Este trabalho fornece evidências sobre o papel de ativos e passivos de tributos diferidos como instrumento de tolerância regulatória e arbitragem de capital regulatório por instituições financeiras brasileiras no período de 2004 a 2009. Visando atingir o objetivo da pesquisa, foram desenvolvidas duas hipóteses: a) a tolerância regulatória, visando verificar se os gestores utilizaram tributo diferido para apoiar ou atingir níveis de capital regulatório e quão realistas eram as estimativas sobre a capacidade de realização do tributo diferido, e b) a estratégia de arbitragem de capital regulatório, visando verificar se as escolhas sobre tributos diferidos dos gestores estavam relacionadas com o capital regulatório. Para tanto, este estudo obtêm evidências analisando informações contábeis anuais. As hipóteses são testadas utilizando as técnicas de análise de dados de regressão linear múltipla e regressão com dados em painel. Como resultado, o estudo mostrou que as instituições financeiras brasileiras utilizaram tributo diferido como instrumento de tolerância regulatória. As instituições financeiras não teriam atingido o capital regulatório mínimo sem esses valores. Apesar disso, foram apresentadas evidências de que os gestores foram realistas no reconhecimento de tributo diferido. Também foi mostrado que as decisões dos gestores das instituições financeiras brasileiras estavam orientadas pelo tributo diferido. Conforme apurado, as instituições financeiras com mais fortes posições de capital (maior Nível I) tendem a reportar maior tributo diferido ativo, contrariando a literatura internacional. De maneira geral, revelouse apenas um caso de como a contabilidade pode servir de ferramenta para interferir em questões políticas, econômicas e em setores regulados, buscando atingir fins regulatórios ou cumprir acordos dos quais o país faça parte. / This paper provides evidence on the role of assets and liabilities of deferred taxes as a tool of regulatory forbearance and regulatory capital arbitrage by Brazilian financial institutions in the period 2004 to 2009. In order to achieve the goal of research, two hypotheses were developed: a) the regulatory forbearance in order to verify whether the deferred tax managers used to support or achieve levels of regulatory capital and how the estimates were realistic about the ability to perform the deferred tax, b) the arbitrage strategy of regulatory capital in order to verify that the choices on deferred taxes of managers were related to regulatory capital. Therefore, this study obtained evidence by analyzing annual financial information. The hypotheses are tested using the techniques of data analysis of multiple linear regression and regression with panel data. As a result, the study showed that the Brazilian financial institutions have used deferred tax as a tool of regulatory forbearance. Financial institutions have not reached the minimum regulatory capital without these values. Nevertheless, evidence was presented that the managers were realistic recognition of deferred tax. It was shown that the decisions of the managers of Brazilian financial institutions were guided by deferred tax. As established, the financial institutions with stronger capital positions (higher Tier I) tend to report higher deferred tax asset, contrary to international literature. Overall, it was revealed just a case of how accounting can serve as a tool to interfere in political, economic and regulated industries, seeking to achieve regulatory purposes or to comply with agreements to which the country is part.

Το θεσμικό – ρυθμιστικό πλαίσιο και ο ρόλος του έχουν σημαντική θέση στην ορθολογική και αποτελεσματική εξέλιξη του χρηματοοικονομικού συστήματος, με την έννοια ότι μπορούν να επιταχύνουν την οικονομική ανάπτυξή του. Σπουδαία κρίνεται η χρησιμότητα της παρούσης μελέτης έγκειται στην ανάδειξη την σημασίας των ρυθμιστικών παρεμβάσεων σε κοινοτικό επίπεδο για την διασφάλιση της ομαλής και αξιόπιστης λειτουργίας των αγορών χρήματος και κεφαλαίου.Έτσι κι αλλιώς όλοι γνωρίζουμε ότι πλέον το οικονομικό περιβάλλον είναι ενιαίο και δέχεται συνεχείς αλληλεπιδράσεις. Γι αυτό το λόγο στην παρούσα μελέτη θα εξεταστεί το φαινόμενο της τρέχουσας οικονομικής κρίσης σε σχέση με την υφιστάμενη κατάσταση του ρυθμιστικού πλαισίου. Σκοπός είναι να καταδειχθούν οι αδυναμίες του στο πλαίσιο των παγκοσμιοποιημένων αγορών χρήματος και κεφαλαίου και της ανάπτυξης των διασυνοριακών συναλλαγών. θα κάνουμε αναφορά στις τελευταίες προτάσεις της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής σχετικά με την επανεξέταση του υπάρχοντος ρυθμιστικού πλαισίου έτσι όπως αυτές έχουν διατυπωθεί μέσω των επίσημων αρμόδιων Επιτροπών και Οργάνων με στόχο την εξυγίανση του ρυθμιστικού και εποπτικού πλαισίου. Κοινός τόπος της δημόσιας συζήτησης, πλέον, είναι η αναδιάρθρωση του υφιστάμενου ρυθμιστικού πλαισίου προς την ολοκλήρωση του σε διεθνές επίπεδο. / The regulating and legal framework has an exceptional role in the rational and effective development of the financing system, as it accelerates its economic growth. The present study sets emphasis on the importance of regulating interventions in the European Community as well as globally, in order to insecure the smooth and reliable operation of the market. The need for organized Capital markets is without doubt vital,so the existence of these also creates the need for independent supervisory authorities such as the Capital Market Commission. Also, our aim is to examine the correlation between the market's volality during the economic crisis we are still facing , and the effectiveness of the existing regulation and supervisory framework. At this point the European Committee is re-examining the governing policies that the supervisory authorities use as they were proved incapable to predict and to find the answers to the market problems. The reconsideration is about to happen so we present the propositions of the European Commission referring to the new "architectural" model of the framework.

