Submitted by Francisco Sylvio Malzoni Gavotti (malzonigavotti@gmail.com) on 2012-07-17T23:46:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final Impresssão.pdf: 1083880 bytes, checksum: 8d0592f85d4841d6919d49b72dd9a549 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-07-18T12:40:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final Impresssão.pdf: 1083880 bytes, checksum: 8d0592f85d4841d6919d49b72dd9a549 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-18T13:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final Impresssão.pdf: 1083880 bytes, checksum: 8d0592f85d4841d6919d49b72dd9a549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / O consumo mundial de açúcar vem aumentando ao longo dos anos, acompanhado de um comércio internacional cada vez maior. Por outro lado, os preços, quando analisados em um período de longo prazo apresentam uma tendência de queda, diminuindo as margens. Os agentes de mercado inseridos neste cenário precisam usar instrumentos que garantam os retornos futuros dos próximos exercícios. O hedge é uma importante ferramenta na gestão do risco de mercado, garantindo uma estabilidade dos próximos ingressos e antecipando a fixação dos preços de produtos que serão comercializados no futuro. Neste contexto o presente trabalho avalia as possibilidades de ganho com operações de hedge através da análise do comportamento da base e do seu risco nos mercados de açúcar cristal e açúcar very high polarity (VHP). Para o cálculo da base e seu risco empregaram-se as cotações dos preços futuros negociados na Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) do contrato futuro de açúcar n.11, os preços à vista mundiais do açúcar VHP também divulgados pela ICE e os preços à vista divulgados pelo Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (CEPEA). Verificou-se que existe uma variação da base maior no mercado de cristal em comparação ao mercado de VHP, acumulando maiores ganhos também. Os riscos de base são similares nos dois mercados estudados. Maio foi o mês de vencimento que apresentou o maior ganho acumulado com o menor risco de base para ambos os mercados, no hedge de venda. De modo geral os dois mercados apresentam oportunidades para o hedge de venda tanto como para o de compra. Analisando-se as simulações de operações de hedge com duração de três e seis meses, observa-se que no período de entressafra, quando os estoques menores exercem maior pressão sobre os preços, o hedge de compra acumula ganhos. Comportamento oposto é observado no período de safra, que com o aumento dos estoques, o preço tende a cair e as operações de hedge de venda iniciadas nesse período acumulam ganhos. / The world sugar consumption has been increasing over the years, accompanied by a growing international trade. On the other hand prices when analyzed over a period of long-term exhibit a downward trend, decreasing margins. Market players entered in this scenario need to use instruments that guarantee future returns of coming years. The hedge is an important tool in managing market risk, ensuring stability of future income, anticipating the pricing of products to be marketed in the future. In this context, this paper evaluates the possibilities of gain from hedging activities by analyzing the behavior of the base and its market risk of crystallized sugar and sugar very high polarity (VHP). To calculate the base and its risk this paper employed futures prices traded on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) futures contract sugar n.11, world spot prices for sugar VHP also released by ICE and spot prices published by the Center of Advanced Studies in Applied Economics (CEPEA). It was found that there is a variation of the larger base on the market crystal against the market VHP, also accumulating higher gains. The basic risks are similar in the two markets studied. The expiration month that showed the largest cumulative gain with the lowest base risk was in May for both markets, hedge selling. In general the two markets present opportunities to hedge selling as much as for the purchase. Analyzing the hedging simulations lasting three to six months, it is observed that during the growing season, when lower stocks exert more pressure on prices, the purchase hedge accumulated gains. Opposite behavior is observed during the harvest period, that with the increase in inventories, the price tends to fall and hedging sales initiated during this period accumulate gains.

Die Beiträge der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift untersuchen zum einen, inwieweit Wetterindexversicherungen einen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung von wetterbedingten Einkommensschwankungen in der Landwirtschaft leisten können. In der Landwirtschaft ist trotz bedeutender wetterbedingter Einkommensschwankungen bisher nur ein sehr verhaltener Einsatz von Indexversicherungen zu beobachten. Allerdings gibt es bislang kaum Studien, die Möglichkeiten zur Reduzierung des mit dem Einsatz von Wetterindexversicherungen verbundenen Basisrisikos untersuchen. Zum anderen wird untersucht, inwieweit Wetterrisiken das Rückzahlungsverhalten landwirtschaftlicher Mikrokreditnehmer beeinflussen. Das Risiko bei der Kreditvergabe an landwirtschaftliche Klein-Betriebe in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern gilt aus Bankensicht aufgrund der vergleichsweise hohen Einkommensschwankungen in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion als besonders hoch. In der Literatur wird das wetterbedingte Einkommensrisiko als wesentlicher Grund für das vergleichsweise hohe Kreditrisiko von landwirtschaftlichen Mikrokrediten angeführt. Allerdings wurde dies bislang noch nicht empirisch verifiziert. Die Dissertationsschrift widmet sich dem Thema in vier Beiträgen, die unterschiedliche Aspekte der übergeordneten Problematik behandeln.

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Financial institutions are exposed to several different types of risk. One of the risks that can have a significant impact is the interest rate risk in the bank book (IRRBB). In 2018, the European Banking Authority (EBA) released a regulation on IRRBB to ensure that institutions make adequate risk calculations. This article proposes an IRRBB model that follows EBA's regulations. Among other things, this framework contains a deterministic stress test of the risk-free yield curve, in addition to this, two different types of stochastic stress tests of the yield curve were made. The results show that the deterministic stress tests give the highest risk, but that the outcomes are considered less likely to occur compared to the outcomes generated by the stochastic models. It is also demonstrated that EBA's proposal for a stress model could be better adapted to the low interest rate environment that we experience now. Furthermore, a discussion is held on the need for a more standardized framework to clarify, both for the institutions themselves and the supervisory authorities, the risks that institutes are exposed to. / Finansiella institutioner är exponerade mot flera olika typer av risker. En av de risker som kan ha en stor påverkan är ränterisk i bankboken (IRRBB). 2018 släppte European Banking Authority (EBA) ett regelverk gällande IRRBB som ska se till att institutioner gör tillräckliga riskberäkningar. Detta papper föreslår en IRRBB modell som följer EBAs regelverk. Detta regelverk innehåller bland annat ett deterministiskt stresstest av den riskfria avkastningskurvan, utöver detta så gjordes två olika typer av stokastiska stresstest av avkastningskurvan. Resultatet visar att de deterministiska stresstesten ger högst riskutslag men att utfallen anses vara mindre sannolika att inträffa jämfört med utfallen som de stokastiska modellera genererade. Det påvisas även att EBAs förslag på stressmodell skulle kunna anpassas bättre mot den lågräntemiljö som vi för tillfället befinner oss i. Vidare förs en diskussion gällande ett behov av ett mer standardiserat ramverk för att tydliggöra, både för institutioner själva och samt övervakande myndigheter, vilka risker institutioner utsätts för.