In this thesis I present three papers on the Economics of the base metals industry. The thesis studies production, trading, and investment in the base metals industry, and thus explains some phenomena of the industry in an international context. Using the features of the base metals industry such as the practices in production and trading, physical properties, geology of the deposits and so on, we build theoretical models to simulate the behavior of the industry. In Chapter One, we study the determinants and the trend of base metals prices over time by an equilibrium model of supply and demand. Because the different types of natural resources exhibit different patterns of price changes in history, we particularly simulate the long run equilibrium to study the impacts of the determinants for base metals prices. The Cobb-Douglass production function on the supply side allows substitution among production factors. The demand function for base metals from the economy is also derived. In the long run, equilibrium of aggregate supply and demand determines the systematic price trend. We show how trends of base metals prices depend on technological progress, resource scarcity, natural resource tax, and the interest rate. Assuming constant returns to scale in base metals production, the price elasticity of the supply of base metals is relatively small. Interestingly, a high natural resource tax leads to a high price but low rate of price change over time. On the supply side, the decline of base metals relative prices can thus be explained by the inverse supply functions. On the demand side, the relative price is also declining over time as we see the implications of the inverse demand functions and our numerical illustrations. By solving the equilibrium condition, we show that the economic rent of base metals minerals in reserve may decline over time, or even not be valuable in future. The price elasticities of supply and demand are calculated and decomposed into specific effects. These are systematic components of base metal price changes in the world market. Chapter Two deals with the fluctuations in the prices of base metals. We consider the price in the short run as an equilibrium of trade. If the long run equilibrium regulates the prices and sets them in a stabilization, then the fluctuations in price are caused by the trade and speculative activities. By simulating speculative activities and optimizing the utility of agents in international exchanges, we show that the price fluctuations are the response to risk preferences of agents and the scale of international exchanges. We find out the critical point of production investment, which depends on the market demand, profitability of the metal industry, and the distribution of base metal minerals in nature. In the specific case of the industry versus the market condition when the uncertain production is above the critical point, the price of base metal fluctuates more or less according to the number of producer offers in base metal exchanges, the speculative activities, and risk preferences of agents. In contrast, if the investment level of the base metals industry in uncertain production is below the critical point, the effects of base metal exchanges scale to the price are in the reverse direction. The comparative statics inequalities are derived to clarify the responses of the price to the risk preferences of agents and scale of the international exchanges. Hence, the non-systematic changes of base metals prices in international exchanges are explained. Chapter Three studies the impact of the industrial and commercial processes on investment decisions in the base metals industry. The investment decisions of investors in the primary capital market and the stock price in the secondary capital market reflect properties of the base metals industry in capital markets. We present a model of investments, which is a two stage game that incorporates Hall-Jorgenson neoclassical investment analysis and properties of the base metals industry. The paper presents a set of explanatory parameters for the properties of base metal stocks and analyzes the investment decisions. We define the industry factor and explain the empirical observations on the beta coefficient of base metal stocks. The relationships between stock prices and base metals prices are clarified using the geology of base metals deposits. The results show that there is a strong impact of the industry factor on the volatility of base metal stock prices. Economies of scale in the mining industry lead to different effects of tax policy and output prices on investment decisions. We support conclusions of the model by evidence in the base metals industry. There are policy implications that are derived from the equations of the optimal investment. Key words : Base Metals, Price Fluctuations, Price Trends, Risk Aversion, Metals Industry, LME, International Exchange, Metal Stocks, Investment.

Submitted by MILENA NOVA CASTELBLANCO null (milenan80@gmail.com) on 2016-05-18T23:09:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Biotecnologia_Milena_Nova.pdf: 2319209 bytes, checksum: 5f8a2cf09d53469b118673ce803f4c05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-20T19:50:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 castelblanco_mn_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1007182 bytes, checksum: a277306214e78520e7169816799bf058 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T19:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 castelblanco_mn_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1007182 bytes, checksum: a277306214e78520e7169816799bf058 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A demanda crescente de metais como ferro, cobre, entre outros ocasionou o esgotamento progressivo dos depósitos minerais; de tal modo que as companhias mineradoras desenvolveram tecnologias alternativas aos métodos convencionalmente aplicados para a recuperação e extração de metais valiosos partir de minerais de baixo teor e outras fontes de metais polimetálicos como minerais de ferro que contem metais de base associados. Uma dessas alternativas é a biomineração que utiliza principalmente microrganismos procariontes e eucariontes para acelerar a dissolução oxidativa de minerais sulfetados presentes em minérios de baixo teor produzindo a solubilização de metais associados; esta biotecnologia é atualmente usada apenas para processar minérios reduzidos e rejeitos minerais uma vez que a maioria destes minerais são sulfetados. No entanto, muitos metais de valor econômico também são encontrados em minerais que são parcial ou totalmente oxidados como as lateritas de cobre ou níquel, minerais que não são susceptíveis à dissolução oxidativa; portanto, os minerais de ferro férrico contidos nesses minérios não podem ser processados oxidativamente, pois estes compostos são susceptíveis de serem reduzidos por processos biológicos, derivando na solubilização de metais associados. Microrganismos acidófilos tais como Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans podem catalisar a redução dissimilatória de íons férricos na ausência de oxigênio para acelerar a solubilização destes metais. Estudos recentes têm mostrado que essa nova abordagem pode ser utilizada para extrair metais tais como níquel e cobre a partir de minérios oxidados a uma velocidade mais elevada do que pode ser conseguido por processos oxidativos. Neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de redução biológica de íons férricos acoplado a oxidação anaeróbia de enxofre elementar em um biorreator automatizado de 2 L com temperatura, agitação e pH constantes, usando um minério de ferro e uma cultura pura da bactéria anaeróbia facultativa At. ferrooxidans. A amostra foi fornecida pelo Instituto Tecnológico Vale - Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ITV-DS) e analisada por difração de raios X (DRX) evidenciando fases dominantes de monazita (Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4, coesita (SiO2) e goethita (FeO (OH)). Os resultados do processo mostraram que metais como Cr, Al, Ca, Co Cu, K, Mg Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn foram solubilizados no processo bioredutivo com porcentagens de remoção de 93,3% para Mn e 34,7 para Zn, Nb um metal raro e as terras raras como lantânio (La) e cério (Ce) foram também solubilizadas no processo com 61%,17,9 % e 3,2% respetivamente, as outras terras raras que não solubilizaram como Sm e Nd foram expostas no resíduo mineral. Também foram solubilizados fosfatos nos primeiros dez dias atingindo 1% de solubilização. O resíduo solido foi avaliado por DRX e apresentou formação de novas fases como sodalita (K7,7Na0,3(AlSiO4)6(Cl)4)2), berlinita (AlPO4) e hematolita ((Mn2+, Mg, Al)15(AsO3) (AlO4)2(OH)2) e uma aparente diminuição da presença das fases de goethita e monazita. A análise do resíduo por microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-FEG) mostrou uma diferença na diminuição da presença das partículas menores presentes na amostra original e claramente uma maior presença de partículas maiores no sólido biolixiviado. