"Cross-Border Contagion in the Banking Sector: The Case of Nordic Countries" by Lina Baronaite Abstract: The objective of the thesis is to estimate the degree of cross-border contagion among the Nordic banking sectors. It analyzes a sample of sixteen largest listed Nordic banks from January 2004 to January 2014. Using a multinomial logit model we test whether there is any degree of contagion among the four banking sectors, whether it is more pro- nounced for larger banks and whether the recent financial crisis has exacerbated it. Our results are in line with similar studies conducted for other countries. In particular, we find that a shock in one bank- ing sector is positively associated with an increase in shocks in another banking sector. Second, these shocks are larger and more significant for larger and more active international banks. Finally, the effect of the recent financial crisis has ambiguous effects on the cross-sectoral banking contagion. It appears that contagious links between some sec- tors weakened (Sweden and Denmark, Sweden and Finland). Other economies (Sweden and Norway) on the contrary became more depen- dent on each other. The results are robust to a wide variety of changes in specifications.

In this thesis we have studied China's financial sector globalisation by analysing the determinants of Chinese banking sector profitability, and the relationship between GDP growth and FDI inflows. For estimating the Chinese banking sector profitability, we applied system GMM estimation on the annual data of 56 banks currently in China. The time period of the data is from 2002-2011. We found out that both internal and external factors have impact on the Chinese banking sector profitability. As we have expected financial sector globalisation has positive impact on the profitability of banking industry. For analysing the impacts of financial sector globalisation in terms of FDI contribution to the Chinese economy, we have tested the relationship between FDI and GDP by running the VAR model on the macro data over the time period of 1987-2011. We have found that GDP growth explains the rapid development of FDI, and FDI indirectly influences the GDP growth by influencing the domestic investments.

The diploma thesis concentrates on the financial and economic crisis on Iceland, analyses its triggers, describes its consequences and assumes possible future development of the country. The crisis on Iceland was caused by some imperfections of the economy and too big expansion of the bank activities abroad. Global recession sharpened the situation so much that the former successful economy was not able to fulfil its financial obligations. Economic growth fell and debts grew. This work shows the situation, where even the economically developed country can due to wrongly set economic parameters occur near to its bankruptcy. As a conclusion, there is shown the way out of crisis, which Iceland chose and began with the help of international organisations and also other countries. The thesis also analyses positive development of the situation due to the implemented regulations and restrictions and describes its future perspectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Aparecido Costa de Amorim.pdf: 6966077 bytes, checksum: 22589f51488259bc373db9c0d6c30b80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992-12-04 / This study is about the collective bargaining at the banking sector of São Paulo state during the period 1979/1985. The concept of the collective bargaining is understood as a part of the labor relationship, where social, economic, politica1 and technological factors interact, as described in DUNLOP's' definition. In this system, under a particular context, the so called actors take part (workers, employees, government, and their respective organizations. By this sense we tried describe the collective bargaining context, the process of bargaining between the actors and their respective movements, and to define how these collective bargaining were structured. Before studding the bargaining at the banking sector we researched the collective bargaining during the period 1979/1985. We identified at this period important transformations like the growth of the union's power, as well as of direct bargaining between capital and labor, but weak evolution on the labor agreements. We studied the banking sector evolution after 1964 then described its employees union organization behavior. Studding the worker union organization from São Paulo, we identified worker's union at the capital and the Federation of state as the bargainers against the employees. After this, we analyzed how the co11ective bargaining with. the banks happened. At these bargaining we found a movement,bf centralization in their structures, and identified that the wage question was the main, almost the on1y one bargaining object, and finally we found bargaining that were concluded without labor's court decisions. At the end, we compared the banking sector collective bargaining and the overview of the other sectors emphasizing their results, process and structure / Esta dissertação se ocupa do estudo das negociações coletivas do setor bancário paulista no período 1979/1985. Para isto consideramos as negociações coletivas inseridas no sistema de relações trabalhistas, e como campo onde interagem forças sociais, econômicas, políticas e tecnológicas, conforme definição de DUNLOP. Deste sistema, mediante um determinado contexto tomam parte os seus atores (trabalhadores, patrões, governo e suas respectivas organizações). Sob esta ideia procuramos descrever o contexto das negociações coletivas, o processo de barganha travado entre os atores e seus respectivos movimentos, além de caracterizar como estas negociações se estruturam. Para melhor situar a negociação coletiva dos bancários paulistas acompanhamos inicialmente o quadro geral das negociações coletivas do período. O quadro aí identificado foi de transformações com o revigoramento da ação sindical, valorização do entendimento direto entre capital e trabalho, mas pouca evolução nos acordos coletivos. Dentro do setor bancário estudamos a sua evolução pós-64 e descrevemos como se comportou a estrutura de sua organização sindical patronal. Da mesma forma nos dedicamos também ao estudo da organização sindical da categoria bancária no Estado de São Paulo para nela identificar o Sindicato da capital e a Federação estadual como negociadores junto aos patrões. Realizamos a seguir acompanhamento e caracterização das negociações coletivas do meio bancário. Nela sobressaíram a centralização de suas estruturas de negociação, o predomínio da discussão salarial e das negociações concluídas sem o julgamento dos dissídios. Estabelecemos por fim uma comparação entre o quadro geral das negociações coletivas e as do setor bancário frisando os resultados das negociações, seu processo e estrutura

