"Lithium ion batteries have dominated the portable electronics market and have the potential to dominate large-scale battery applications including hybrid and electric vehicles, as well as grid storage, because of their high energy and power densities1,2. It is well known that conventional electrolytes show poor anodic stabilities above 4.5 V versus Li/Li+.3 As a result, high voltage electrolytes are essential for the development of next generation high energy lithium ion batteries. Both fluorinated electrolytes and additives can be introduced into the electrolyte system.4 In this work, fluorinated electrolytes were used in both graphite-LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) (operated between 3.0 - 4.6 V) and graphite- LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) (operated between 3.5 - 4.9 V) full cell systems. The baseline electrolyte for all cells (referred to as Gen2) was composed of 1.2M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of EC and EMC (3:7 in weight ratio). After a series of electrochemical tests, compared to the baseline electrolyte, the fluorinated electrolytes displayed significantly enhanced performance under both high cut off voltage and high temperature (55 oC). The post test analysis results showed that the cycled electrode can not only reach a much more stable interface but also overcome the crystal structure change after long term cycling when the fluorinated electrolyte system was used. In addition to changing the solvent, a series of additives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for high-voltage Li-ion battery cells using a Ni-rich layered cathode materials LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523). The repeated charge/discharge cycling for NCM523/graphite full cells using Gen2 with 1 wt % of these additives as electrolytes was performed. Electrochemical performance testing and post analysis result demonstrated that our as selected or designed cathode additives could passivate the cathode and prevent the cathode from side reactions. The developed methodology could provide fundamental direction in the design and investigation of better electrolytes for the next generation lithium ion batteries."

The rechargeable secondary Lithium ion (Li-ion) battery is expected to grow to more than $6.3 billion by 2012 from ~$4.6 billion in 2006. With the development of personnel electronics, hybrid and electric vehicles, Li-ion batteries will be more in demand. However, Li-ion batteries are not widely recycled because it is not economically justifiable (in contrast, at present more than 97% Lead-acid batteries are recycled). So far, no commercial methods are available to recycle different chemical Li-ion batteries economically and efficiently. Considering our limited resources, environmental impact, and national security, Li-ion batteries must be recycled. A new methodology with low temperature and high efficiency is proposed in order to recycle Li-ion batteries economically and with industrial viability. The separation and synthesis of cathode materials (most valuable in Li-ion batteries) from recycled components are the main focus of the proposed research. The analytical results showed that the recycling process is practical and has high recovery efficiency, create great commercial value as well.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane_de_Abreu_Dias.pdf: 17390080 bytes, checksum: 6e0128183854fb8cc356100b574dac1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Throughout the times, new pigment systems have been gradually developed. In the nowadays, the development of ceramic pigments represents a part of the Materials Science, where there is a lack of concepts, roles and strategies, which in goal allows the developing of new rotes of preparing or pigments, in both scientific and technological areas. This work deals with the development of an innovative processing route and characterization of ceramic pigments based on the formation of solid solution of zircon silicate via doping with manganese cations being the source of manganese cations a waste of alkaline battery. In fact, an electrolytic paste of zinc-carbon batteries was used as a starting precursor of the manganese oxide, major component of the electrolytic paste, as a precursor of the chromophore agent. As a standard, Mn doped ZrSiO4 pigments were prepared via mechanical mixture of oxides process using analytical MnO2 (P.A.) oxide as a starting precursor of manganese cations. Powder mixtures exhibiting different percentages in weight of electrolytic paste were homogenized in the isopropyl alcohol via ball milling during 6 h. In the sequence, precursors were dried in furnace type oven at 110°C until the weight stabilizing giving the precursor of the pigment. Then, the precursor was calcined, desagglomerated and sieved (350 mesh).The precursor calcination was carried out in an oven furnace at 1150°C with a soaking time of 