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram a recuperação de diversos metais, além de terras raras num minério de ferro, a recuperação de fosfatos que não estava prevista como objetivo inicial do trabalho, também foi observada. Estes resultados evidenciam que a dissolução redutiva catalisada por bactérias é uma alternativa promissória para a utilização de diversos tipos de minério de baixo teor que não poderiam ser processados por processos oxidativos e que seriam uma fonte para a recuperação de metais e outros compostos de interesse econômico, além de ser. ambientalmente amigável comparada com os processos convencionalmente aplicados para a recuperação de metais. / The growing demand for metals such as iron, copper, and others has caused the gradual exhaustion of mineral deposits; such a way that the mining companies have developed technologies alternative to the methods conventionally applied for the recovery and extraction of valuable metals from low grade minerals and other sources of polymetallic metals such as iron minerals which contains base metals associated. One such alternative is the biomining which uses mainly microorganisms prokaryotes and eukaryotes to accelerate the oxidative dissolution of sulphide minerals present in low grade ores producing solubilization of associated metals; This biotechnology is currently used only to process reduced ores and minerals tailings since most of these minerals are sulphides. However, many metals of economic value are also found in minerals that are partially or fully oxidized like copper or nickel laterites, minerals that are not susceptible to oxidative dissolution; therefore, the mineral ferric iron contained in these ores can not be oxidatively processed, since these compounds are capable of being reduced by biological processes, deriving the associated solubilizing metals. Acidophilic microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can catalyze the dissimilatory reduction of ferric iron in the absence of oxygen to accelerate the solubilization of these metals. Recent studies have shown that this new approach can be used to extract metals such as copper and nickel from oxide ores at a higher speed than can be achieved by oxidative processes. In this work were carried out biological reduction tests of ferric iron coupled anaerobic oxidation of elemental sulfur in an automated bioreactor 2 L with temperature, agitation and pH constant in anaerobic conditions using an iron ore and a pure culture of facultative anaerobic bacterium At. ferrooxidans. The sample was provided by the Vale Technology Institute - Sustainable Development (ITV-DS) and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showing dominant phases of monazite ((Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4), coesita (SiO2) and goethite (FeO (OH)). The process results showed that metals such as Cr, Al, Ca, Co Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were solubilized in the bioreductive process with removal percentages 93.3% by Mn and 34.7, for Zn, Nb, a rare metal and rare earths elements such as lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) were also solubilized in the process with 61%, 17.9% and 3,2% respectively, other rare earths not solubilized as Sm and Nd were exposed in the mineral residue. Also were solubilized phosphates in the first ten days to reach 1% solubilization. The solid residue was evaluated by XRD and showed formation of new phases such as sodalite (K7,7Na0,3(AlSiO4)6(Cl)4)2), berlinita (AlPO4) and hematolita ((Mn2+, Mg, Al)15(AsO3) (AlO4)2(OH)2) and an apparent reduction in the presence of goethite and monazite phases Analysis of the residue by scanning electron microscopy with field emission (SEM-FEG) showed a difference in reducing the presence of smaller particles present in the original sample and clearly a greater presence of larger particles in the solid biolixiviado. The results of this study showed the recovery of various metals, besides rare earths in an iron ore, phosphates recovery which was not expected as initial objective of this study was also observed. These results show that the reductive dissolution catalyzed by bacteria is a promising alternative to the use of different types of low grade ores that could be processed by oxidative processes and it would be a source for recovery of metals and other compounds of economic interest, besides being environmentally friendly compared to the processes conventionally applied to the recovery of metals.

O evento sensu lato Uatumã é caraterizado pelo intenso magmatismo de afinidade cálcio-alcalina, relacionado com a presença de arcos vulcânicos continentais Paleoproterozóicos no período 2,1 a 1,88 Ga, associados com as suítes magmáticas Cuiú- Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, com significativa relevância no potencial metalogenético na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, especificamente na Província Mineral do Tapajós. Inclui também as rochas vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A, predominantemente fissurais, de ca 1,87 Ga. Estes arcos magmáticos continentais nomeados Arcos Tapajônicos, tem rochas excepcionalmente bem preservadas de processos tectônicos e metamórficos, o que tem permitido caracterizar os sistemas geológicos, os ambientes tectônicos de formação, os sistemas magmáticos-hidrotermais do tipo epitermal e pórfiro associados, por vezes mineralizados em metais preciosos e de base. Estes arcos são compostos por rochas graníticas diversas, faneríticas e porfiríticas, granófiros, pórfiros riolíticos a andesíticos, andesitos, dacitos, riodacitos e riolitos, estes em maior volume. As rochas vulcânicas compõem derrames, domos e diques, comumente com fácies variadas de rochas vulcanoclásticas associadas, incluindo grandes depósitos de ignimbritos, assim como rochas sedimentares clasticas típicas de ambiente continental deposicional incluindo depósitos de leques aluviais e fluviais compostos por arenitos, conglomerados, siltitos e argilitos junto com unidades lacustres, representadas por lamitos vermelhos com leitos de chert contemporâneas aos eventos vulcânicos paleproterozóicos. As rochas destes arcos são em geral peraluminosas a metaluminosas e pertencem à serie cálcio-alcalina enriquecida em potássio, com tendências shoshoníticas, e mostram semelhança às geradas pelo magmatismo sin- a pós-orogênico em ambiente de arco vulcânico continental maturo, desenvolvido em margens continentais ativas. Dados isotópicos de Sm-Nd de um conjunto representativo de amostras da região indicam valores de \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' negativos e valores baixos de 87Sr/86Sr, indicando a existência de importante contaminação de crosta continental. As idades modelos TDM indicam participação de crosta paleoproterozóica e arqueana na formação dos magmas. Tanto os dados isotópicos como os de magnetometria e de gravimetria indicam que estruturas profundas da região têm orientação geral aproximadamente E-W que parecem constituir extensões das zonas de cisalhamento arqueanas presentes na Província Mineral de Carajás até a altura do rio Tapajós. Em diversos litótipos sub-vulcânicos e vulcânicos mais ou menos evoluídos foram identificadas inúmeras ocorrências de alterações hidrotermais do tipo quartzo-sericita, por vezes com adulária, e argílica, está dominantemente em estilo fissural, que podem ser associadas a mineralizações epitermais do tipo low-sulfidation. Também estão presentes rochas hidrotermalizadas com pirofilita e alunita, caracterizando zonas de alterações argílicas avançadas em estilos pervasivo e fissural, típicas de mineralizações epitermais high-sulfidation. Em todos os litótipos, mas predominantemente em granitoides e pórfiros, foram identificadas alterações potássicas, sericítica, sericita-clorítica, propílitica e clorítica nos estilos pervasivo e fissural, as quais são representativas de típicos sistemas do tipo pórfiro. As fontes dos fluidos responsáveis pela alteração hidrotermal associada aos sistemas epitermais high- e low-sulfidation foram determinadas utilizando análises de isótopos de oxigênio e deutério em pares de minerais (quartzo-sericita e quartzo-caulinita) constituintes das zonas de alteração hidrotermal. Estes resultados indicam fluidos de origem magmática com misturas subordinadas de fluidos meteóricos de baixa latitude, sem a influência de água de degelo. Os valores de ?34Ssulfetos de pirita da rocha hidrotermalizada variam de +0,8 e +9,4 ?, confirmando a hipótese de fonte magmática também para o enxofre. Essas características são semelhantes às observadas em pórfiros cenozoicos de arcos magmáticos