Purpose – The financial systems in many emerging countries are still impacted by the devastating effect of the 2008 financial crisis which created a massive disaster in the global economy. The banking sector needs appropriate quantitative techniques to assess its financial soundness, strengths and weaknesses. This research aims to explore, empirically assess and analyze the financial soundness of the banking sector in Kazakhstan. It also examines the prediction of financial unsoundness at an individual bank level using PCA, cluster, MDA, logit and probit analyses. Design/Methodology/Approach – A cluster analysis, in combination with principal component analysis (PCA), was utilized as a classification technique. It groups sound and unsound banks in Kazakhstan's banking sector by examining various financial ratios. Cluster analysis was run on a sample of 34 commercial banks on 1st January, 2008 and 37 commercial banks on 1st January, 2014 to test the ability of this technique to detect unsound banks before they fail. Then, Altman Z” and EM Score models were tested and re-estimated and the MDA, logit and probit models were constructed on a sample of 12 Kazakhstan banks during the period between 1st January, 2008 and 1st January, 2014. The sample consists of 6 sound and 6 unsound banks and accounts for 81.3% of the total assets of the Kazakhstan banking sector in 2014. These statistical methods used various financial variables to represent capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity. Last but not least, the MDA, logit and probit models were systematically combined together to construct an integrated model to predict bank financial unsoundness. Findings – First of all, results from Chapter 3 indicate that cluster analysis is able to identify the structure of the Kazakh banking sector by the degree of financial soundness. Secondly, based on the findings in the second empirical chapter, the tested and re-estimated Altman models show a modest ability to predict bank financial unsoundness in Kazakhstan. Thirdly, the MDA, logit and probit models show high predictive accuracy in excess of 80%. Finally, the model that integrated the MDA, logit and probit types presents superior predictability with lower Type I errors. Practical Implications – The results of this research are of interest to supervisory and regulatory bodies. The models can be used as a reliable and effective tool, particularly the cluster based methodology for assessing the degree of financial soundness in the banking sector and the integrated model for predicting the financial unsoundness of banks. Originality/Value – This study is the first to employ a cluster-based methodology to assess financial soundness in the Kazakh banking sector. In addition, the integrated model can be used as a promising technique for evaluating the financial unsoundness of banks in terms of predictive accuracy and robustness. Importance – Assessing the financial soundness of the Kazakh banking system is of particular importance as the World Bank has ranked Kazakhstan as leading the world for the volume of non-performing credits in the total number of loans granted in 2012. It is one of the first academic studies carried out on Kazakhstan banks which comprehensively evaluate the financial soundness of banks. It is anticipated that the findings of the current study will provide useful lessons for developing and transition countries during periods of financial turmoil.

Many banks provide very similar services and that is why creating and maintaining relationships to clients is a differentiation strategy to get customer to return. Private advising is one service provided by banks where much interaction occurs and relationship is of great importance. The relationship between private advisers and their clients is therefore suitable for research. Knowing why a relationship ends is a strategic piece of information to improve the firm’s ability to keep customers in a relationship. The purpose of this paper is to identify the issues that lead to dissolution of a relationship and where they occur in the relationship development process between private advisors and clients. A pre-study was first made on Swedbank, through interviews, to obtain a holistic view of the situation. More in-depth interviews followed as well as triangulation through a questionnaire. The thesis presents seven issues that can lead to dissolution of the relationship: better offering from competitors, availability, personal factors, unachievable demands, no need for service, lack of certain services, and requirement not fulfilled. These issues have also been related to where in the relationship development process they occur and ranked in order to know how common it is for them to occur. / De flesta banker erbjuder sina kunder väldigt snarlika tjänster och därför har skapandet av relationer blivit en differentierings strategi för att få kunder att komma tillbaka. Privatrådgivning är en tjänst som banker erbjuder där mycket interaktion sker och relationer är oerhört viktiga. På grund av detta så är relationen mellan privatrådgivaren och dess klient passande att undersöka Att veta varför en relation avslutas är väldigt viktig strategisk information som kan användas för att förbättra en firmas möjlighet att bevara kunder. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att identifiera de problem som kan leda till att en relation bryts och även att identifiera vart i relationsbyggnads processen dessa problem uppstår. En förstudie genomfördes först för att få en överblickande bild över ämnet. Efter denna så följde även mer djupgående intervjuer samt metodtriangulering med hjälp av ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till Swedbanks privatrådgivare. Uppsatsen presenterar sju problem som kan leda till upplösningen av en relation: bättre erbjudanden från konkurrenter, tillgänglighet, personliga faktorer, ouppnåeliga krav, inget behov av tjänst, brist på en viss tjänst samt att kunden inte uppfyller krav. Dessa problem har även relaterats till vart I relationsbyggnads processen de uppstår och rankats i ordning beroende på hur vanligt de är att problemen uppstår.