Este trabalho fornece evidências sobre o papel de ativos e passivos de tributos diferidos como instrumento de tolerância regulatória e arbitragem de capital regulatório por instituições financeiras brasileiras no período de 2004 a 2009. Visando atingir o objetivo da pesquisa, foram desenvolvidas duas hipóteses: a) a tolerância regulatória, visando verificar se os gestores utilizaram tributo diferido para apoiar ou atingir níveis de capital regulatório e quão realistas eram as estimativas sobre a capacidade de realização do tributo diferido, e b) a estratégia de arbitragem de capital regulatório, visando verificar se as escolhas sobre tributos diferidos dos gestores estavam relacionadas com o capital regulatório. Para tanto, este estudo obtêm evidências analisando informações contábeis anuais. As hipóteses são testadas utilizando as técnicas de análise de dados de regressão linear múltipla e regressão com dados em painel. Como resultado, o estudo mostrou que as instituições financeiras brasileiras utilizaram tributo diferido como instrumento de tolerância regulatória. As instituições financeiras não teriam atingido o capital regulatório mínimo sem esses valores. Apesar disso, foram apresentadas evidências de que os gestores foram realistas no reconhecimento de tributo diferido. Também foi mostrado que as decisões dos gestores das instituições financeiras brasileiras estavam orientadas pelo tributo diferido. Conforme apurado, as instituições financeiras com mais fortes posições de capital (maior Nível I) tendem a reportar maior tributo diferido ativo, contrariando a literatura internacional. De maneira geral, revelouse apenas um caso de como a contabilidade pode servir de ferramenta para interferir em questões políticas, econômicas e em setores regulados, buscando atingir fins regulatórios ou cumprir acordos dos quais o país faça parte. / This paper provides evidence on the role of assets and liabilities of deferred taxes as a tool of regulatory forbearance and regulatory capital arbitrage by Brazilian financial institutions in the period 2004 to 2009. In order to achieve the goal of research, two hypotheses were developed: a) the regulatory forbearance in order to verify whether the deferred tax managers used to support or achieve levels of regulatory capital and how the estimates were realistic about the ability to perform the deferred tax, b) the arbitrage strategy of regulatory capital in order to verify that the choices on deferred taxes of managers were related to regulatory capital. Therefore, this study obtained evidence by analyzing annual financial information. The hypotheses are tested using the techniques of data analysis of multiple linear regression and regression with panel data. As a result, the study showed that the Brazilian financial institutions have used deferred tax as a tool of regulatory forbearance. Financial institutions have not reached the minimum regulatory capital without these values. Nevertheless, evidence was presented that the managers were realistic recognition of deferred tax. It was shown that the decisions of the managers of Brazilian financial institutions were guided by deferred tax. As established, the financial institutions with stronger capital positions (higher Tier I) tend to report higher deferred tax asset, contrary to international literature. Overall, it was revealed just a case of how accounting can serve as a tool to interfere in political, economic and regulated industries, seeking to achieve regulatory purposes or to comply with agreements to which the country is part.