continentais e insulares. Estes resultados indicam um importante potencial para ocorrência de mineralizações de metais preciosos (Au e Ag) e de base (Cu, Pb, Zn e Mo) dos tipos epitermal e pórfiro na região, o que abre possibilidades para existência de mineralizações de grande porte nos arcos Tapajônicos, semelhantes àquelas presentes em arcos modernos, como os Andes, México e oeste dos Estados Unidos. E, caso isto venha a se confirmar, haverá um significativo impacto positivo para região, tanto econômico como social. A evolução geotectônica que deu origem aos eventos magmáticos continentais desenvolvidos no período 2,1 a 1,86 Ga definem a evolução metalogenética da Província Mineral do Tapajós. Os dados geocronológicos obtidos neste estudo mostram a existência no embasamento de rochas com idades de ca. 2,12 a 2,02, de 1,97 a 1,95 e de 1,89 Ga, que podem ser correlacionadas às rochas das suítes intrusivas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, assim como rochas hipoabissais (pórfiros) de idades ca. 1,98 a 1,95 e 1,87 correlacionadas com a suíte intrusiva Creporizão e Parauari. As rochas vulcânicas cálcio-alcalinas tradicionalmente reconhecidas como pertencentes ao Grupo Iriri apresentam neste estudo idades de ca. 2,0 Ga, de 1,97 a 1,95 Ga e de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, enquanto que vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A evidenciam idades de 1,87 a 1,85 Ga, indicando que há mais de um evento vulcânico além do magmatismo que deu origem ao Grupo Iriri. Estes resultados indicam uma evolução complexa do magmatismo paleoproterozóico das unidades reconhecidas como suítes magmáticas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, dentro do evento magmático sensu lato Uatumã. Foram reconhecidas ao menos quatro épocas metalogenéticas potencialmente férteis para mineralizações magmáticas-hidrotermais relacionadas com os arcos Tapajônicos gerados no evento sensu lato Uatumã, associadas a períodos de aumento da espessura cortical durante o Peloproterozóico no sul da Província Mineral de Tapajós, quais sejam: a) o período de 2,1 a 1,97 Ga onde se dá a evolução dos arcos magmáticos continentais Cuiú- Cuiú e Creporizão, correlacionáveis com duas épocas de mineralizações magmáticas- hidrotermais de ca. 2 Ga e de 1,97 Ga; b) O período ao redor de 1,95; e c) o período de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, relacionado ao arco continental Parauari. / The lato sensu Uatumã event is characterized by intense magmatism of calc-alkaline affinity, related to the presence of Paleoproterozoic continental volcanic arcs in a period between 2.1 to 1.88 Ga, associated with the magmatic suites Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, with significant relevance in the metallogenic potential in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton, specifically in the Tapajós Mineral Province. It also includes alkaline volcanic rocks (A-type) of fissural predominance, about 1.87 Ga. These continental magmatic arcs named Tapajônicos arcs, have exceptionally wellpreserved rocks from tectonic and metamorphic processes, which has allowed to characterize the geologic systems, tectonic settings of formation of the associated epithermal- and porphyry-types magmatic-hydrothermal systems, sometimes mineralized in precious and base metals. These arcs are composed of several granitic rocks, phaneritic and porphyritic, granophyres, rhyolitic to andesitic porphyries, andesites, dacites, rhyodacites and rhyolites, these in larger volume. Volcanic rocks make up lava flows, domes and dikes, commonly with varying facies of associated volcanoclastic rocks, including large deposits of ignimbrites, as well as clastic sedimentary rocks of a continental depositional environment including deposits of alluvial and fluvial fans composed of sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones and argillites along with lacustrine units, represented by red mudstones with beds of chert, contemporaneous with the Paleoproterozoic volcanic events. The rocks of these arcs are generally peraluminous to metaluminous, belonging to the high K calc-alkaline series, trending to the shoshonitic series, and they show similarity to those generated by syn- to post-orogenic magmatism in a mature continental volcanic arc, developed in active continental margins. Sm-Nd isotopic data of a representative set of samples from the region indicate negative \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' values and low values of 87Sr / 86Sr, indicating the existence of important continental crust contamination. The TDM model ages indicate participation of Paleoproterozoic and Archaean crust in the formation of magmas. Both isotopic, magnetometric and gravimetric data indicate that deep structures in the region have roughly E-W orientation that appear to constitute extensions of the Archaean shear zones present in the Carajás Mineral Province up to the Tapajós River. Numerous occurrences of quartz-sericite hydrothermal alterations, sometimes with adularia and argillic type, predominantly in fissural style, have been identified in several evolved volcanic and volcanic lithotypes that could be associated with low-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. Hydrothermalized rocks with pyrophyllite and alunite are also present, characterizing zones of advanced argillic alteration in pervasive and fissural styles, typical of high-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. In all lithotypes, but predominantly in granitoids and porphyries, were identified potassic, sericitic, sericitic-chloritic, propylitic and chloritic alterations in pervasive and fissural styles, which are representative of typical porphyry-type systems. The sources of the fluids responsible for the hydrothermal alteration associated with high- and low-sulfidation epithermal systems were determined using oxygen and deuterium isotope analyses in minerals pairs (quartz-sericite and quartz-kaolinite) constituents from hydrothermal alteration zones. These results indicate fluids of magmatic origin with subordinate mixtures of low latitude meteoric fluids, without the influence of de-icing water. The values of ?34Ssulfide values of pyrite from hydrothermalized rock range from +0.8 and +9.4 ?, confirming also the hypothesis of a magmatic sulfur source. These characteristics are similar to those observed in Cenozoic porphyries from continental and island magmatic arcs. These results indicate an important potential for the occurrence of precious metals (Au and Ag) and base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo) of the epithermal and porphyry types in the region, which opens possibilities for large mineralizations in the Tapajônicos arcs, similar to those present in modern arcs, like the Andes, Mexico and western of the United States. And, if this is to be confirmed, there will be a significant positive impact for the region, both economic and social. The geotectonic evolution that gave origin to the continental magmatic events developed in the period between 2.1 to 1.86 Ga define the metallogenic evolution of the Tapajós Mineral Province. The geochronological data obtained in this study show the existence in the basement of rocks with ages of ca. 2.12 to 2.02, from 1.97 to 1.95 and 1.89 Ga, which can be correlated to rocks of the Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites, as well as hypoabissal (porphyries) rocks of ca. 1.98 to 1.95 Ga and 1.87 Ga correlated with the Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites. Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks traditionally recognized as belonging to the Iriri Group present in this study have shown ages range of ca. 2.0 Ga, from 1.97 to 1.95 Ga and from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, while A-type alkaline volcanics yield ages from 1.87 to 1.85 Ga, indicating that there is more than one volcanic event besides the magmatism that gave rise to the Iriri Group. These results indicate a complex evolution of the paleoproterozoic magmatism of the units recognized as Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari magmatic suites, within lato sensu Uatumã magmatic event. At least four potentially fertile metallogenic epochs were recognized for hydrothermal-magmatic mineralizations related with the Tapajônicos arcs generated in the lato sensu Uatumã event, associated with periods of increase of crustal thickness during the Peloproterozoic in the southern area of the Tapajós Mineral Province, which are: a) the period from 2.1 to 1.97 Ga with the evolution of Cuiú-Cuiú and Creporizão continental magmatic arcs, correlated with two periods of magmatic-hydrothermal mineralizations of ca. 2.0 Ga and 1.97 Ga; b) The period around 1.95 Ga; and c) the period from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, related with the Parauari continental arc.