The widespread use of Corporate Philanthropy (CP) in the US and the UK has resulted in a significant body of literature on the phenomena and its use. However, the literature generated around CP is criticised for being of an economic nature and for being biased toward the context of developed Western countries. This thesis suggests that the context of developing countries is important in relation to the non-economic nature of CP, due to the existence of intense religious beliefs and values. However, there has been little attempt to explicitly examine how the institutional pressures within this context shape the CP of a non-economic and more precisely of an altruistic nature, and how firms act in response to these influences. This thesis leverages institutional theory by proposing that stakeholders – including communities, competitors, NGOs and politicians – may impose coercive and mimetic pressures encouraging isomorphic field-level CP of a non-economic nature in a context of intense Islamic beliefs, values and norms. However, the way in which firms perceive and act upon these pressures may differ depending on specific factors related to the firm itself, including the identity of the firm, the competitive position of the firm, and shareholder pressures. These differences between firms result in the adoption of different CP strategies as decided by each firm, expressing its appropriate responses to field pressures. This study uses a qualitative methodology using data collected from 27 of the key personnel responsible for CP decisions (shareholders and managers) in the Kuwaiti banking sector. Questions were developed to assess the relationships between institutional pressures at the field and organisational levels of analysis. Data was collected through multiple sources such as in-depth interviews, documentation, and archival records. The contributions of the thesis are in relation to: a) the institutional theory; b) gaining more understanding of CP in developing countries; C) offering a robust understanding of altruistic CP influenced by an Islamic context; and d) practical implementations of CP in Islamic banks.

The aim of the study is to investigate the glass ceiling and the gender wage gap and reasons behind gender inequality in the banking sector of Sweden and Pakistan. / <p>Please find the attached master thesis pdf file.</p>

Este trabalho objetivou compreender e elucidar a aplicabilidade da noção de liderança na Gerência Média nas agências da Regional Caxias do Sul do Banco Delta, liderança esta que pode ser de pessoas, de negócios ou de processos, para os resultados da empresa. Para tanto, em um estudo de caso qualitativo, levantou-se a visão destes gerentes com relação ao mercado bancário para a necessidade de liderança (fatores do ambiente bancário que favorecem tal atitude e ainda quais os fatores que desfavorecem o exercício da liderança); como o Banco Delta apresenta a necessidade de liderança para sua Gerência Média e se existe espaço para atuação como líder, proporcionado pelo Banco ou mesmo através de sua própria iniciativa. Através de entrevistas, de pesquisa a documentos internos e de observação, procurou-se identificar situações do dia a dia que retratam a atuação desses Gerentes, bem como conhecer as condições das agências. Os questionamentos e as observações também foram dirigidos aos superiores (Gerentes Gerais) e subordinados (escriturários) do público pesquisado, haja vista que estes profissionais igualmente fazem parte deste processo de atuação da Gerência Média. Como principais resultados tem-se que as agências pesquisadas são grandes, com ótimos potenciais de negócios e um grande número de funcionários, o que indica que os setores internos necessitam de uma liderança localizada, não dependendo apenas do Gerente Geral. Os negócios acontecem nas carteiras, nos setores, e sem esta liderança o atingimento dos objetivos fica comprometido. Observou-se a existência de espaço para tal exercício, mesmo diante de alguns argumentos de demandas urgentes quanto a vendas, com desafios diários, metas pontuais na semana ou cobranças exageradas. Os perfis de cada gerente determinam o tamanho e a qualidade desta liderança. São, contudo, desfavoráveis ao exercício da liderança as mudanças repentinas de foco, com desafios “relâmpago” e cobranças “intradia”, o que retira parte do planejamento já elaborado pela agência e pelo setor. / This study aimed to understand and clarify the applicability of the concept of leadership in the Middle Management in the Caxias do Sul Regional branches of Banco Delta. This leadership might include people, businesses or processes for the results of the company. Therefore, a qualitative case study was carried out to investigate the vision of these managers regarding the banking market, the need of leadership (the banking environment factors that favor such an attitude and also which factors are against the exercise of leadership); How Banco Delta presents the need for leadership to their Middle Management; and also whether there is room for acting as a leader, provided by Banco Delta or through their own initiative. Through interviews, research of internal documents and observations, we sought to identify situations of everyday life that depict the performance of these managers, as well as to know the conditions of the agencies. The questions and observations were also directed to superiors (General Managers) and subordinates (clerks) of the researched public, given that these professionals are also part of this process of Middle Management performance. The main results are that the agencies surveyed are large, with great business potential and a large number of employees, which indicates that internal sectors need a located leadership, depending not only on the general manager. Business happens in the portfolios, sectors, and without this leadership the achievement of objectives is compromised. It was observed that there is room for such an exercise, despite some arguments that there are urgent demands as sales, with daily challenges, specific goals in the week, or exaggerated charges. The profiles of each manager determine the size and quality of this leadership. Sudden changes of focus, with "Lightning" challenges and charges "intraday" are, however, unfavorable to the exercise of leadership, which removes part of the planning already prepared by the agency and the sector.

