O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar o modelo matemático para baterias de chumbo-ácido, usada em aplicações veiculares, mais adequado para a condição de descarga, que ocorre durante o teste de Cold Crank, e propor uma metodologia para identificar os parâmetros da bateria, a partir de ensaios experimentais. A simulação do teste de Cold Crank foi a motivação para o início da pesquisa. Dentre os diversos modelos pesquisados, foram selecionados aqueles que representam a dinâmica da bateria durante a descarga e que são baseados em circuitos elétricos. O modelo de Jackey foi escolhido, por possuir um circuito equivalente com adequada complexidade para o objetivo estudado. Após algumas simplificações e usando a 1ª Lei de Kirchhoff, definiu-se a equação da bateria, que calcula a tensão nos terminais para um dado valor de corrente de descarga constante. Adotaram-se ainda algumas leis de formação propostas por Jackey e uma forma alternativa para a descrição de R1. Alguns parâmetros da equação da bateria foram calculados usando a curva de tensão em aberto (OCV) em função do estado de carga (SOC), a equação da variação do estado de carga em função do tempo (SOC(t)) e o circuito simplificado para o instante inicial. Para os demais parâmetros, uma metodologia de resolução foi apresentada e implementada em ambiente MatLab®. Através da utilização de curvas de descarga experimentais e com o auxílio dos algoritmos de otimização genético e de busca local, os parâmetros desconhecidos foram estimados de forma a minimizar o erro entre os valores calculados e os valores experimentais. Por fim, foi apresentada a variação dos parâmetros em função da corrente de descarga. Com o uso das curvas que aproximam essa variação, alguns exemplos foram gerados para mostrar que os valores calculados continuam coerentes, tanto em forma quanto em escala, quando comparados com valores experimentais para outros níveis de corrente. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi alcançado uma vez que a metodologia aplicada apresentou bons resultados mesmo com o número limitado de curvas de descarga experimentais. / The aim of this study was to investigate the most suitable lead-acid battery model, used in vehicular application, to the discharge condition which occurs during a Cold Crank test, and to propose a methodology to identify the battery parameters from experimental tests. The Cold Crank simulation was the motivation for this research. Among the various studied models, were selected those that describe the battery dynamic during a discharge process and that are based on electrical circuits. Jackey model was chosen because it has an equivalent circuit with suitable complexity to the aim. After some simplifications and using 1st Kirchhoffs Law, the battery equation was defined, which calculates the terminal voltage for a given constant discharge current. Also, it was adopted some laws proposed by Jackey and an alternative way to describe R1. Some parameters from battery equation were defined using the open circuit voltage (OCV) as function of state of charge (SOC), the equation of SOC variation as function of time and simplified circuit for the initial time. For the others parameters, a solving methodology was introduced and implemented in Matlab® environment. Usage of experimental discharge curves and with the help of genetic and local search algorithms, the unknown parameters were estimated in order to minimize the error between calculated and experimental values. Finally, it was presented the parameters variation as function of discharge current. With the use of curves that approximate this variation, some examples were generated to show that the calculated values remain consistent in both shape and range when compared to experimental values for others current levels. In this way, the aim was reached since methodology produced good results even with limited number of experimental discharge curves.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-05-03T13:45:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kassia Francielly Soares de Oliveira Martins.pdf: 958685 bytes, checksum: 60adb1481bf27e06f4cbd2789e7a42a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T13:45:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kassia Francielly Soares de Oliveira Martins.pdf: 958685 bytes, checksum: 60adb1481bf27e06f4cbd2789e7a42a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-15 / As a consequence of the population growth, was obtained the increase the percentage of Urban Solid Waste (USW) generated in the country; in 2008 about 409,530 tons of USW were generated and in 2015, were 495,528 tons approximately. In the state of Goiás and in Goiânia, the same trend followed. In Goiânia, much of the USW is disposed in the Landfill of Goiânia, among these residues are the batteries; instituted in the National Solid Waste Policy (Law n°12.305 of 2010), which imposes the implementation of the reverse logistics system. Having as a starting point the inappropriate disposal of batteries in the USW of the municipality of Goiânia, this work has as general objective