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At present, humanity faces one of its most pressing and daunting challenges: climate change. For this reason, sustainable development is a topic more urgent now than ever. CSR 2.0 is a model introduced to tackle the limitations of traditional CSR practices that have been shown to be ineffective over time. As Sweden is a country that leads with a great sustainability standpoint, the purpose of this thesis is, therefore, to gain insight and knowledge on the drivers and barriers from CSR to CSR 2.0 in companies operating in Sweden. This study observes an interpretive philosophy through a qualitative study that aims to understand the drivers' contrary barriers to the shift. With a mixed methods methodology and use of triangulation, the empirical data is collected in accordance with four companies from semi-structured interviews, annual and sustainability reports, as well as from website information. The empirical findings are analyzed thematically through coding, where eleven sub-themes and two themes emerged. This study discovers the practices that occur within companies through an inductive approach and proposes that the companies have evolved and currently pursue and perform certain CSR 2.0 practices. The findings justify that all companies experience drivers of their fundamentals, long-term vision, climate action, value chains, innovation, organizational culture, competitive advantage as well as internal and external pressure which adhere to CSR 2.0. Additionally, barriers of risk aversion, lack of resources as well as monitoring and evaluation were identified. This thesis has contributed to existing literature to fill the gap on what acts as drivers and barriers to how companies pursue CSR 2.0. The findings may be valuable for companies that feel the need to adapt their CSR approaches in response to our evolving world.

Many Extension organizations in the United States utilize social media to communicate with clients and deliver Extension educational programs. The purpose of this study was to investigate what social media platform Extension employees were using as a communication tool to deliver educational programs, and to examine factors influencing Extension employees’ attitude toward using social media with Mississippi State University Extension. The study followed a descriptive correlational design, using a researcher- developed questionnaire. Data were collected via Qualtrics. A total of 170 Extension faculty and agents responded to the questionnaire. Most of respondents were Extension agents, white, with an equal percentage of male and female. Their age ranged from less than 25 to over 65 years old, and 51.2% were in age range from 25 to 44 years old (f = 87). Facebook and Twitter were the most-used social media platforms by Extension faculty and agents. Based on 135 usable responses of social media users, two principle component analyses were conducted. The result of principle component analyses on organizational and social media scales revealed five components that influence social media use. These five variables were named social media characteristics, clients’ interest and skills, graphic skills, organizational support, and availability of equipment and Internet. The results revealed that Extension faculty and agents’ social media users and nonusers have a positive (in range of agree) attitude toward using social media in Extension. Social media users have positive (in range of agree) perceived usefulness of social media in Extension. Extension faculty and agents Facebook self-efficacy was in the range of agree, and their Twitter self-efficacy was in range neither agree nor disagree. Perceived usefulness, clients’ interest and skills, and social media characteristics were the significant factors that influenced Extension faculty and agents attitude toward social media with Mississippi State University Extension.

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Previous organizational research has shown that people who perceived discrimination can bounce back from their negative experiences by constructing underdog stories: narratives in which others do not believe an individual could succeed, but in the end, the person succeeds. However, this concept has not been tested in the educational setting. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if constructing underdog stories can influence how college students perceive potential barriers in education. Participants were randomly assigned conditions: Underdog and control (neutral stories) condition. We hypothesized that creating underdog stories would reduce perceived barriers in college. We further hypothesized that creating "neutral" control stories, narratives where people do not have to overcome any challenges, will not affect perceived barriers in college. These hypotheses were tested by comparing participants' underdog story reflections and the control group's story reflections. McWhirter's Perceived Barriers Scale (1992), a commonly instrument used in perceived college barriers and education studies, was used to establish and analyze participants' perceived barriers in education.

Background: Internationally educated nurses (IENs) have become a significant source of nursing supply as a result of nursing workforce shortages, the aging population and patient acuity. However, IENs face substantial delays and barriers obtaining licensure and employment equivalent to their skills and experience. When IENs are unable to practice their profession, they experience a considerable loss of professional identity, earning potential and financial stability. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and map key themes in the existing literature on the barriers and strategies to timely nursing registration for IENs. Methods: Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework was used for this study. Seven electronic databases were searched along with several grey literature sources in order to capture articles that discussed barriers and strategies to timely nursing registration for IENs. A numerical and thematic analysis was conducted to explore the scope of the literature and to present the findings. Results: After full-text screening, 38 pieces of relevant literature were selected for inclusion in the review. The majority (53%) were studies and most (42%) were qualitative. Seven key themes emerged from the thematic analysis: timely information, credential assessment, obtaining documents, language requirements, nursing registration costs, bridging programs and the nursing registration exam. Conclusion: While some IENs are able to successfully navigate the process for obtaining nursing licensure, it is clear that many IENs face obstacles at every step of the process and some never become registered as nurses. Further research is required about whether the various bridging programs and initiatives meet the needs of IENs and help them become registered as nurses. Findings from this scoping review have significant implications for nurse staffing and policies and practices to improve the strength, stability, and diversity of the nursing workforce. / Thesis / Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) / This study explores the literature on internationally educated nurses (IENs) and the difficulties they face, as well as the strategies they use to obtain nursing registration. Arksey and O’Malley’s framework was used to guide this scoping review. Seven databases were searched along with many grey literature sources in order to find articles on barriers and strategies to nursing registration for IENs. A numerical and thematic analysis was conducted to present the findings. Seven main themes emerged from the thematic analysis: timely information, credential assessment, obtaining documents, language requirements, nursing registration costs, bridging programs and the nursing registration exam. More research is required about whether the various bridging programs and initiatives meet the needs of IENs and help them become registered as nurses. Findings from this study are important for nurse staffing and policies and practices to improve the stability and diversity of the nursing workforce.