The topic of capital structure has been one that has plagued the academic world for a number of years. There have been numerous works published on the subject which have presented such theories as the Modigliani and Miller Propositions, the Trade-off Theory, Pecking Order Theory, Signaling Theory and Agency Cost Theory to name a few. However, little research has been done on the application of these and other theories to banking institutions located in Southern Africa. This adds increased complexity to the determining of a local bank’s capital structure policy and the difficulty is further exacerbated by the increased application of regulatory control. In the wake of the recent global financial crisis, banking institutions have been placed under the spotlight and their capital adequacy levels come into question. A need was identified to investigate the impact that capital adequacy has on a bank’s performance and whether it achieves its purpose of increasing stability amongst banks. This study analysed the determinants of the capital structure of banks in South Africa based on secondary financial data and by performing this analysis attempted to establish trends in capital structure policy and regulatory compliance. The study also attempted to identify best practices that contribute to the overall value and performance of the banking institution. The expectation is that the correct application of capital structure theory and compliance with regulations will decrease a bank’s risk profile and in turn result in a more stable monetary system and economy. Overall, the results of the analysis were inconclusive, but lay the basis for potential future research. Conclusions drawn from the results and literature create greater understanding of the dynamics of capital structure and its implications to South African Banks. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Naidu, W 2011, The implications of capital structure theory and regulation for South African banking institutions, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01272012-122305 / > C12/4/97/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Financial Management / unrestricted

Baselregelverket är en samling råd och riktlinjer som har som mål att skapa finansiell stabilitet för banker världen över. Det finns i tre omfattningar och efter finanskrisen år 2008 påbörjades ett betydande reformarbete av Basel II efter att banker inte fångade upp riskerna i tillräckligt stor utsträckning. Med ökade kapitalkrav och en förbättrad riskhantering hos bankerna har Baselkommittén som mål att de tidigare bristerna med regelverket inte ska upprepas. Detta har medfört stora interna organisatoriska förändringar för bankerna. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur finanskrisen år 2008 och reformarbetet av Baselregelverket påverkat chefers handlingsutrymme på svenska banker, där begreppet handlingsutrymme utgår från managerial discretion som handlar om chefers handlingsfrihet under påverkan av externa faktorer. Studien kommer därmed att bidra med en ökad förståelse för regelverket och lyfta fram personliga uppfattningar om hur regelverket har påverkat cheferna.   Kandidatuppsatsen är baserad på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där vi utförde semi-strukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter med chefserfarenhet från svenska banker. Empirin som vi har fått fram tyder på att cheferna upplever ett minskat handlingsutrymme som en påföljd av mer komplexa regelverk. Det har blivit mer komplicerat för cheferna i dag jämfört med innan krisen att styra bankernas dagliga verksamhet på grund av ökade krav på regelefterlevnad och noggrannare uppföljning av riskmätning och kapitalkrav. Vi har även kommit fram till att cheferna upplever förändringar i sitt handlingsutrymme beroende på faktorer som exempelvis bankens storlek och deras införande av olika internmetoder. / The Basel Accords are a collection of advice and recommendations that strives to establish a financial stability of banks all over the world. The accord exists in three versions and after the financial crisis 2008 a considerable reform was established of Basel II due to the fact that previous versions did not accurately handled risks well enough. With the increasing capital requirements and improved risk management at banks, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision wants to ensure that the previous flaws with the accord will not be repeated. This has resulted in big organizational changes for the banks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the financial crisis 2008 and the reform of the Basel Accord that followed have affected the latitude of managerial action of the managers in swedish banks, which is based on managerial discretion that mean changes in managerial roles under influence of external factors. The study will thereby contribute with an increased understanding for this accord and point out personal perceptions of how the regulation have affected the managers.   This bachelor thesis is based on a qualitative research where we performed eight semi-structured interviews with respondents having managerial experiences from swedish banks. The empirical data we have obtained shows that managers perceive a reduced latitude of managerial action as a consequence of more complex regulations. It’s more complicated for managers today considering how it was before the crisis to control the daily operations of the bank because of the increased demand for compliance and a stricter monitoring of risk measurement and capital requirements. We have also concluded that managers are experiencing different changes in the latitude of managerial actions depending on factors such as the bank’s size and how they introduce the various internal methods

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa investiga o relacionamento entre o nÃvel de risco e o grau de competiÃÃo bancÃria. O trabalho define a estatÃstica-H do modelo de Panzar & Rosse e o Ãndice de BasilÃia como medidas de competiÃÃo e risco, e utiliza o modelo de Bolt & Tieman para esclarecer o relacionamento entre competiÃÃo e risco. Dada a relevÃncia do debate entre Allen & Gale, Grochulski & Kareken e Kahn, foi mensurada uma segunda medida de competiÃÃo que identifica os efeitos da concentraÃÃo (Ãndice de Herfindahl-Hirschman). Os resultados desta pesquisa sÃo: (a) a conclusÃo do modelo teÃrico de Bolt & Tieman no mercado brasileiro à vÃlida, a maior competiÃÃo implica em maior exposiÃÃo ao risco independente da medida de competiÃÃo utilizada, (b) nÃo mostrou significÃncia na relaÃÃo entre competitividade (estatÃstica H) e oferta de crÃdito e (c) os bancos brasileiros operam em concorrÃncia monopolista. / This paper investigates the relationship between risk and competition in banking. The competition is measure with statistic-H of Panzar & Rosse model. The risk is quantified in Brazilian Central Bank Index, Ãndice de BasilÃia. The discussion of Allen & Gale, Grochulski & Kareken and Kahn must measure a second competition index to identify concentration (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index). The results are: (a) the conclusion of the Bolt & Tieman model is valid in Brazilian banking, biggest competition implies bigger risk, (b) competitiveness (statistics H) did not significance to credit supply and (c) Brazilian banks operate in monopolistic competition