4h, in air atmosphere, heating rate of 10°C/min, cooling rate stemming from high temperature to the room temperature was carried out via natural rate of the furnace. After the calcination of precursor, powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy and laser granulometry, so the crystalline phases, microstructure, the colorimetric parameters and the some spectroscopic properties of pigments were determined. Pigment exhibiting the highest color intensity was obtained using higher fraction of electrolytic paste. As a whole, pigments proved to be chemically and thermally resistant at 800°C, when applied in vitreous enamels with industrial composition directed to ceramic plating. Pigments showed excellent dispersion degree in a low-density polyethylene and a homogeneous color. / Embora se tenha descoberto novos sistemas pigmentares, os pigmentos cerâmicos constituem um dos campos da Ciência dos Materiais onde existe um maior desconhecimento, tanto em nível de centros de pesquisa como industrial. A presente pesquisa pretende desenvolver e caracterizar pigmentos cerâmicos, à base de zirconita, com incorporação de pasta eletrolítica de pilhas Zinco-carbono, descarregadas energeticamente, explorando como agente cromóforo o manganês presente na pasta eletrolítica. Paralelamente, foram obtidas e caracterizadas amostras utilizando como dopante MnO2 P.A. Amostras com diferentes proporções em peso de pasta eletrolítica de pilhas foram homogeneizadas a úmido com álcool isopropílico em moinho de bolas por um período de 6 h, e posteriormente secas em estufa à 110oC até peso constante, levadas à calcinação, desagregadas e peneiradas. O tratamento térmico foi realizado em forno à 1150oC com um tempo de patamar de 4h, ao ar, aplicando uma velocidade de aquecimento de 10ºC/min, sendo o resfriamento das amostras a temperatura ambiente. Após o tratamento térmico as amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X, UV-Vis e granulometria à laser e as microestruturas, as fases presentes, os parâmetros colorimétricos e as propriedades físicas dos pigmentos foram determinados. Cores mais intensas foram obtidas nas amostras com maior concentração de pasta eletrolítica adicionado. Os pigmentos mostraram ser resistentes química e termicamente à 8000C, quando aplicados em esmalte vítreo em placas cerâmicas. Em polietileno de baixa densidade os pigmentos apresentaram excelente dispersão e homogeneidade de cor.

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji ispitivani su elektroliti na bazi jonskih tečnosti pogodni za<br />primenu u litijum&nbsp; jonskim baterijama. Fizičko-hemijska svojstva binarnih sme&scaron;a<br />jonskih tečnosti sa dicijanamidnim i bis(trifluorometilsulfonil)imidnim anjonima i<br />molekulskih rastvarača ispitana su u celom opsegu molskih udela i na različitim<br />temperaturama. Na osnovu izmerenih gustina, viskoznosti i električne provodljivosti<br />izračunati su različiti fizičko hemijski parametri i diskutavne interakcije između komponenata sme&scaron;a. Ispitana je termička i elektrohemijska stabilnost odabranih<br />elektrolita. Dodatkom litijumove soli u odabrane binarne sme&scaron;e dobijeni su ternarni<br />sistemi koji su okarakterisani u zavisnoti od koncentracije litijumove soli. Odabrani<br />elektroliti upotrebljeni su za&nbsp; ispitivanje performansi litijum&nbsp; jonske ćelije sa anatas<br />TiO2&nbsp; nanotubularnim elektrodama.Cikličnom voltametrijom i galvanostatskim<br />cikliranjem su ispitane performanse ćelije u toku 150 ciklusa punjenja i pražnjenja. Na<br />osnovu ciklovoltametrijskih merenja izračunati su koeficijenti difuzije i energija aktivacije za difuziju.</p> / <p>In this doctoral dissertation, Ion liquid-based electrolytes were tested for use in&nbsp; lithium-ion batteries. The physicochemical properties of binary mixtures of ionic&nbsp; liquids with dicyanamide and bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anions and&nbsp; molecular solvents were examined throughout the range of molar proportions and at different temperatures. Based on the measured densities, viscosity and electrical conductivity, various physical chemical parameters and discrete interactions between&nbsp; the components of the mixture are calculated. Thermal and electrochemical stability of selected electrolytes was examined. By addition of lithium salt to the selected binary mixtures, ternary systems were characterized which were characterized by the concentration of lithium salt. The selected electrolytes were used to test the performance of the lithium-ion cell with anatomic TiO2 nanotubular electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling tested the cell&#39;s performance during the 150 charge and discharge&nbsp; cycles. Based on cyclotoltametric&nbsp; measurements, the diffusion coefficients and activation energies for diffusion were calculated.</p>

