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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Architectural Nanomembranes as Cathode Materials for Li-O2 Batteries

Lu, Xueyi 31 August 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Li-O2 batteries have attracted world-wide research interest as an appealing candidate for future energy supplies because they possess the highest energy density of any battery technology. However, such system still face some challenges for the practical application. One of the key issues is exploring highly efficient cathode materials for Li-O2 batteries. Here, a rolled-up technology associated with other physical or chemical methods are applied to prepare architectural nanomembranes for the cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. The strain-release technology has recently proven to be an efficient approach on the micro/nanoscale to fabricate composite nanomembranes with controlled thickness, versatile chemical composition and stacking sequence. This dissertation first focuses on the synthesis of trilayered Pd/MnOx/Pd nanomembranes. The incorporation of active Pd layers on both sides of the poor conductive MnOx layer commonly used in energy storage systems greatly enhances the conductivity and catalytic activity. Encouraged by this design, Pd nanoparticles functionalized MnOx-GeOy nanomembranes are also fabricated, which not only improve the conductivity but also facilitate the transport of Li+ and oxygen-containing species, thus greatly enhancing the performance of Li-O2 batteries. Similarly, Au and Pd arrays decorated MnOx nanomembranes act as bifunctional catalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in Li-O2 batteries. Moreover, by introducing hierarchical pores on the nanomembranes, the performance of Li-O2 batteries is further promoted by porous Pd/NiO nanomembranes. The macropores created by standard photolithography facilitate the rolling process and the nanopores in the nanomembranes induced by a novel template-free method supply fast channels for the reactants diffusion. In addition, a facile thermal treatment method is developed to fabricate Ag/NiO-Fe2O3/Ag hybrid nanomembranes as carbon-free cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. A competing scheme between the intrinsic strain built in the oxide nanomembranes and an external driving force provided by the metal nanoparticles is introduced to tune the morphology of the 3D tubular architectures which greatly improve the performance by providing continuous tunnels for O2 and electrolyte diffusion and mitigating the side reactions produced by carbonaceous materials.
12

Enhanced polysulphide redox reaction using a RuO₂ nanoparticle-decorated mesoporous carbon as functional separator coating for advanced lithium–sulphur batteries

Balach, J., Jaumann, T., Mühlenhoff, S., Eckert, J., Giebeler, L. 19 December 2019 (has links)
A multi-functional RuO₂ nanoparticle-embedded mesoporous carbon-coated separator is used as an electrocatalytic and adsorbing polysulphide-net to enhance the redox reaction of migrating polysulphides, to improve active material utilization and boost the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulphur batteries.
13

Architectural Nanomembranes as Cathode Materials for Li-O2 Batteries

Lu, Xueyi 17 August 2017 (has links)
Li-O2 batteries have attracted world-wide research interest as an appealing candidate for future energy supplies because they possess the highest energy density of any battery technology. However, such system still face some challenges for the practical application. One of the key issues is exploring highly efficient cathode materials for Li-O2 batteries. Here, a rolled-up technology associated with other physical or chemical methods are applied to prepare architectural nanomembranes for the cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. The strain-release technology has recently proven to be an efficient approach on the micro/nanoscale to fabricate composite nanomembranes with controlled thickness, versatile chemical composition and stacking sequence. This dissertation first focuses on the synthesis of trilayered Pd/MnOx/Pd nanomembranes. The incorporation of active Pd layers on both sides of the poor conductive MnOx layer commonly used in energy storage systems greatly enhances the conductivity and catalytic activity. Encouraged by this design, Pd nanoparticles functionalized MnOx-GeOy nanomembranes are also fabricated, which not only improve the conductivity but also facilitate the transport of Li+ and oxygen-containing species, thus greatly enhancing the performance of Li-O2 batteries. Similarly, Au and Pd arrays decorated MnOx nanomembranes act as bifunctional catalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in Li-O2 batteries. Moreover, by introducing hierarchical pores on the nanomembranes, the performance of Li-O2 batteries is further promoted by porous Pd/NiO nanomembranes. The macropores created by standard photolithography facilitate the rolling process and the nanopores in the nanomembranes induced by a novel template-free method supply fast channels for the reactants diffusion. In addition, a facile thermal treatment method is developed to fabricate Ag/NiO-Fe2O3/Ag hybrid nanomembranes as carbon-free cathode materials in Li-O2 batteries. A competing scheme between the intrinsic strain built in the oxide nanomembranes and an external driving force provided by the metal nanoparticles is introduced to tune the morphology of the 3D tubular architectures which greatly improve the performance by providing continuous tunnels for O2 and electrolyte diffusion and mitigating the side reactions produced by carbonaceous materials.
14