This research paper focuses on whether Taiwan's 13 financial holding companies (excluding Waterland Financial Holdings) belongs to the bank's capital management efficiency, using a narrow definition of capital. First, do a preliminary analysis of the capital of the banks first, second, and three types of capital. Secondly, the use of supplementary items in the balance sheet, profit and loss account and balance-sheet and some of the information into the banking book assets and liabilities of the banking book and trading book assets, trading book liabilities, risk assets and market value-added and other programs in order to do all kinds of bank trend analysis of assets and liabilities and capital management. Finally, I would investigate whether the high capital adequacy ratio that their performance is better? The provisions of the Basel ¢º want to improve the bank's risk management capability, however, and set out the statutory capital requirements of the Bank help to keep the emphasis on risk management?

A atividade bancária é intensamente regulada e supervisionada em grande parte do mundo. Atualmente uma das discussões mais importantes que vem sendo travadas no mundo acadêmico reside nos instrumentos de política prudencial: de um lado, o Acordo de Basiléia, que utiliza o requerimento de capital próprio; de outro, os defensores de emissões de dívidas de diversos graus de subordinação. Além de voltar especial atenção aos 25 Princípios para uma Supervisão Eficaz, recentemente divulgado pelo BIS (“Bank for International Settlements”), o objetivo deste trabalho é tentar elaborar um modelo formal que tente compatibilizar as duas formas de políticas prudenciais. / The banking activity is intensely regulated and supervisioned throughout the world. Nowadays, one of the most important discussions that can be found among the prudential policies’ studies concerns the type of prudential instrument that shall be used: Capital requirement as the basis of the Basel Accord, and subordinated debt issues. Our main objective will be to construct a model that can be compatible to both approaches. Besides that, we will pay attention to the Core Principles for an Effective Supervision recently published by the BIS (Bank for International Settlements).

A atividade bancária é intensamente regulada e supervisionada em grande parte do mundo. Atualmente uma das discussões mais importantes que vem sendo travadas no mundo acadêmico reside nos instrumentos de política prudencial: de um lado, o Acordo de Basiléia, que utiliza o requerimento de capital próprio; de outro, os defensores de emissões de dívidas de diversos graus de subordinação. Além de voltar especial atenção aos 25 Princípios para uma Supervisão Eficaz, recentemente divulgado pelo BIS (“Bank for International Settlements”), o objetivo deste trabalho é tentar elaborar um modelo formal que tente compatibilizar as duas formas de políticas prudenciais. / The banking activity is intensely regulated and supervisioned throughout the world. Nowadays, one of the most important discussions that can be found among the prudential policies’ studies concerns the type of prudential instrument that shall be used: Capital requirement as the basis of the Basel Accord, and subordinated debt issues. Our main objective will be to construct a model that can be compatible to both approaches. Besides that, we will pay attention to the Core Principles for an Effective Supervision recently published by the BIS (Bank for International Settlements).

A atividade bancária é intensamente regulada e supervisionada em grande parte do mundo. Atualmente uma das discussões mais importantes que vem sendo travadas no mundo acadêmico reside nos instrumentos de política prudencial: de um lado, o Acordo de Basiléia, que utiliza o requerimento de capital próprio; de outro, os defensores de emissões de dívidas de diversos graus de subordinação. Além de voltar especial atenção aos 25 Princípios para uma Supervisão Eficaz, recentemente divulgado pelo BIS (“Bank for International Settlements”), o objetivo deste trabalho é tentar elaborar um modelo formal que tente compatibilizar as duas formas de políticas prudenciais. / The banking activity is intensely regulated and supervisioned throughout the world. Nowadays, one of the most important discussions that can be found among the prudential policies’ studies concerns the type of prudential instrument that shall be used: Capital requirement as the basis of the Basel Accord, and subordinated debt issues. Our main objective will be to construct a model that can be compatible to both approaches. Besides that, we will pay attention to the Core Principles for an Effective Supervision recently published by the BIS (Bank for International Settlements).