<p>U&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; doktorskoj&nbsp; disertaciji&nbsp; ispitivani&nbsp; su&nbsp; elektroliti&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi binarnih&nbsp; sme&scaron;a&nbsp; imidazolijumovih&nbsp; jonskih&nbsp; tečnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; laktona&nbsp; koji su&nbsp; pogodni&nbsp; za&nbsp; primenu&nbsp; u&nbsp; litijum-jonskim&nbsp; baterijama.&nbsp; Fizičkohemijska&nbsp; svojstva&nbsp; binarnih&nbsp; sme&scaron;a&nbsp; jonskih&nbsp; tečnosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi imidazolijum katjona i <em>bis </em>(trifluorometilsulfonil)imidnog anjona i laktona ispitana su u celom opsegu molskih udela i na različitim temperaturama.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; izmerenih&nbsp; gustina,&nbsp; viskoznosti&nbsp; i električne&nbsp; provodljivosti&nbsp; izračunati&nbsp; su&nbsp; različiti&nbsp; fizičko-hemijski parametri i diskutovane&nbsp; interakcije između komponenata sme&scaron;a. Ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; termička&nbsp; i&nbsp; elektrohemijska&nbsp; stabilnost&nbsp; odabranih elektrolita.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; rezultata,&nbsp; prvo&nbsp; je&nbsp; odabran odgovarajući&nbsp; lakton&nbsp; koji&nbsp; je&nbsp; kasnije&nbsp; kombinovan&nbsp; sa&nbsp; jonskim<br />tečnostima&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi&nbsp; imidazola,&nbsp; koje&nbsp; se&nbsp; međusobno&nbsp; razlikuju&nbsp; u dužini&nbsp; bočnog&nbsp; niza&nbsp; katjona.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; fizičko-hemijskih svojstava&nbsp; na&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; temperaturama&nbsp; i&nbsp; pri&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; sastavima binarnih&nbsp; sme&scaron;a&nbsp; diskutovan&nbsp; je&nbsp; način&nbsp; organizacije&nbsp; njihovih<br />komponenata.&nbsp; U&nbsp; binarne&nbsp; sme&scaron;e&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; se&nbsp; pokazale&nbsp; kao najperspektivnije&nbsp; sa&nbsp; stanovi&scaron;ta&nbsp; električne&nbsp; provodljivosti, viskoznosti,&nbsp; elektrohemijske&nbsp; stabilnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; (ne)zapaljivosti&nbsp; dodata je litijumova so. Tako dobijeni ternarni sistemi su okarakterisani<br />u zavisnosti od koncentracije litijumove soli. Odabrani elektroliti upotrebljeni su za ispitivanje performansi litijum-jonske ćelije sa elektrodama&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi&nbsp; anatas&nbsp; TiO₂&nbsp; nanocevi.&nbsp; Cikličnom voltametrijom&nbsp; i&nbsp; galvanostatskim&nbsp; cikliranjem&nbsp; ispitane&nbsp; su<br />performanse ćelije u toku 350 ciklusa punjenja i pražnjenja. Na osnovu&nbsp;&nbsp; ciklovoltametrijskih&nbsp; merenja&nbsp; izračunati&nbsp; su&nbsp; koeficijenti difuzije jona Li^{&nbsp; +}i energija aktivacije za difuziju.&nbsp; Kombinacijom jonskih&nbsp; tečnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; laktona&nbsp; moguće&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobiti&nbsp; elektrolite&nbsp; smanjene viskoznosti,&nbsp; povećane&nbsp; električne&nbsp; provodljivosti,&nbsp; povećane<br />termičke&nbsp; stabilnosti&nbsp; usled&nbsp; međusobnog&nbsp; stabilizacionog&nbsp; efekta laktona na imidazolijumove jonske tečnosti.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; binary&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; imidazolium&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; with&nbsp; lactones&nbsp; were&nbsp; tested&nbsp; for&nbsp; use&nbsp; in lithium-ion&nbsp; batteries.&nbsp; The&nbsp; physicochemical&nbsp; properties&nbsp; of&nbsp; binary&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; of&nbsp; imidazolium&nbsp; based&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; with&nbsp;<em> bis </em>(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide&nbsp; anions&nbsp; and&nbsp; lactones&nbsp; were&nbsp; examined&nbsp; throughout&nbsp; the&nbsp; whole&nbsp; composition&nbsp; range&nbsp; and&nbsp; at&nbsp; different temperatures. Based on the measured densities, viscosity&nbsp; and electrical conductivity, various physical chemical parameters&nbsp; and discrete interactions between the components of the mixture are&nbsp; calculated.&nbsp; Thermal&nbsp; and&nbsp; electrochemical&nbsp; stability&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected&nbsp; binary&nbsp; mixtures&nbsp; were&nbsp; examined.&nbsp; Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; was&nbsp; selected lactone&nbsp; which is later combined with imidazolium based&nbsp; ionic liquid,&nbsp; differing from each other in the length of the cation. Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; physico-chemical&nbsp; properties&nbsp; at&nbsp; different&nbsp; temperatures and in the different compositions of binary mixtures, the way of organizing their components is discussed. Lithium salt&nbsp; is added to the binary mixtures that have been shown as the most perspective&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; standpoint&nbsp; of&nbsp; electrical&nbsp; conductivity, viscosity,&nbsp; electrochemical&nbsp; stability&nbsp; and&nbsp; (non)flammability.