Bakgrund: Flera länder i världen har utvecklats till multikulturella samhällen. Detta innebär nya utmaningar för sjuksköterskor i vården eftersom de kommer att träffa på patienter som inte talar samma språk som sjuksköterskorna eller har samma kultur. Detta kan leda till språkbarriärer och kulturkrockar som sjuksköterskorna måste kunna övervinna.Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom en litteraturstudie uppmärksamma sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av att möta patienter med olika språk och kultur än sig själva och de risker och barriärer detta kan medföra i en vårdsituation.Metod: En litteraturstudie som är baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats som genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning och analys. Teman identifierades därefter.Resultat: Språkbarriärer, kommunikationssvårigheter, kulturskillnader, brist på kunskap inom tolkservice och kultur identifierades som utmaningar som kunde påverka sjuksköterskans arbete negativt.Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor är i behov av mer utbildning och kunskap om hur de ska gå tillväga vid vård av patienter som inte talar samma språk eller har samma kultur som sjuksköterskorna. Sjuksköterskorna borde erbjuda vård på ett professionellt sätt oberoende av patientens bakgrund eller dennes förmåga att kommunicera. / Background: Several countries in the world have developed into multicultural societies. This means new challenges for nurses in care because they will encounter patients who do not speak the same language as the nurse or share the same culture. This can lead to language barriers and cultural clashes that nurses must be able to overcome.Aim: The aim of this study was that through a literature review draw attention to nurses' experiences of meeting patients who don’t speak the same language as the nurses of the the same cultural beliefs, and the risks and barriers that these factors may cause in a care situation.Method: A literature study that is based on ten scientific articles with a qualitative approach that were analysed and reviewed. Themes were then identified.Results: Language barriers, communication difficulties, cultural differences, lack of knowledge of interpreter services and culture were identified as challenges that could affect the nurse's work negatively.Conclusion: nurses are in need of more education and knowledge about how to proceed in the care of patients who do not speak the same language or share the same culture as the nurses. The nurses should provide health care in a professional manner regardless of the patient's background or his ability to communicate.

Bakgrund: Migration leder till att personer med olika bakgrund och kulturella tillhörigheter möts och skapar ett mångkulturellt samhälle där olika språk talas. Språk har stor betydelse för kommunikation och när olika språk talas kan språkbarriärer uppstå. Språkbarriärer upplevs utmanande i vården eftersom det begränsar och försvårar kommunikation och kan därmed hindra god vård.  Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta patienter som talar annat språk än sjuksköterskan.  Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvalitativa artiklar som söktes i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycInfo. Analys genomfördes med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell.  Resultat: Sjuksköterskor beskriver olika utmaningar och strategier när de vårdar dessa patienter. Det presenteras i fem kategorier och elva subkategorier. Kategorierna är: Effekter av bristande kommunikation, Behov av kompetensutveckling, Krav på förändrad organisation, Använda tillgängliga resurser som stöd och Egna strategier för att överbrygga språkbarriärer.  Konklusion: Fungerande kommunikation är avgörande för att ge säker vård. Sjuksköterskor kan känna sig otillräckliga när de vårdar patienter som talar annat språk. Organisationen behöver därför utveckla tydliga riktlinjer och hjälpverktyg för att stötta sjuksköterskor att hantera språkbarriärer i vården. / Background: As a result of migration, people with different backgrounds and cultural affiliations meet and create a multicultural society where different languages are spoken. Language is important for communication and when different languages are spoken, language barriers may arise. Language barriers are perceived as challenging in healthcare because they limit and complicate communication and might therefore become an obstacle to good healthcare.  Aim: To highlight the experiences of nurses when meeting patients that speak another language than the nurse.   Methods: Literature study based on eight qualitative articles which was searched in the databases Cinhal, PubMed and PsycInfo. The analysis was conducted using Friberg’s five step model.  Results: Nurses describe different challenges and strategies when caring for these patients. This is presented in five categories and eleven subcategories. The categories are: Impacts of a deficient communication, Need for competence development, Requirements for changed organization, Using available resources to facilitate communication and Strategies for bridging language barriers.  Conclusion: A crucial factor in providing safe care is functioning communication. Nurses may feel inadequate when caring for patients who speak another language. Therefore, the organization needs to develop clear guidelines and tools to support nurses dealing with language barriers within nursing care.

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