Electrochemistry and magnetism of lithium doped transition metal oxides

Popa, Andreia Ioana 16 December 2009 (has links)
The physics of transition metal oxides is controlled by the combination and competition of several degrees of freedom, in particular the charge, the spin and the orbital state of the electrons. One important parameter responsible for the physical properties is the density of charge carriers which determines the oxidization state of the transition metal ions. The central objective in this work is the study of transition metal oxides in which the charge carrier density is adjusted and controlled via lithium intercalation/deintercalation using electrochemical methods. Lithium exchange can be achieved with a high degree of accuracy by electrochemical methods. The magnetic properties of various intermediate compounds are studied. Among the materials under study the mixed valent vanadium-oxide multiwall nanotubes represent a potentially technologically relevant material for lithium-ion batteries. Upon electron doping of VOx-NTs, the data confirm a higher number of magnetic V4+ sites. Interestingly, room temperature ferromagnetism evolves after electrochemical intercalation of Li, making VOx-NTs a novel type of self-assembled nanoscaled ferromagnets. The high temperature ferromagnetism was attributed to formation of nanosize interacting ferromagnetic spin clusters around the intercalated Li ions. This behavior was established by a complex experimental study with three different local spin probe techniques, namely, electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and muon spin relaxation spectroscopies. Sr2CuO2Br2 was another compound studied in this work. The material exhibits CuO4 layers isostructural to the hole-doped high-Tc superconductor La2-xSr2CuO4. Electron doping is realized by Li-intercalation and superconductivity was found below 9K. Electrochemical treatment hence allows the possibility of studying the electronic phase diagram of LixSr2CuO2Br2, a new electron doped superconductor. The effect of electrochemical lithium doping on the magnetic properties was also studied in tunnel-like alpha-MnO2 nanostructures. Upon lithium intercalation, Mn4+ present in alpha-MnO2 will be reduced to Mn3+, resulting in a Mn mixed valency in this compound. The mixed valency and different possible interactions arising between magnetic spins give a complexity to the magnetic properties of doped alpha-MnO2.
15