to evaluate the toxic potential of metals from batteries in the Landfill of Goiânia and to diagnose the way of disposal of this residue. Thereby, it was approached in this study the results obtained using the parameters cadmium, lead and mercury - established by the pertinent legislation and resolutions - based on the analyzes of the slurry of the Landfill of Goiânia and the ETE e uent Dr. Hélio Seixo de Brito, in addition to the estimated amount of batteries recycled in Brazil and in Goiás. Finally, there is a demonstration of applied researches in several regions of the country presenting the form of disposal of the batteries in the respective localities. The results evidence a future problem, since, batteries decompose from 100 years to 35 years, the area of the Landfill of Goiânia is used at the disposal of USW. Therefore, these residues are in the process of decomposition and the tenor of these parameters tend to increase. As this question is the e ect of a cause, environmentally inappropriate disposal, evidenced in the recycling estimates of batteries, between 2012 and 2016, in Brazil and the state of Goiás, being 55.45% and 0.65% respectively. All this scope highlights the importance of extending the environmental education programs to solve the problem of disposal of batteries. / Em consequência ao crescimento populacional obteve-se a elevação no percentual de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) gerados no país; em 2008 gerou-se cerca de 409.530 toneladas de RSU e em 2015, 495.528 toneladas aproximadamente. No estado de Goiás e em Goiânia, seguiu-se a mesma tendência. Em Goiânia, grande parte do RSU é disposto no Aterro Sanitário de Goiânia, dentre estes resíduos estão as pilhas e baterias; instituídas na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei n°12.305 de 2010) que impõe a implantação do sistema de logística reversa. Tendo como ponto de partida o descarte inadequado de pilhas e baterias no RSU do município de Goiânia, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral, avaliar o potencial tóxico dos metais provenientes de pilhas e baterias descartadas no Aterro Sanitário de Goiânia e diagnosticar a forma de descarte destes resíduos. Com isso, abordou-se nesta pesquisa os resultados obtidos através dos parâmetros cádmio, chumbo e mercúrio — estabelecidos pela legislação e resoluções pertinentes — em função das análises do chorume do Aterro Sanitário de Goiânia e do efluente da ETE Dr. Hélio Seixo de Brito, além da estimativa da quantidade de pilhas e baterias recicladas no Brasil e em Goiás. Por fim, tem-se um demonstrativo de pesquisas aplicadas em diversas regiões do país apresentando a forma de descarte das pilhas e baterias nas respectivas localidades. Os resultados evidenciam a problemática futura, porquanto, pilhas e baterias decompõe-se a partir de 100 anos e a 35 anos a área do Aterro Sanitário de Goiânia é utilizada à disposição de RSU. Portanto, estes resíduos estão em processo de decomposição e os teores destes parâmetros tendem a se elevarem. Sendo essa questão o efeito de uma causa, descarte ambientalmente inadequado, evidenciada nas estimativas de reciclagem de pilhas e baterias, no período de 2012 a 2016, no Brasil e no estado de Goiás, sendo, 55,45% e 0,65%, respectivamente. Todo este escopo aponta a importância de se ampliar os programas de educação ambiental para solucionar a problemática do descarte de pilhas e baterias.

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo das propriedades estruturais e eletroquímicas de eletrodos formados por pó de liga de hidreto metálico Zr0,9Ti0,1Ni1,04Mn0,64V0,46 (tipo AB2) preparadas em forno a arco e tratadas por moagem em moinho de bolas na presença de pó de Ni ou da liga LaNi4,7Sn0,3. Também foram estudadas ligas à base de Mg-Ni preparadas por moagem de alta energia, com e sem a inclusão de um terceiro elemento (Ti ou Pt). Neste último caso, foi realizada deposição eletroquímica para o revestimento da superfície da liga Mg-Ni com paládio. Os estudos nos dois sistemas foram conduzidos utilizando-se as técnicas de EDX (energia dispersiva de raios X), DRX (difração de raios X) e MEV (microscopia eletrônica de varredura) para a caracterização física dos materiais. Também foram realizados experimentos espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS) e de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os estudos eletroquímicos incluíram medidas da polarização dos eletrodos ao longo dos ciclos de carga/descarga, com o monitoramento da capacidade de descarga em função do número de ciclos. Medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em diferentes estado de carga, temperaturas e números de ciclos foram realizadas nos eletrodos formados com as diferentes ligas. Foi observado que a capacidade de armazenamento de carga da liga AB2 sem tratamento, aumenta muito lentamente com o decorrer do número de ciclos de carga/descarga, enquanto que os eletrodos formados com essa mesma liga, porém submetida aos tratamentos superficiais pela moagem com os diferentes aditivos, apresentam ativação muito mais rápida. Pelas medidas de impedância