&nbsp; The&nbsp; resulting&nbsp; ternary&nbsp; systems&nbsp; are&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the concentration of lithium salt.&nbsp; The selected electrolytes were used to test the performance of the lithium-ion cell with anatase TiO₂ nanotubular&nbsp; electrodes.&nbsp; Cyclic&nbsp; voltammetry&nbsp; and&nbsp; galvanostatic&nbsp; cycling&nbsp; tested&nbsp; the&nbsp; cell&#39;s&nbsp; performance&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; 350&nbsp; charge&nbsp; and discharge&nbsp; cycles.&nbsp; Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; cyclic&nbsp; voltammetric&nbsp; measurements, the&nbsp; Li ⁺ ion&nbsp; diffusion&nbsp; coefficients&nbsp; and&nbsp; activation&nbsp; energies&nbsp; for diffusion&nbsp; were&nbsp; calculated.&nbsp; Combination&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquid&nbsp; and&nbsp; lactone could&nbsp; be&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; electrolytes&nbsp; with&nbsp; lower&nbsp; viscosity,&nbsp; higher electrical&nbsp; conductivity,&nbsp; improved&nbsp; thermal&nbsp; stability&nbsp; due&nbsp; to stabilization effect of lactone on imidazolium based ionic liquids.</p>

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Barker. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Roderick A. Hyde. / Ph.D.

La forte consommation des énergies fossiles au niveau mondial entraine une raréfaction de ces ressources et met en danger l'équilibre environnemental global du fait de la pollution qu'elle engendre. D'autres sources d'énergie dites renouvelables se développent afin de proposer un mix énergétique très diversifié et progressivement décarboné. Par exemple, dans un contexte urbain, le solaire photovoltaïque présente de nombreux atouts comme la possibilité de produire de l'électricité de façon décentralisée, l'intégration aisée dans les bâtiments et infrastructures publiques, la réduction des pertes liées au transport de l'électricité, pas de pollution sonore, pas ou peu d'impact sur l'écosystème environnant, etc. Cependant, cette source est très intermittente et difficilement prédictible (diverses échelles de temps liées au passage de nuages, cycle diurne ou cycle saisonnier) et doit être implantée dans des endroits sans ombrage d'infrastructure pour assurer la meilleure production et durée de vie. De plus, sa production n'est généralement pas temporellement en phase avec des profils de consommation de type résidentiel ou tertiaire. Afin de répondre à la problématique d'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans nos réseaux électriques conventionnels, l'usage de moyens de stockage, par exemple de type électrochimique, semble aujourd'hui la meilleure solution, en considérant le coût, la sécurité d'approvisionnement, la maturité technologique et la facilité de mise en œuvre. Ainsi, de nouveaux micro-réseaux constitués de sources décentralisées et d'éléments de stockage apparaissent en concurrence du réseau centralisé conventionnel ou en complément de ce dernier afin d'atteindre de nouveaux objectifs (stabilité accrue du réseau, mode isolé de secours en cas de panne avec possibilité d'aider le redémarrage du réseau principal, remplacement de générateurs diesel auxiliaires, etc.). Parmi les grandes transformations actuelles, les consommateurs de plus en plus acteurs et peuvent injecter tout ou partie du surplus d'énergie produit vers le réseau ou choisir de consommer de l'énergie du réseau selon leurs souhaits. Un nouveau modèle économique se dessine avec la possibilité de voir apparaître de nouvelles tarifications de l'électricité notamment liées aux prestations assurant une plus grande robustesse du réseau. Durant cette thèse, plusieurs années de données de production et de consommation d'un bâtiment photovoltaïque ont été analysées pour définir les contraintes imposées à l'unité de stockage assurant l'équilibre du micro-réseau électrique. Un modèle de performance et de vieillissement a été élaboré pour trois technologies de stockage: batteries plomb- acide, batteries lithium-ion et supercondensateurs. Celui-ci permet le dimensionnement, l'association d'éléments de stockage et la gestion optimale des flux énergétiques au sein du micro-réseau. Divers critères permettant d'évaluer le fonctionnement des micro-réseaux ont également été étudiés comme le coût annuel de l'unité de stockage, le taux d'autoconsommation de l'énergie photovoltaïque, la quantité d'énergie qui n'a pas été fournie au consommateur, etc. Une approche multi-objective, basée sur le concept d'optimum de Pareto, a été mise en œuvre afin d'optimiser les aspects économique, environnemental et d'autonomie de fonctionnement des futurs réseaux électriques distribués. Un démonstrateur basse tension continue de quelques kilowatts a été