Hollow MoSx nanomaterials for aqueous energy storage applications

Quan, Ting 31 May 2021 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Synthese von neuartigen hohlen MoSx-Nanomaterialien mit kontrollierbarer Größe und Form durch die kolloidale Template Methode. Ihre möglichen Anwendungen in wässrigen Energiespeichersystemen, einschließlich Superkondensatoren und Li-Ionen-Batterien (LIBs), wurden untersucht. Im ersten Teil wurde eine neue Nanostruktur aus hohlen Kohlenstoff-MoS2-Kohlenstoff-nanoplättchen erfolgreich durch eine L-Cystein unterstützte hydrothermale Methode unter Verwendung von Gibbsit als Templat und Polydopamin (PDA) als Kohlenstoffvorläufer synthetisiert. Nach dem Kalzinieren und Ätzen des Gibbsit Templates wurden gleichförmige Hohlplättchen erhalten, die aus einer sandwichartigen Anordnung von teilweise graphitischem Kohlenstoff und zweidimensional geschichteten MoS2 Flocken bestehen. Die Plättchen haben eine ausgezeichnete Dispergierbarkeit und Stabilität in Wasser sowie eine gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufgrund des durch die Kalzinierung von Polydopaminbeschichtungen erzeugten Kohlenstoffs gezeigt. Das Material wird dann in einem symmetrischen Superkondensator mit 1 M Li2SO4 als Elektrolyt aufgebracht, der eine spezifische Kapazität von 248 F/g (0.12 F/cm2) bei einer konstanten Stromdichte von 0.1 A/g und eine ausgezeichnete elektrochemische Stabilität über 3000 Zyklen aufweist, was darauf hindeutet, dass hohle Kohlenstoff-MoS2-Kohlenstoffnanoplättchen vielversprechende Materialien als Kandidaten für Superkondensatoren sind. Im zweiten Teil wurde 21 molare LiTFSI, das sogenannte "Wasser-in-Salz" (WIS) Elektrolyt, in Superkondensatoren mit hohlen Kohlenstoffnanoplättchen als Elektrodenmaterial untersucht. Im Vergleich zu dem im ersten Teil verwendeten 1 molaren Li2SO4-Elektrolyten wurden bei dem vorliegenden WIS Elektrolyt signifikante Verbesserungen in einem breiteren und stabilen Potentialfenster festgestellt, das durch die geringere Leitfähigkeit mit dem Gegenstück leicht beeinflusst wird. Die elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) wurde ausgiebig eingesetzt, um einen Einblick in die Reaktionsmechanismen der WIS-Superkondensatoren zu erhalten. Zusätzlich wurde auch der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die elektrochemische Leistung im Temperaturbereich zwischen 15 und 55 °C untersucht, was eine hervorragende spezifische Kapazität von 128 F/g bei dem optimierten Zustand von 55 °C ergab. Die EIS-Messungen deckten die Abnahme der angepassten Widerstände mit der Temperaturerhöhung und umgekehrt auf und beleuchteten direkt die Beziehung zwischen elektrochemischer Leistung und Arbeitstemperatur von Superkondensatoren für zuverlässige praktische Anwendungen. Im dritten Teil wurde MoS3, ein amorphes, kettenförmig strukturiertes Übergangsmetall Trichalcogenid, als vielversprechende Anode in "Wasser-in-Salz" Li-Ionen-Batterien (WIS-LIBs) nachgewiesen. Die in diesem Teil verwendeten hohlen MoS3-Nanosphären wurden mittels einer skalierbaren Säurefällungsmethode bei Raumtemperatur synthetisiert, wobei sphärische Polyelektrolytbürsten (SPB) als Schablonen verwendet wurden. Beim Einsatz in WIS-LIBs mit LiMn2O4 als Kathodenmaterial erreicht das präparierte MoS3 eine hohe spezifische Kapazität von 127 mAh/g bei einer Stromdichte von 0.1 A/g und eine gute Stabilität über 1000 Zyklen sowohl in Knopf- als auch in Pouch-Zellen. Der Arbeitsmechanismus von MoS3 in WIS-LIBs wurde auch durch Ex-situ-Röntgenbeugungsmessungen (XRD) untersucht. Während des Betriebs wird MoS3 während der anfänglichen Li-Ionen-Aufnahme irreversibel in Li2MoO4 umgewandelt und dann allmählich in eine stabilere und reversible LixMoOy-Phase (2≤y≤4)) entlang der Zyklen umgewandelt. Amorphes Li-defizientes Lix-mMoOy/MoOz wird bei der Delithiierung gebildet. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie zeigen einfache Ansätze zur Synthese hohler MoSx-Nanomaterialien mit kontrollierbarer Morphologie unter Verwendung einer Template-basierten Methode, die auf die vielversprechende Leistung von MoSx für wässrige Energiespeicheranwendungen zurückzuführen sind. Die elektrochemischen Untersuchungen von hohlen MoSx-Nanomaterialien in wässrigen Elektrolyten geben Einblick in die Reaktionsmechanismen von wässrigen Energiespeichersystemen und treiben die Entwicklung von Metallsulfiden für wässrige Energiespeicheranwendungen voran. / The present thesis focuses on the synthesis of novel hollow MoSx nanomaterials with controllable size and shape through the colloidal template method. Their possible applications in aqueous energy storage systems, including supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries (LIBs), have been studied. In the first part, hollow carbon-MoS2-carbon nanoplates have been successfully synthesized through an L-cysteine-assisted hydrothermal method by using gibbsite as the template and polydopamine (PDA) as the carbon precursor. After calcination and etching of the gibbsite template, uniform hollow platelets, which are made of a sandwich-like assembly of partial graphitic carbon and two-dimensional layered MoS2 flakes, have been obtained. The platelets have shown excellent dispersibility and stability in water, and good electrical conductivity due to carbon coating generated by the calcination of polydopamine. The material is then applied in a symmetric supercapacitor using 1 M Li2SO4 as the electrolyte, which exhibits a specific capacitance of 248 F/g (0.12 F/cm2) at a constant current density of 0.1 A/g and an excellent electrochemical stability over 3000 cycles, suggesting that hollow carbon-MoS2-carbon nanoplates are promising candidate materials for supercapacitors. In the second part, 21 m LiTFSI, so-called “water-in-salt” (WIS) electrolyte, has been studied in supercapacitors with hollow carbon nanoplates as electrode materials. In comparison with 1 M Li2SO4 electrolyte used in the first part, significant improvements on a broader and stable potential window have been revealed in the present WISE, which is slightly influenced by the lower conductivity with the counterpart. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been extensively employed to provide an insight look on the formation of solid electrolyte interphase in the WIS-supercapacitors. Additionally, the effect of temperature on the electrochemical performance has also been investigated in the temperature range between 15 and 55 °C, yielding eminent specific capacitance of 128 F/g at the optimized condition of 55 °C. The EIS measurements disclosed the decrease of fitted resistances with the increase of temperature and vise versa, directly illuminating the relationship between electrochemical output and working temperature of supercapacitors for reliable practical applications. In the third part, MoS3, an amorphous chain-like structured transitional metal trichalcogenide, has been demonstrated as a promising anode in the “water-in-salt” Li-ion batteries (WIS-LIBs). Hollow MoS3 nanospheres used in this part have been synthesized via a scalable room-temperature acid precipitation method using spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) as the template. When applied in WIS-LIBs with LiMn2O4 as the cathode material, the prepared MoS3 achieves a high specific capacity of 127 mAh/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g and good stability over 1000 cycles in both coin cells and pouch cells. The working mechanism of MoS3 in WIS-LIBs has also been studied by ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. During operation, MoS3 undergoes irreversible conversion to Li2MoO4 during the initial Li ion uptake, and is then gradually converted to a more stable and reversible LixMoOy (2≤y≤4)) phase along cycling. Amorphous Li-deficient Lix-mMoOy/MoOz is formed upon delithiation. The results in the present thesis demonstrate facile approaches for synthesizing hollow MoSx nanomaterials with controllable morphologies using a template-based method, which attribute to the promising performance of MoSx for aqueous energy storage applications. The electrochemical studies of hollow MoSx nanomaterials in aqueous electrolytes provide insight into the reaction mechanisms of aqueous energy storage systems and push forward the development of metal sulfides for aqueous energy storage applications.
16