O evento sensu lato Uatumã é caraterizado pelo intenso magmatismo de afinidade cálcio-alcalina, relacionado com a presença de arcos vulcânicos continentais Paleoproterozóicos no período 2,1 a 1,88 Ga, associados com as suítes magmáticas Cuiú- Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, com significativa relevância no potencial metalogenético na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, especificamente na Província Mineral do Tapajós. Inclui também as rochas vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A, predominantemente fissurais, de ca 1,87 Ga. Estes arcos magmáticos continentais nomeados Arcos Tapajônicos, tem rochas excepcionalmente bem preservadas de processos tectônicos e metamórficos, o que tem permitido caracterizar os sistemas geológicos, os ambientes tectônicos de formação, os sistemas magmáticos-hidrotermais do tipo epitermal e pórfiro associados, por vezes mineralizados em metais preciosos e de base. Estes arcos são compostos por rochas graníticas diversas, faneríticas e porfiríticas, granófiros, pórfiros riolíticos a andesíticos, andesitos, dacitos, riodacitos e riolitos, estes em maior volume. As rochas vulcânicas compõem derrames, domos e diques, comumente com fácies variadas de rochas vulcanoclásticas associadas, incluindo grandes depósitos de ignimbritos, assim como rochas sedimentares clasticas típicas de ambiente continental deposicional incluindo depósitos de leques aluviais e fluviais compostos por arenitos, conglomerados, siltitos e argilitos junto com unidades lacustres, representadas por lamitos vermelhos com leitos de chert contemporâneas aos eventos vulcânicos paleproterozóicos. As rochas destes arcos são em geral peraluminosas a metaluminosas e pertencem à serie cálcio-alcalina enriquecida em potássio, com tendências shoshoníticas, e mostram semelhança às geradas pelo magmatismo sin- a pós-orogênico em ambiente de arco vulcânico continental maturo, desenvolvido em margens continentais ativas. Dados isotópicos de Sm-Nd de um conjunto representativo de amostras da região indicam valores de \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' negativos e valores baixos de 87Sr/86Sr, indicando a existência de importante contaminação de crosta continental. As idades modelos TDM indicam participação de crosta paleoproterozóica e arqueana na formação dos magmas. Tanto os dados isotópicos como os de magnetometria e de gravimetria indicam que estruturas profundas da região têm orientação geral aproximadamente E-W que parecem constituir extensões das zonas de cisalhamento arqueanas presentes na Província Mineral de Carajás até a altura do rio Tapajós. Em diversos litótipos sub-vulcânicos e vulcânicos mais ou menos evoluídos foram identificadas inúmeras ocorrências de alterações hidrotermais do tipo quartzo-sericita, por vezes com adulária, e argílica, está dominantemente em estilo fissural, que podem ser associadas a mineralizações epitermais do tipo low-sulfidation. Também estão presentes rochas hidrotermalizadas com pirofilita e alunita, caracterizando zonas de alterações argílicas avançadas em estilos pervasivo e fissural, típicas de mineralizações epitermais high-sulfidation. Em todos os litótipos, mas predominantemente em granitoides e pórfiros, foram identificadas alterações potássicas, sericítica, sericita-clorítica, propílitica e clorítica nos estilos pervasivo e fissural, as quais são representativas de típicos sistemas do tipo pórfiro. As fontes dos fluidos responsáveis pela alteração hidrotermal associada aos sistemas epitermais high- e low-sulfidation foram determinadas utilizando análises de isótopos de oxigênio e deutério em pares de minerais (quartzo-sericita e quartzo-caulinita) constituintes das zonas de alteração hidrotermal. Estes resultados indicam fluidos de origem magmática com misturas subordinadas de fluidos meteóricos de baixa latitude, sem a influência de água de degelo. Os valores de ?34Ssulfetos de pirita da rocha hidrotermalizada variam de +0,8 e +9,4 ?, confirmando a hipótese de fonte magmática também para o enxofre. Essas características são semelhantes às observadas em pórfiros cenozoicos de arcos magmáticos continentais e insulares. Estes resultados indicam um importante potencial para ocorrência de mineralizações de metais preciosos (Au e Ag) e de base (Cu, Pb, Zn e Mo) dos tipos epitermal e pórfiro na região, o que abre possibilidades para existência de mineralizações de grande porte nos arcos Tapajônicos, semelhantes àquelas presentes em arcos modernos, como os Andes, México e oeste dos Estados Unidos. E, caso isto venha a se confirmar, haverá um significativo impacto positivo para região, tanto econômico como social. A evolução geotectônica que deu origem aos eventos magmáticos continentais desenvolvidos no período 2,1 a 1,86 Ga definem a evolução metalogenética da Província Mineral do Tapajós. Os dados geocronológicos obtidos neste estudo mostram a existência no embasamento de rochas com idades de ca. 2,12 a 2,02, de 1,97 a 1,95 e de 1,89 Ga, que podem ser correlacionadas às rochas das suítes intrusivas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, assim como rochas hipoabissais (pórfiros) de idades ca. 1,98 a 1,95 e 1,87 correlacionadas com a suíte intrusiva Creporizão e Parauari. As rochas vulcânicas cálcio-alcalinas tradicionalmente reconhecidas como pertencentes ao Grupo Iriri apresentam neste estudo idades de ca. 2,0 Ga, de 1,97 a 1,95 Ga e de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, enquanto que vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A evidenciam idades de 1,87 a 1,85 Ga, indicando que há mais de um evento vulcânico além do magmatismo que deu origem ao Grupo Iriri. Estes resultados indicam uma evolução complexa do magmatismo paleoproterozóico das unidades reconhecidas como suítes magmáticas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, dentro do evento magmático sensu lato Uatumã. Foram reconhecidas ao menos quatro épocas metalogenéticas potencialmente férteis para mineralizações magmáticas-hidrotermais relacionadas com os arcos Tapajônicos gerados no evento sensu lato Uatumã, associadas a períodos de aumento da espessura cortical durante o Peloproterozóico no sul da Província Mineral de Tapajós, quais sejam: a) o período de 2,1 a 1,97 Ga onde se dá a evolução dos arcos magmáticos continentais Cuiú- Cuiú e Creporizão, correlacionáveis com duas épocas de mineralizações magmáticas- hidrotermais de ca. 2 Ga e de 1,97 Ga; b) O período ao redor de 1,95; e c) o período