développé pour valider les différents points étudiés dans cette thèse. / Because of our global high consumption of fossil fuels, these resources are becoming scarce and the environmental equilibrium of the Earth is endangered. Other energy sources are developed in order to build a new diversified and decarbonised energy mix. For example, in an urban context, the solar photovoltaic system has many assets such as the decentralized production of electricity, easy integration in buildings, transportation losses reduction, no sound during production, low environmental impact, etc. However, the production of this energy source is highly varying, difficult to predict (several timescales, from the cloud shadows to seasonal meteorological variations) and not correlated across time with our consumption needs. In order to enable a massive penetration of renewable energy sources in our conventional grid, the use of energy storage systems (e.g. electrochemical storage) seems a promising solution, taking into account the costs, supply security, technological maturity and ease of set up. Hence, new microgrids constituted by decentralized energy sources and energy storage systems have been developed in order to replace or complement the main centralized grid by ensuring some support functions (i.e. enhancement of the grid stability, black-start operation, replacement of diesel generators, etc.). The consumers become actors able to inject a part of all their surplus energy to the main grid, if the operation is accepted by the transmission system operator. A new business model is to define, especially in the case of putting a valuation on the functions that can help the main grid. During this thesis, several years of data from production and consumption of a photovoltaic building have been analysed in order to define the operating profile of an energy storage system that ensures the equilibrium of the microgrid. A behavioural model taking into account the ageing has been made for three storage technologies: lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. It enables the optimal sizing, the hybrid association of storage systems, and the optimal energy management of the microgrid. Several criteria assessing the operation of microgrids have been studied (e.g. annual cost of the storage system, self-consumption rate, loss of load probability, etc.). A multi-objective methodology, based on Pareto optimality, has been developed in order to optimize economic, environmental, and autonomy aspects. A low voltage DC prototype of some kilowatts has been developed for validating the different concepts presented in this thesis.

Orientador: Otávio José de Oliveira / Banca: João Candido Fernandes / Banca: Mario Cezar Rodriguez Vidal / Resumo: As organizações têm enfrentado desafios relacionados à produtividade, desenvolvimento sustentável, posicionamento estratégico, motivação e bem estar de seus empregados. Neste contexto, o desempenho de Sistemas de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (SSST) ganha um significado cada vez mais importante nos resultados das empresas por meio da redução dos riscos de acidentes e promoção da saúde e da satisfação dos trabalhadores. No entanto, para que um SSST obtenha bons resultados, as organizações precisam estar atentas às dificuldades comumente encontradas durante o seu processo de implantação, procurando solucioná-las de maneira antecipada e estruturada. Pelo exposto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo elaborar recomendações baseadas no referencial teórico e nas boas práticas e dificuldades evidenciadas nos estudos de caso, que contribuiam com a implantação de sisteamas de segurança e saúde no trabalho em empresas fabricantes de baterias automotivas. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa optou-se pelo método de pesquisa qualitativa com base na elaboração de dois estudos de caso em empresas localizadas na cidade de Bauru. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram entrevistas semi-estruturadas, análise de documentos e observação in loco. Ao final da dissertação são propostas recomendações para implantação deste sistema relacionadas aos seguintes elementos: alta direção, estratégia organizacional, cultura organizacional, departamento de segurança e saúde do trabalho, técnicos de segurança e saúde do trabalho, recursos humanos, treinamentos, equipes multidisciplinares para solução de problemas de segurança e saúde do trabalho, comunicação interna, resistência à mudança, indicadores de desempenho, ferramentas gerenciais para solução de problemas, gestão de projetos, recompensas e incentivos, e integração dos sistemas. / Abstract: Organizations have been facing challenges related to their employees' productivity, sustainable development, strategic positioning, motivation and welfare. In such a context, the occupational health and safety systems gains an ever-present major relevance in the companies' results, through