Transmission X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Silicon Anodes for Li-ion Batteries

Schellenberger, Martin 27 September 2022 (has links)
Die Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS) ist eine element-spezifische Charakterisierungs-methode, welche es erlaubt die elektronische und chemische Struktur der SEI zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit stelle ich ein neues Verfahren vor, das die Transmissions-XAS von Flüssigkeiten und Dünnschicht-Batterieelektroden unter in-situ Bedingungen mit weicher Röntgenstrahlung ermöglicht. Thematisch ist die Arbeit in zwei Teile gegliedert. Das neuartige Verfahren wird zunächst umfangreich vorgestellt und dann zur Untersuchung der Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) auf Silizium angewendet. Das Verfahren basiert auf einer elektrochemischen Halbzelle, die mit einem Stapel aus zwei Siliziumnitrid-Membranfenster ausgestattet ist, um den Elektrolyten einzuschließen. Eines der Membranfenster ist gleichzeitig der Träger für die Dünnschicht-Siliziumanode, die Ladezyklen mit einer Kathode aus metallischem Lithium durchläuft. Nachdem sich die SEI gebildet hat, wird mittels eines Röntgenstrahls von hoher Intensität vorsätzlich eine Blase erzeugt, um überschüssigen Elektrolyten abzudrängen und einen dünnen Elektrolytfilm über der SEI zu stabilisieren. Durch den Elektrolytfilm bleibt die SEI in-situ. Das erzeugte System aus Blase, Elektrolytfilm, SEI und Siliziumanode wird dann mittels Transmissions-XAS untersucht. Im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit werden dann Silizium Dünnschicht-Anoden mit dem vorgestellten Verfahren am Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II in Berlin untersucht. Bei der elektrochemischen Charakterisierung zeigen die Dünnschicht-anoden alle für die De-/Lithiierung von Silizium üblichen Merkmale. Als Hauptbestandteile der SEI wurden Lithiumacetat, Li Ethylendicarbonat oder -monocarbonat, Li Acetylacetonat, LiOH und LiF ermittelt. Darüber hinaus deuten Anzeichen von Aldehyden auf flüssige Einschlüsse in einer möglich-erweise porösen SEI Struktur hin. / X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is an element-specific technique, which allows to probe the electronic and chemical structure of the SEI. In this work, I introduce a novel approach for transmission XAS on liquids and thin-film battery electrode materials under in-situ conditions in the soft X-ray regime. Thematically, this work is divided into two parts: 1) the introduction of this novel method and 2) its application to investigate the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) on silicon thin film anodes. The presented technique is based on an electrochemical half-cell equipped with a sandwich of two silicon nitride membrane windows to encapsulate the electrolyte. One of the membranes acts as substrate for the silicon thin-film anode, which is cycled with a metallic lithium counter-electrode. After the SEI has formed, a gas bubble is intentionally introduced through radiolysis by a high intensity X-ray to push out excessive electrolyte and stabilize a thin electrolyte layer on top of the SEI, keeping it in-situ. The obtained stack comprised of bubble, electrolyte thin-layer, SEI and anode, is then probed with transmission XAS. The second part of this work utilizes the presented method to investigate the SEI on amorphous silicon anodes at the BESSY II synchrotron facility in Berlin. The anodes’ electrochemical characterization shows all significant features of silicon’s de-/lithiation. The SEI’s main components are determined as Li acetate, Li ethylene di-carbonate or Li ethylene mono-carbonate, Li acetylacetonate, LiOH, and LiF. Additionally, the evidence for aldehyde species indicates possible liquid inclusions within a presumably porous SEI morphology.
17