de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, relacionado ao arco continental Parauari. / The lato sensu Uatumã event is characterized by intense magmatism of calc-alkaline affinity, related to the presence of Paleoproterozoic continental volcanic arcs in a period between 2.1 to 1.88 Ga, associated with the magmatic suites Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, with significant relevance in the metallogenic potential in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton, specifically in the Tapajós Mineral Province. It also includes alkaline volcanic rocks (A-type) of fissural predominance, about 1.87 Ga. These continental magmatic arcs named Tapajônicos arcs, have exceptionally wellpreserved rocks from tectonic and metamorphic processes, which has allowed to characterize the geologic systems, tectonic settings of formation of the associated epithermal- and porphyry-types magmatic-hydrothermal systems, sometimes mineralized in precious and base metals. These arcs are composed of several granitic rocks, phaneritic and porphyritic, granophyres, rhyolitic to andesitic porphyries, andesites, dacites, rhyodacites and rhyolites, these in larger volume. Volcanic rocks make up lava flows, domes and dikes, commonly with varying facies of associated volcanoclastic rocks, including large deposits of ignimbrites, as well as clastic sedimentary rocks of a continental depositional environment including deposits of alluvial and fluvial fans composed of sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones and argillites along with lacustrine units, represented by red mudstones with beds of chert, contemporaneous with the Paleoproterozoic volcanic events. The rocks of these arcs are generally peraluminous to metaluminous, belonging to the high K calc-alkaline series, trending to the shoshonitic series, and they show similarity to those generated by syn- to post-orogenic magmatism in a mature continental volcanic arc, developed in active continental margins. Sm-Nd isotopic data of a representative set of samples from the region indicate negative \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' values and low values of 87Sr / 86Sr, indicating the existence of important continental crust contamination. The TDM model ages indicate participation of Paleoproterozoic and Archaean crust in the formation of magmas. Both isotopic, magnetometric and gravimetric data indicate that deep structures in the region have roughly E-W orientation that appear to constitute extensions of the Archaean shear zones present in the Carajás Mineral Province up to the Tapajós River. Numerous occurrences of quartz-sericite hydrothermal alterations, sometimes with adularia and argillic type, predominantly in fissural style, have been identified in several evolved volcanic and volcanic lithotypes that could be associated with low-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. Hydrothermalized rocks with pyrophyllite and alunite are also present, characterizing zones of advanced argillic alteration in pervasive and fissural styles, typical of high-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. In all lithotypes, but predominantly in granitoids and porphyries, were identified potassic, sericitic, sericitic-chloritic, propylitic and chloritic alterations in pervasive and fissural styles, which are representative of typical porphyry-type systems. The sources of the fluids responsible for the hydrothermal alteration associated with high- and low-sulfidation epithermal systems were determined using oxygen and deuterium isotope analyses in minerals pairs (quartz-sericite and quartz-kaolinite) constituents from hydrothermal alteration zones. These results indicate fluids of magmatic origin with subordinate mixtures of low latitude meteoric fluids, without the influence of de-icing water. The values of ?34Ssulfide values of pyrite from hydrothermalized rock range from +0.8 and +9.4 ?, confirming also the hypothesis of a magmatic sulfur source. These characteristics are similar to those observed in Cenozoic porphyries from continental and island magmatic arcs. These results indicate an important potential for the occurrence of precious metals (Au and Ag) and base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo) of the epithermal and porphyry types in the region, which opens possibilities for large mineralizations in the Tapajônicos arcs, similar to those present in modern arcs, like the Andes, Mexico and western of the United States. And, if this is to be confirmed, there will be a significant positive impact for the region, both economic and social. The geotectonic evolution that gave origin to the continental magmatic events developed in the period between 2.1 to 1.86 Ga define the metallogenic evolution of the Tapajós Mineral Province. The geochronological data obtained in this study show the existence in the basement of rocks with ages of ca. 2.12 to 2.02, from 1.97 to 1.95 and 1.89 Ga, which can be correlated to rocks of the Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites, as well as hypoabissal (porphyries) rocks of ca. 1.98 to 1.95 Ga and 1.87 Ga correlated with the Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites. Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks traditionally recognized as belonging to the Iriri Group present in this study have shown ages range of ca. 2.0 Ga, from 1.97 to 1.95 Ga and from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, while A-type alkaline volcanics yield ages from 1.87 to 1.85 Ga, indicating that there is more than one volcanic event besides the magmatism that gave rise to the Iriri Group. These results indicate a complex evolution of the paleoproterozoic magmatism of the units recognized as Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari magmatic suites, within lato sensu Uatumã magmatic event. At least four potentially fertile metallogenic epochs were recognized for hydrothermal-magmatic mineralizations related with the Tapajônicos arcs generated in the lato sensu Uatumã event, associated with periods of increase of crustal thickness during the Peloproterozoic in the southern area of the Tapajós Mineral Province, which are: a) the period from 2.1 to 1.97 Ga with the evolution of Cuiú-Cuiú and Creporizão continental magmatic arcs, correlated with two periods of magmatic-hydrothermal mineralizations of ca. 2.0 Ga and 1.97 Ga; b) The period around 1.95 Ga; and c) the period from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, related with the Parauari continental arc.

