leaves their directors with little access to guidance for their learning and identity development.