Layered transition metal sulfide- based negative electrode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries and their mechanistic studies

Gao, Suning 21 September 2020 (has links)
The environmental concerns over the use of fossil fuels, and their resource constraints, as well as energy security concerns, have spurred great interest in generating electric energy from renewable sources. Solar and wind energy are abundant and potentially readily available. However, the generation of sustainable energies is generally intermittent and these energies have geographical limits which are relative to current large-scale energy generation facilities. To smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, low-cost electrical energy storage (EES) devices are becoming highly necessary. Among these EES technologies, lithium ion batteries are one of the most promising EES devices in terms of the characteristics of high gravimetric, volumetric energy density and environmentally friendly compared to lead-acid batteries and Ni-Cd batteries. Other advantages of Li-ion batteries are the ability of being recharged hundreds of times and high stability. Moreover, the dramatically growing market share of hybrid electrical and electrical vehicles in automobiles has motivated the development of high energy and power density LIBs with high mass loading. However, there are still several remaining challenges in LIBs for their further application in grid-scale ESSs. One of the global issues to date is the high costs including the cost of raw materials such as lithium and cobalt, production, machining, and transportation, etc. In addition, the increasing energy demand thereby leads to the pressures on the resource supply chains and thus increasing the cost of LIBs. Therefore, it is urgent to find a complementary or alternative EES device in a short term to satisfy the growing energy demand. Under the background of fast development of LIBs technology as well as the establishment of Li chemistry fundamentals in the last 40 years, rechargeable battery systems utilizing Na element have been extensively studied to develop less expensive and more sustainable ESSs. The sodium resource is abundantly existed in the planet. According to the periodic table, sodium is the most possible alternative to lithium, because it has the similar chemical and physical properties towards to lithium. As a consequence, the established fundamentals in LIBs can be reasonably analogized to SIBs. Moreover, Sodium is readily available from various sources-foods that contain sodium naturally, foods containing salt and other sodium-containing ingredients. Therefore, The study of SIBs technology and sodium chemistry are gaining increasing interests and attentions both in the scientific researchers and battery industry. However, theoretically speaking, the energy density of SIBs is lower than that of LIBs by using same electrode materials because sodium is more than 3 times heavier than Li as well as the standard electrode potential of Na (-2.71 V) is higher than Li (-3.04 V). Therefore, SIBs are not thought as an ideal candidate to substitute LIBs in the fields of small or middle-size portable devices, but are more favorable in a large grid support where the operation cost is the primary choice. Negative electrode is important component in a single cell. Exploring negative electrode materials with high electrochemical performance in LIBs and SIBs is indeed required for fulfilling the spreading energy demand. Among various negative electrode materials, layered transition metal sulfides (MSs) are reckoned as a promising class with high theoretical specific capacity and power capability due to their intrinsically layered structure which is beneficial to the diffusion of Li+ and Na+ . However, layered transition metal sulfides are suffering from intrinsically poor electrical conductivity, volume changes, high irreversibility and sluggish kinetics during Li+ /Na+ storage process. To address these issues, numerous strategies are applied to explore high performance LIBs and SIBs negative electrode materials in this PHD thesis. / Die ökologischen Bedenken hinsichtlich der Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe und deren Ressourcenbeschränkungen sowie Bedenken hinsichtlich der Energiesicherheit haben großes Interesse an der Erzeugung elektrischer Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen geweckt. Sonnen- und Windenergie sind im Überfluss vorhanden und potenziell leicht verfügbar. Die Erzeugung nachhaltiger Energien ist jedoch in der Regel intermittierend, und diese Energien haben geographische Grenzen, die im Vergleich zu den derzeitigen großen Energieerzeugungsanlagen relativ begrenzt sind. Um die Unterbrechungen in der Produktion erneuerbarer Energien auszugleichen, werden kostengünstige elektrische Energiespeicher (EES) dringend notwendig. Unter diesen EES-Technologien sind Lithium-Ionen-Batterien eines der vielversprechendsten EES-Geräte hinsichtlich der Eigenschaften einer hohen gravimetrischen, volumetrischen Energiedichte und umweltfreundlich im Vergleich zu Blei-Säure-Batterien und Ni-Cd-Batterien. Weitere Vorteile von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien sind die Fähigkeit, hunderte Male wieder aufgeladen werden zu können, und die hohe Stabilität. Darüber hinaus hat der dramatisch wachsende Marktanteil von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen in Automobilen die Entwicklung von LIBs mit hoher Energie- und Leistungsdichte und hoher Massenbelastung motiviert. Es gibt jedoch noch einige Herausforderungen in den LIBs, die für die weitere Anwendung in den ESSs im Rastermaßstab erforderlich sind. Eine der bisherigen globalen Fragen sind die Gesamtkosten einschließlich der Kosten für Rohstoffe wie Lithium und Kobalt, Produktion, Bearbeitung und Transport usw. Darüber hinaus führt die steigende Energienachfrage dadurch zu einem Druck auf die Ressourcenversorgungsketten und damit zu einer Verteuerung der LIBs. Daher ist es dringend erforderlich, kurzfristig eine ergänzende und alternative EES-Technologie zu finden, um den wachsenden Energiebedarf zu decken. Vor dem Hintergrund der schnellen Entwicklung der LIBs-Technologie sowie der Etablierung der Grundlagen der Li-Chemie in den letzten 40 Jahren wurden wiederaufladbare Batteriesysteme, die das Na-Element verwenden, umfassend untersucht, um kostengünstigere und nachhaltigere ESSs zu entwickeln. Die Natriumressource ist auf der Erde im Überfluss vorhanden. Nach dem Periodensystem ist Natrium die möglichste Alternative, da es die ähnlichen chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Lithium hat. Folglich lassen sich die etablierten Grundlagen der LIBs in vernünftiger Weise mit denen der SIBs vergleichen. Darüber hinaus ist Natrium aus verschiedenen Quellen leicht erhältlich - aus Lebensmitteln, die von Natur aus Natrium enthalten, aus Lebensmitteln, die Salz und andere natriumhaltige Zutaten enthalten. Daher gewinnt das Studium der SIBs-Technologie und Natriumchemie sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung als auch in der Batterieindustrie zunehmend an Interesse und Aufmerksamkeit. Theoretisch gesehen ist jedoch die Energiedichte von SIBs bei Verwendung der gleichen Elektrodenmaterialien niedriger als die von LIBs, da Natrium mehr als dreimal schwerer als Li ist und das Standardelektrodenpotential von Na (-2,71 V) höher als Li (-3,04 V) ist. Daher werden SIBs nicht als idealer Kandidat für den Ersatz von LIBs im Bereich kleiner oder mittelgroßer tragbarer Geräte angesehen, sondern sie sind günstiger bei einer großen Netzunterstützung, bei der die Betriebskosten die primäre Wahl sind. Die negative Elektrode ist ein notwendiger und wichtiger Teil in einer einzelnen Zelle. In der Tat ist es zur Erfüllung des sich ausbreitenden Energiebedarfs erforderlich, negative Elektroden-Materialien mit hoher elektrochemischer Leistung in LIBs und SIBs zu untersuchen. Unter den verschiedenen Materialien für negative Elektroden gelten geschichtete Übergangsmetallsulfide (MS) als eine vielversprechende Klasse mit hoher theoretischer spezifischer Kapazität und Leistungskapazität aufgrund ihrer intrinsisch geschichteten Struktur, die der Diffusion von Li+ und Na+ förderlich ist. Allerdings leiden schichtförmige Übergangsmetallsulfide unter inhärent schlechter elektrischer Leitfähigkeit, Volumenänderungen, hoher Irreversibilität und träger Kinetik während des Li+ /Na+ -Speicherprozesses. Um diese Probleme anzugehen, werden in dieser Doktorarbeit zahlreiche Strategien zur Untersuchung von Hochleistungs-LIBs und SIBs für negative Elektrodenmaterialien angewandt.
18