the reduction of occupational hazards and the fostering of their workers' health and self-fulfillment. Nevertheless, for the occupational health and safety systems to achieve good results, organizations must be attentive to the difficulties they frequently have to overcome along their implantation process, by seeking to solve them in a structure in-advance manner. As already outlined, this dissertation has a its main purpose the development of suggestions based upon the theoretical referential and on the good practices and difficulties avidenced in the case studies, wich may contribute towards the implantation of the occupational health and safety systems in those companies which manufacture automotive batteries. The qualitative research method was chosen for the development of this work, relying on two case studies in companies in the city of Bauru. The data collection tools used were semi-structured interviews, documents analysis and in loco observation. At the end of this dissertation, suggestions are given for the implantation of such system, related to the elements which follow: high administration, organizational strategy, organizational culture, a department of the occupational health and safety with its respective technicians, human resources, training, multidisciplinary teams for solving the occupational health and safety problems, internal communication, resistance to changes, performance indicators, problem-solving managerial tools, management of projects, rewards and incentives, and also integration to the systems. / Mestre

Carbonatos fosfatos isoestruturados do tipo sidorenkitas sÃo materiais com alto potencial de aplicaÃÃo em cÃtodos dos mais modernos tipos de baterias de sÃdio. Sua estrutura lamelar permite a inserÃÃo e extraÃÃo dos Ãons de sÃdio, que sÃo a principal fonte de forÃa eletromotriz da bateria. Utilizando um elemento muito mais abundante na crosta terrestre, esses dispositivos sÃo a grande promessa para substituiÃÃo da, jà bastante difundida, bateria de Ãons de lÃtio. PorÃm, o cÃtodo que contÃm as caracterÃsticas ideais para produzir o melhor desempenho, propiciando alta densidade de energia e estabilidade quÃmica, ainda està em desenvolvimento. A espectroscopia Raman continua sendo o melhor mÃtodo para caracterizar as propriedades destes compostos, pois contÃm a grande vantagem de ser altamente sensÃvel ao ambiente molecular das ligaÃÃes do oxigÃnio com os metais de transiÃÃo, o fÃsforo e o carbono. Nesta linha, realizamos um estudo de espectroscopia Raman em um conjunto de carbonatos fosfatos do tipo Na3MCO3PO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co e Ni), obtidos por sÃntese hidrotÃrmica em microondas a 210 ÂC por 30 minutos. O sucesso na inserÃÃo de variados metais no interior de octaedros MO6, com raios iÃnicos distintos, produz uma alteraÃÃo no volume da cÃlula unitÃria do arranjo cristalino, modificando a distÃncia de equilÃbrio das ligaÃÃes atÃmicas, provocando uma alteraÃÃo substancial no nÃmero de onda dos seus modos normais de vibraÃÃo. Por isso, visto que informaÃÃes essenciais das propriedades quÃmicas e estruturais dos mais variados tipos de carbonatos fosfatos sÃo reveladas pela tÃcnica da espectroscopia Raman de forma confiÃvel, sua utilizaÃÃo se torna indispensÃvel para o desenvolvimento de mÃtodos e o planejamento de um material eficiente e comercialmente viÃvel para as inovadoras baterias de Ãons de sÃdio.

Este trabalho apresenta a arquitetura de hardware, software e os resultados da implantação de um sistema automação industrial em ambiente siderúrgico, especificamente nas Baterias de Coque do grupo Usinas Siderúrgicas de Minas Gerais S/A Usiminas, precisamente na Usina de Cubatão, localizada no município de Cubatão, estado de São Paulo - Brasil. O sistema de automação monitora em tempo real o processo de coqueificação através da obtenção da temperatura na exaustão dos gases do processo de aquecimento do carvão mineral. O objetivo é estabelecer a relação da temperatura dos gases de exaustão, proveniente do aquecimento do carvão mineral versus a determinação do tempo ideal para o respectivo desenfornamento. O ganho de produção gerado pela implantação deste sistema é apresentado ao final deste trabalho. / This work presents the architecture of hardware, software and the results of implantation of a steel industrial automation environment, specifically in the group of Coke Drums Steel Units of Minas Gerais S/A - Usiminas, precisely in Cubatão Plant, located in Cubatão, state of Sao Paulo - Brazil. The automation system monitors the real time coking process by raising the temperature in the exhaust gases of the heating process the coal. The aim is to establish the relationship between the temperatures of the exhaust gases, from the heating coal versus determining the optimal time for the respective furnace charging. The gain in output generated by the deployment of this system is provided at the end of this work.