Este trabalho objetivou compreender e elucidar a aplicabilidade da noção de liderança na Gerência Média nas agências da Regional Caxias do Sul do Banco Delta, liderança esta que pode ser de pessoas, de negócios ou de processos, para os resultados da empresa. Para tanto, em um estudo de caso qualitativo, levantou-se a visão destes gerentes com relação ao mercado bancário para a necessidade de liderança (fatores do ambiente bancário que favorecem tal atitude e ainda quais os fatores que desfavorecem o exercício da liderança); como o Banco Delta apresenta a necessidade de liderança para sua Gerência Média e se existe espaço para atuação como líder, proporcionado pelo Banco ou mesmo através de sua própria iniciativa. Através de entrevistas, de pesquisa a documentos internos e de observação, procurou-se identificar situações do dia a dia que retratam a atuação desses Gerentes, bem como conhecer as condições das agências. Os questionamentos e as observações também foram dirigidos aos superiores (Gerentes Gerais) e subordinados (escriturários) do público pesquisado, haja vista que estes profissionais igualmente fazem parte deste processo de atuação da Gerência Média. Como principais resultados tem-se que as agências pesquisadas são grandes, com ótimos potenciais de negócios e um grande número de funcionários, o que indica que os setores internos necessitam de uma liderança localizada, não dependendo apenas do Gerente Geral. Os negócios acontecem nas carteiras, nos setores, e sem esta liderança o atingimento dos objetivos fica comprometido. Observou-se a existência de espaço para tal exercício, mesmo diante de alguns argumentos de demandas urgentes quanto a vendas, com desafios diários, metas pontuais na semana ou cobranças exageradas. Os perfis de cada gerente determinam o tamanho e a qualidade desta liderança. São, contudo, desfavoráveis ao exercício da liderança as mudanças repentinas de foco, com desafios “relâmpago” e cobranças “intradia”, o que retira parte do planejamento já elaborado pela agência e pelo setor. / This study aimed to understand and clarify the applicability of the concept of leadership in the Middle Management in the Caxias do Sul Regional branches of Banco Delta. This leadership might include people, businesses or processes for the results of the company. Therefore, a qualitative case study was carried out to investigate the vision of these managers regarding the banking market, the need of leadership (the banking environment factors that favor such an attitude and also which factors are against the exercise of leadership); How Banco Delta presents the need for leadership to their Middle Management; and also whether there is room for acting as a leader, provided by Banco Delta or through their own initiative. Through interviews, research of internal documents and observations, we sought to identify situations of everyday life that depict the performance of these managers, as well as to know the conditions of the agencies. The questions and observations were also directed to superiors (General Managers) and subordinates (clerks) of the researched public, given that these professionals are also part of this process of Middle Management performance. The main results are that the agencies surveyed are large, with great business potential and a large number of employees, which indicates that internal sectors need a located leadership, depending not only on the general manager. Business happens in the portfolios, sectors, and without this leadership the achievement of objectives is compromised. It was observed that there is room for such an exercise, despite some arguments that there are urgent demands as sales, with daily challenges, specific goals in the week, or exaggerated charges. The profiles of each manager determine the size and quality of this leadership. Sudden changes of focus, with "Lightning" challenges and charges "intraday" are, however, unfavorable to the exercise of leadership, which removes part of the planning already prepared by the agency and the sector.