Strain engineered nanomembranes as anodes for lithium ion batteries

Deng, Junwen 30 January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted considerable interest due to their wide range of applications, such as portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs) and aerospace applications. Particularly, the emergence of a variety of nanostructured materials has driven the development of LIBs towards the next generation, which is featured with high specific energy and large power density. Herein, rolled-up nanotechnology is introduced for the design of strain-released materials as anodes of LIBs. Upon this approach, self-rolled nanostructures can be elegantly combined with different functional materials and form a tubular shape by relaxing the intrinsic strain, thus allowing for enhanced tolerance towards stress cracking. In addition, the hollow tube center efficiently facilitates electrolyte mass flow and accommodates volume variation during cycling. In this context, such structures are promising candidates for electrode materials of LIBs to potentially address their intrinsic issues. This work focuses on the development of superior structures of Si and SnO2 for LIBs based on the rolled-up nanotech. Specifically, Si is the most promising substitute for graphite anodes due to its abundance and high theoretical gravimetric capacity. Combined with the C material, a Si/C self-wound nanomembrane structure is firstly realized. Benefiting from a strain-released tubular shape, the bilayer self-rolled structures exhibit an enhanced electrochemical behavior over commercial Si microparticles. Remarkably, this behavior is further improved by introducing a double-sided carbon coating to form a C/Si/C self-rolled structure. With SnO2 as active material, an intriguing sandwich-stacked structure is studied. Furthermore, this novel structure, with a minimized strain energy due to strain release, exposes more active sites for the electrochemical reactions, and also provides additional channels for fast ion diffusion and electron transport. The electrochemical characterization and morphology evolution reveal the excellent cycling performance and stability of such structures.
19

From molecular germanates to microporous Ge@C via twin polymerization

Kitschke, Philipp, Walter, Marc, Rüffer, Tobias, Lang, Heinrich, Kovalenko, Maksym V., Mehring, Michael 31 March 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Four molecular germanates based on salicyl alcoholates, bis(dimethylammonium) tris[2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)]germanate (1), bis(dimethylammonium) tris[4-methyl-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)]germanate (2), bis(dimethylammonium) tris[4-bromo-2-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)]germanate (3) and dimethylammonium bis[2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-6-(oxidomethyl)phenolate(2-)][2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)phenolate(1-)]germanate (4), were synthesized and characterized including single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the solid state, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit one-dimensional hydrogen bonded networks, whereas compound 4 forms separate ion pairs, which are connected by hydrogen bonds between the dimethylammonium and the germanate moieties. The potential of these compounds for thermally induced twin polymerization (TP) was studied. Germanate 1 was converted by TP to give a hybrid material (HM-1) composed of phenolic resin and germanium dioxide. Subsequent reduction with hydrogen provided a microporous composite containing crystalline germanium and carbon (Ge@C – C-1, germanium content ∼20%). Studies on C-1 as an anode material for Li-ion batteries revealed reversible capacities of ∼370 mA h gGe@C−1 at a current density up to 1384 mA g−1 without apparent fading for 500 cycles. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Mikrostruktur von Lithium-Mangan-Oxid / Microstructure of Lithium Manganese Oxide

Maier, Johannes 06 December 2016 (has links)
No description available.

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