The Bjursås ore field is located within the Bergslagen domain of central Sweden just northwest of the town of Falun. The field hosts small scale mines such as the 17th century Floberg copper mine and has been the focus of mineral exploration on several occasions during the 20th and early 21th century, with no major economic deposits being uncovered as of yet. Currently being explored by Boliden AB, this thesis focuses on alteration patterns in the southern part of the ore field, near the village of Oxberg. Several drill cores provided by Boliden AB have been logged and lithogeochemical samples were taken in intervals to aid in identifying alteration patterns and correlation.Three lithological and chemostratigraphic profiles have been created along a northeastern trend and show that the dominant lithologies are volcaniclastic silt- and sandstones with subordinate segments of pumiceous breccia-sandstones. They are primarily rhyolitic and dacitic. Pyritic argillite sediments belonging to the Oxberg formation occur sporadically and sub-intrusive and sills of amphibolites are common. Impure limestones with abundant quartz grains and limited lateral extents are encountered and suggest that high clastic input dominated during times favourable for limestone formation. The limestones do not host any major base metal mineralisation and coupled with limited lateral extents, do not appear to be a favourable future exploration target within the area.Two main alteration styles are recognised to be present in Oxberg. The first is an MgO-rich biotite-corderite-anthophyllite alteration and is associated with a weak to moderate impregnation of sphalerite and galena. The second is a FeO-rich biotite-garnet-staurolite-corderite alteration associated with magnetite-garnet-actionolite ± diopside skarn. No base metal sulphides are associated with the FeO-rich alteration. The MgO-rich style is interpreted be analogous to a metamorphosed VHMS-style hydrothermal system with a wider strong sericite-quartz alteration in the footwall and Mg-chlorite-rich near vent pipe alteration. The intercepted interval with MgO-rich alteration is located in an interpreted hinge zone of a fold in the Central profile and is interpreted to be a conduit feeder pipe for hydrothermally circulating fluids. Future drilling of this structure to learn the extent of the MgO-rich mineralised zone is recommended as it may lead to a massive sulphide lens.The Large box plot is demonstrated to be a useful tool for vectoring towards mineralisation in the area and may prove useful in future exploration of the area. Samples of sericite-quartz altered rock and MgO-rich alteration plot along trends on the Large box plot with MAI values that increase in the strongly altered sericite-quartz footwall rocks while CCPI values increase in the MgO-rich feeder zone that hosts base metal sulphides.Six chemical groups are identified around the Oxberg area. Of particular interest is the dacitic-andesitic chemical group, specifically siltstones, which display the strongest MgO-rich alteration. These are proposed to be a stratigraphic target interval for exploration and may lead to future base metal sulphide mineralisation in the area as well as the Bjurås ore field as a whole. / Bjursåsfältet ligger i Bergslagen strax nordväst om Falun. Vid Bjursåsfältet finns ett flertal hyttområden och mindre nedlagda gruvor, så som Flobergsgruvan som startades under 1600-talet. Området har varit i fokus för mineralprospektering vid flera tillfällen under 1900-talet och i början av 2000-talet men inga större mineraliseringar av ekonomiskt värde har hittats. Boliden AB undersöker för närvarande området och denna uppsats fokuserar på ett område inom Bjursåsfältet kring byn Oxberg. Omkring detta område har en stor omvandlingszon identifierats, men en detaljerad undersökning av denna zon har ännu inte gjorts. Mineraliseringar i berg beror ofta på att en fluid trängt igenom berget och av olika anledningar avsatt sitt metallinnehåll just där. Denna process leder vanligtvis också till att berget som fluiden trängt igenom omvandlas. En sådan omvandlingszon, som ofta är mycket större sett till volym än just själva mineraliseringen, kan agera som vägvisare för att nå fram till mineraliseringen.Borrkärnor som tidigare borrats inom detta område har karterats samt provtagits för kemisk analys med syfte att identifiera olika omvandlingsmönster och deras utbredning. Tre litologiska och kemiska tvärsnitt av underjorden har skapats utifrån borrkärnorna längs en nordöstlig trend. De visar att de dominerande bergarterna är utbrottsprodukter från olika vulkaner som var aktiva i området då bergarterna bildades. De är i första hand felsiska (ljusa bergarter, som exempelvis graniter) i sammansättning. Även lerrika sediment som tillhör Oxbergformationen förekommer sporadiskt och mafiska bergertar (mörka bergarter, som exempelvis basalt) samt orena kalkstenar förekommer i mindre utsträckning. Kalkstenar i Bergslagen är ofta associerade med mineralisering men detta verkar inte vara fallet kring Oxberg på grund av kalkstenarnas begränsade sidoutsträckning. Därmed föreslås kalksten inte vara ett gynnsamt mål för framtida prospektering i området.Två huvudsakliga omvandlingstyper är identifierade i Oxberg. Den första är en magnesiumrik biotit-corderit-antofyllit-omvandling som är associerad med en svag till måttlig impregnering av zinkblände och blyglans. Den andra är en järnrik biotit-granat-staurolit-corderit-omvandling i samband med magnetit-granat-aktinolit ± diopsid-omvandling. Inget zinkblände eller blyglans är förknippat med den järnrika omvandlingen. Den magnesiumrika omvandlingen gränsar till en bredare zon av stark sericit-kvarts-omvandling. Detta förhållande är utmärkande för en vis typ av malmbildningsprocess och en rekommendation är att titta närmare på just denna zon med hjälp av framtida borrningar.Utöver detta har två separata metoder identifierats vilka föreslås vara användbara för framtida prospektering av området. Metoderna baseras på kemisk provtagning av omvandlade bergarter och analysering enligt metoder beskrivna i denna uppsats.

Thesis (M. Tech.(Chemistry)--Vaal University of Technology)), 2010 / Mining industry produces metals which are economical and serve as high valuable commodities in South Africa. This country is regarded as the world leading producer of precious metals such as platinum group metals (PGMs). Silver (Ag), which is also a precious metal, contribute to the country’s economy wealth due to its significance during industrial applications. Base metals such as copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), though they are low valued, play a significant role in the republics economic wealth. Mining wastewater contains some of these metals, which end up polluting the environment. A possibility to recover this was investigated using NF membranes. Mine effluent was simulated by using relevant reagents. Characterization of NF90, NF- and NF270 membranes, was done by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), clean water permeability, single charged salts of NaCl and MgCl2 and binary mixture of NaCl/MgCl2 studies. All the rejection experiments were conducted at pH 2.0 with varying pressure and concentrations. Flux measurements indicated that water permeability through the membranes trend, NF270 > NF90 > NF-. The experiments were performed at pressures of 5 bar, 10 bar, 15 bar and 20 bar. For NF90 membrane, a rejection of Na+ monovalent ion in 20 ppm solution was less than of Mg2+ (divalent) ion. Percentage rejections of 90% (Na+) and 98% (Mg2+) were achieved. NF- had rejection of 83% and 90% for Na+ and Mg2+, respectively. In the case of NF270, the membrane had rejection of 92% (Na+) and 94% (Mg2+), respectively. At 100 ppm, all three membranes showed a decreasing trend in rejection while increasing pressure. For binary-solution mixture, Mg2+ ion still had the highest rejection compared to Na+ ion with about 94% and 85% on NF90 than on NF270 and NF-. The high rejection of divalent ion as compared to monovalent ion for charged solutes was due to solute size and electrostatic interaction between the membrane surface layer and the solute. In the case of transition metal rejection studies, Pd2+ ion had an average of 90%, with Ni2+ ion ≈ 95% and Cu2+ ion ≈ 98% as single salts on NF90 compared to NF270 and NF-. However, as for binary and trinary solution mixture, the competition amongst ions was high, where Pd2+ ion rejection was ≈ 99,0%, while Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions was > 90% on NF90 and NF-. Therefore it was excluded from the tests. For the monovalent metal ions (Ag+ and Cu+), the rejection was > 90% in almost all concentrations mixtures. During membrane fouling evaluation, AgCl salt fouled the most, compared to other metal ions, forming a concentration polarization accumulation on the membrane surface for both 20 and 100 ppm solutions. This situation leads to cake layer formation which causes a flux decline, reduces membrane life time and lowers the rejection performance of NF membranes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three commercial polymeric membranes (NF90, NF270 and NF-) during rejection of the metal

A Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta insere-se na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico e constitui uma região alongada na direção WNW-ESSE onde se situam depósitos auríferos associados ao magmatismo plutonovulcânico Paleoproterozoico. A área pesquisada abrange o garimpo de ouro do Papagaio, situado em Paranaíta, Mato Grosso. Durante o mapeamento geológico, foram identificados corpos de rochas plutônicas a subvulcânicas de composições granodiorítica e granítica, além de rochas vulcânicas e piroclásticas dacíticas e riolíticas. Estes litotipos são pertencentes à série calcioalcalina de médio a alto potássio, meta- a peraluminosas correspondentes a granitos do tipo I de arco vulcânico em margem continental ativa. As idades U-Pb mostraram que o magmatismo na região ocorreu aproximadamente entre 1.80 - 1.78 Ga. com zircões herdados de até 2,1 Ga, mostrando evidências da existência de uma crosta mais profunda e antiga durante a subducção. Os dados de \'épsilon\'Nd(t) mostraram a existência de contribuição crustal e mantélica na fonte de idade TDM entre 2.15-2.02 Ga. Estes dados revelaram que o vulcanismo na área é pertencente a Suíte Colíder, correspondente de um magmatismo que ficou ativo por aproximadamente 16 Ma e que evoluiu de composição dacítica a riolítica. A lavra garimpeira ocorre sobre uma mineralização aurífera com cobre, zinco e baixos teores de chumbo, preferencialmente confinada em veios que cortam os halos de alteração potássica, sericítica e propilítica. Os veios existentes na região evoluem de forma sistematica em seis tipos: (I) Veio de quartzo estéril associado ao halo da alteração potássica; (II) Veio de quartzo com minerais de minério, por vezes, associado ao halo sericítico; (III) Veio sulfetado com halo de alteração sericítica bem desenvolvido nas salbandas; (IV) e (V) Veios de quartzo e carbonato tardios; (VI) sistema de veios de quartzo mais novo e sem relação com a evolução do depósito. Os três primeiros tipos são semelhantes ao sistema A-B-D descrito em depósitos do tipo pórfiro, enquanto que os mais novos apresentam características de um ambiente mais raso e epitermal. O ouro ocorre principalmente na zona central dos veios do tipo II, em paragênese com a calcopirita + esfalerita + pirita ± galena ± magnetita. O quartzo dos veios sofreu diferentes intensidades de recristalização decorrente de subsequentes pulsos hidrotermais e as imagens de catodoluminescência mostraram que as inclusões fluidas aquocarbônicas representam fluidos primários com importante participação no transporte de conteúdo metalífero. Os resultados de isótopos estáveis de D, O e S em quartzo, sericita e pirita hidrotemais mostram que os fluidos são magmáticos com contribuições de fluidos meteóricos. Neste contexto, o Garimpo do Papagaio se desenvolveu sobre um arco magmático continental, a partir da intrusão de corpos graníticos hidratados e oxidados que marcam o evento magmático final da Suíte Colíder. Representa um depósito do tipo pórfiro que foi sobreposto por características epitermais intermediate-sulfidation, como resultado da telescopagem hidrotermal consequente do rebaixamento da câmara magmática. / The Alta Floresta Gold Province is situated on the southern portion of Amazonian Craton and forms an elongate region with WNW-ESSE direction where auriferous deposits are associated with Paleoproterozoic plutonovolcanic magmatism. The area of research covers the Papagaio artisanal gold mining, located in Paranaíta, Mato Grosso. During geological mapping, plutonic to subvolcanic rocks bodies of granodioritic and granitic compositions were identified, as well as dacitic and rhyolitic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. These lithotypes belong to the calc-alkaline series of medium to high potassium, meta- to peraluminous corresponding to type I granites of volcanic arc in an active continental margin. U-Pb ages showed that magmatism in the region has crystallized in the range of 1.80-1.78 Ga with inherited zircons up to 2.1 Ga, showing evidence of a deeper and older crust during subduction. \'épsilon\'Nd (t) data showed the contribution of crustal and mantle material in the source with TDM age between 2.15- 2.02 Ga. These data revealed that volcanism in the area belongs to the Colíder Suite, corresponding to a magmatism that was active for approximately 16 Ma and evolved from dacitic to a rhyolitic composition. The mining prospect occurs on gold mineralization with copper, zinc and low levels of lead, preferably confined in veins that cut potassic, seritic and propylitic alteration halos. The existing veins in the region evolve systematically into six types: (I) Barren quartz vein associated with potassic alteration halo; (II) Quartz vein with ore minerals, sometimes associated with sericitic halo; (III) Sulphide vein with a well developed sericitic alteration halo in the salbands; (IV) and (V) Late quartz and carbonate veins; (VI) system of quartz veins newer and unrelated to deposit evolution. The first three types are similar to A-B-D system described in porphyry deposits, while the newer ones have characteristics of a shallower and epithermal environment. Gold occurs mainly in the central zone of the type II veins, in paragenesis with chalcopyrite + sphalerite + pyrite ± galena ± magnetite. The quartz of the veins underwent different intensities of recrystallization due to subsequent hydrothermal pulses and cathodoluminescence images showed that aquocarbonic fluid inclusions represent primary fluids with important participation in metalliferous content transportation. The results of D, O and S stable isotope in hydrothermal quartz, sericite and pyrite show that fluids are magmatic with meteoric contributions. In this context, the Papagaio artisanal mining developed on a continental magmatic arc, from the intrusion of hydrated and oxidized granite bodies that mark the final magmatic event of the Colíder Suite. It represents a porphyry deposit that was superimposed by epithermal intermediate-sulfidation characteristics as a result of hydrothermal telescoping, resulting from the lowering of the magma chamber.

A Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta insere-se na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico e constitui uma região alongada na direção WNW-ESSE onde se situam depósitos auríferos associados ao magmatismo plutonovulcânico Paleoproterozoico. A área pesquisada abrange o garimpo de ouro do Papagaio, situado em Paranaíta, Mato Grosso. Durante o mapeamento geológico, foram identificados corpos de rochas plutônicas a subvulcânicas de composições granodiorítica e granítica, além de rochas vulcânicas e piroclásticas dacíticas e riolíticas. Estes litotipos são pertencentes à série calcioalcalina de médio a alto potássio, meta- a peraluminosas correspondentes a granitos do tipo I de arco vulcânico em margem continental ativa. As idades U-Pb mostraram que o magmatismo na região ocorreu aproximadamente entre 1.80 - 1.78 Ga. com zircões herdados de até 2,1 Ga, mostrando evidências da existência de uma crosta mais profunda e antiga durante a subducção. Os dados de \'épsilon\'Nd(t) mostraram a existência de contribuição crustal e mantélica na fonte de idade TDM entre 2.15-2.02 Ga. Estes dados revelaram que o vulcanismo na área é pertencente a Suíte Colíder, correspondente de um magmatismo que ficou ativo por aproximadamente 16 Ma e que evoluiu de composição dacítica a riolítica. A lavra garimpeira ocorre sobre uma mineralização aurífera com cobre, zinco e baixos teores de chumbo, preferencialmente confinada em veios que cortam os halos de alteração potássica, sericítica e propilítica. Os veios existentes na região evoluem de forma sistematica em seis tipos: (I) Veio de quartzo estéril associado ao halo da alteração potássica; (II) Veio de quartzo com minerais de minério, por vezes, associado ao halo sericítico; (III) Veio sulfetado com halo de alteração sericítica bem desenvolvido nas salbandas; (IV) e (V) Veios de quartzo e carbonato tardios; (VI) sistema de veios de quartzo mais novo e sem relação com a evolução do depósito. Os três primeiros tipos são semelhantes ao sistema A-B-D descrito em depósitos do tipo pórfiro, enquanto que os mais novos apresentam características de um ambiente mais raso e epitermal. O ouro ocorre principalmente na zona central dos veios do tipo II, em paragênese com a calcopirita + esfalerita + pirita ± galena ± magnetita. O quartzo dos veios sofreu diferentes intensidades de recristalização decorrente de subsequentes pulsos hidrotermais e as imagens de catodoluminescência mostraram que as inclusões fluidas aquocarbônicas representam fluidos primários com importante participação no transporte de conteúdo metalífero. Os resultados de isótopos estáveis de D, O e S em quartzo, sericita e pirita hidrotemais mostram que os fluidos são magmáticos com contribuições de fluidos meteóricos. Neste contexto, o Garimpo do Papagaio se desenvolveu sobre um arco magmático continental, a partir da intrusão de corpos graníticos hidratados e oxidados que marcam o evento magmático final da Suíte Colíder. Representa um depósito do tipo pórfiro que foi sobreposto por características epitermais intermediate-sulfidation, como resultado da telescopagem hidrotermal consequente do rebaixamento da câmara magmática. / The Alta Floresta Gold Province is situated on the southern portion of Amazonian Craton and forms an elongate region with WNW-ESSE direction where auriferous deposits are associated with Paleoproterozoic plutonovolcanic magmatism. The area of research covers the Papagaio artisanal gold mining, located in Paranaíta, Mato Grosso. During geological mapping, plutonic to subvolcanic rocks bodies of granodioritic and granitic compositions were identified, as well as dacitic and rhyolitic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. These lithotypes belong to the calc-alkaline series of medium to high potassium, meta- to peraluminous corresponding to type I granites of volcanic arc in an active continental margin. U-Pb ages showed that magmatism in the region has crystallized in the range of 1.80-1.78 Ga with inherited zircons up to 2.1 Ga, showing evidence of a deeper and older crust during subduction. \'épsilon\'Nd (t) data showed the contribution of crustal and mantle material in the source with TDM age between 2.15- 2.02 Ga. These data revealed that volcanism in the area belongs to the Colíder Suite, corresponding to a magmatism that was active for approximately 16 Ma and evolved from dacitic to a rhyolitic composition. The mining prospect occurs on gold mineralization with copper, zinc and low levels of lead, preferably confined in veins that cut potassic, seritic and propylitic alteration halos. The existing veins in the region evolve systematically into six types: (I) Barren quartz vein associated with potassic alteration halo; (II) Quartz vein with ore minerals, sometimes associated with sericitic halo; (III) Sulphide vein with a well developed sericitic alteration halo in the salbands; (IV) and (V) Late quartz and carbonate veins; (VI) system of quartz veins newer and unrelated to deposit evolution. The first three types are similar to A-B-D system described in porphyry deposits, while the newer ones have characteristics of a shallower and epithermal environment. Gold occurs mainly in the central zone of the type II veins, in paragenesis with chalcopyrite + sphalerite + pyrite ± galena ± magnetite. The quartz of the veins underwent different intensities of recrystallization due to subsequent hydrothermal pulses and cathodoluminescence images showed that aquocarbonic fluid inclusions represent primary fluids with important participation in metalliferous content transportation. The results of D, O and S stable isotope in hydrothermal quartz, sericite and pyrite show that fluids are magmatic with meteoric contributions. In this context, the Papagaio artisanal mining developed on a continental magmatic arc, from the intrusion of hydrated and oxidized granite bodies that mark the final magmatic event of the Colíder Suite. It represents a porphyry deposit that was superimposed by epithermal intermediate-sulfidation characteristics as a result of hydrothermal telescoping, resulting from the lowering of the magma chamber.

The Big Horn Mountains are a geologically complex range that extends over 500 square km in west-central Arizona. Three major lithologic terranes outcrop: (1) Proterozoic amphibolite, phyllite, schists, gneiss, and granite; (2) Mesozoic monzonite to diorite intrusives; and (3) Cenozoic mafic to silicic volcanic rocks and clastic rocks. The entire area is in the upper plate of a detachment fault and, consequently, contains many low- to high-angle normal faults. Each lithologic terrane has its associated mineral occurrences. The Big Horn district is exclusively hosted in the pre- Tertiary terrane. Most of its mineral occurrences are spatially related to the Late Cretaceous intrusive rocks. One occurrence, the Pump Mine, may be a metamorphic secretion deposit, and therefore, would be middle Proterozoic. The vast majority of the mineral occurrences in the Big Horn Mountains are middle Tertiary in age and occur in three districts: the Tiger Wash barite - fluorite district; the Aguila manganese district; and the Osborne base and precious metal district. Fluid inclusions from Tiger Wash fluorite (T(h) 120 to 210° C, NaCl wt. equivalent 17 to 18 percent not corrected for CO₂) and nearby detachment - fault- hosted Harquahala district fluorite (T(h) 150 to 230° C., NaC1 wt. equivalent 15.5 to 20 percent not corrected for CO₂) suggest cooling and dilution of fluids as they are presumed to evolve from the detachment fault into the upper plate. Mass-balance calculations suggest that the proposed evolution of fluids is sufficient to account for the observed tonnage of barite and fluorite. The Tiger Wash occurrences grade directly into calcite- gangue-dominated manganese oxides of the Aguila district. A wide range of homogenization temperatures (T(h) 200 to 370° C.), an absence of CO₂ and low salinities (NaC1 wt. equivalent 1 to 2 percent) in the Aguila district calcite-hosted fluid inclusions argue for distillation of fluids during boiling or boiling of non saline-meteoric waters. Mass - balance calculations modeling the evolution of Ca and Mn during potassium metasomatism of plagioclase in basalt suggest that little if any influx of these cations is necessary to form the calcite –dominated manganese oxide tonnage observed. The Aguila district grades directly to the east into the base-metal and precious-metal occurrences of the Osborne district. Preliminary data describing geological settings, fluid inclusions, and geochemistry suggest that the Osborne district has a continuum between gold-rich to silver-rich epithermal occurrences. The gold-rich systems have dominantly quartz gangue, with or without fluorite, and are hosted in a variety of rocks, but are proximal to Precambrian phyllite or mid-Tertiary rhyolite. Fluid inclusions from two occurrences representative of the gold -rich systems spread across a minor range (T(h) 190 to 230° C., NaC1 wt. equivalent 17 to 23 percent not corrected for CO₂). Dilution of highly saline fluids is the inferred mechanism for precipitation of gold in the gold-quartz systems. The silver-rich systems have dominantly calcite gangue with or without quartz, and are hosted in mid-Tertiary basalt. Calcite fluid inclusions from a representative high-silver occurrence display a wide range of homogenization temperatures and salinities (T(h) 120 to 370° C., NaC1 wt. equivalent 7 to 23 percent). Boiling and consequent neutralization of acidic solutions is the inferred mechanism for the silver-rich, calcite gangue systems. A model inferring a regional fluid-flow regime and local sources of metals is proposed. Four possible regional and local causes of fluid flow in upper-plate detachment regimes are proposed: (1) regional elevation of geothermal gradients as a result of middle-crustal, lower-plate rocks rising to upper crustal levels; (2) meteoric water recharge along the southeast flank of the Harquahala antiform and consequent displacement of connate waters in the upper-plate of the Big Horn Mountains; (3) local emplacement of feeder stocks to rhyolitic flows; (4) and tilting of major upper-plate structural blocks.