eletroquímica, observou-se alta similaridade da cinética reacional nas várias amostras AB2 analisadas. A substituição parcial da liga MgNi pela Pt levou à uma maior estabilidade aos ciclos de carga e descarga, inibindo a formação de hidróxido de Mg e proporcionando uma cinética tanto de absorção quanto de dessorção do hidreto maior que sua correspondente liga base. A eletrodeposição de Pd nestas ligas, leva à um incremento adicional na estabilidade do eletrodo. / This work reports results of studies on the structure and electrochemical properties of hydrogen storage alloy electrodes, formed by Zr0,9Ti0,1Ni1,04Mn0,64V0,46 (AB2-type), prepared in arc furnace and processed by ball milling in the presence of Ni and/or LaNi4,7Sn0,3 powder additives. The Mg- Ni based alloys with and without incorporation of Ti and Pt, processed by mechanical alloying were also investigated. In this case, electrochemical deposition of palladium was carried out on the surface of Mg-Ni based alloy particles aiming at improving the alloy stability. The structure of all materials were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also employed for this purpose. Electrochemical studies involved measurements of the electrode polarization along the charge/discharge cycles and also monitoring total discharge capacity as a function of the cycle number. Reaction kinetics were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, conducted at different states of charge, temperatures and cycle numbers for the different metal hydride electrodes. It was found that the charge storage capacity increased very slowly along the initial charge/discharge cycles for the bare AB2 alloy, but a significant decrease of the activation time, due to a raise on the active area caused by the milling treatment was seen, independent of the additive nature. Electrochemical impedance showed similar reaction kinetics for different AB2 samples. The inclusion of small content of Pt in the Mg-Ni alloy leaded to a significant increase of the material stability for the charge/discharge cycles, probably because of a reduction in the corrosion processes. Consistently, the electrochemical coatings of Pd lead to a raise in the cycling stability of these alloys.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Physics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Beyond conventional intercalation chemistry, reaction of lithium with sulphur and oxygen (so-called “Li-air” batteries) have the potential to provide 2 to 5 times the energy density of current Li-ion battery systems. However, both Li/S and Li/O2 systems suffer from cycling performance issues that impede their commercial applications: Li/O2 cycling is limited by electrolyte decomposition and large cell polarization; Li/S suffers from the low conductivity of S and the solubility of intermediary polysulfide species during cycling. It has been reported that Se and mixed SexSy represent an attractive new class of cathode materials with promising electrochemical performance in reactions with both Li and Na ions. Notably, unlike existing Li/S batteries that only operate at high temperature, these new Se and Li/SexSy electrodes are capable of room temperature cycling. Initially, stabilities of insoluble discharge products of oxygen and sulphur in the Li-S and Li-O2 batteries were investigated using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation, and these were deduced from their structural, electronic and mechanical properties. The structural properties are well reproduced and agree to within 3% with the available experimental data. Li2S, Li2O and Li2O2 and Li2S2 structures all have negative heats of formations indicating that they are stable, however, that of Li2S2 structure was relatively high compared to others. Calculated phonon dispersion and elastic properties revealed that Li2O, Li2S and Li2O2 structures are mechanically stable and great agreement with experimental work. The Li2S2 structure displayed soft modes associated mainly with sulphur atoms vibrations in the a-b plane, hence it is not mechanically stable in agreement with the negative C13. Stable Li2S2 polymorphs were extracted from soft modes of calculated phonon dispersions along the gamma direction in the Brillioun zone. Temperature is known to have a significant impact on the performance, safety, and cycle lifetime of lithium-ion batteries (LiB). In order to explore properties of discharge products associated with Li/S and Li/Se batteries at different temperatures, molecular dynamics and cluster expansion methods were employed. The former was achieved by firstly deriving empirical interatomic potentials of Li2S and Li2Se which were fitted to experimental and DFT calculated data. The potentials were validated against available experimental and calculated structure, elastic properties and phonon spectra. In addition, complex high temperature transformations and melting of Li2S and Li2Se were reproduced, as deduced from molecular dynamics simulations. Both Li2S and Li2Se were found to withstand high temperatures, up to 1250K each which is a desirable in future advanced battery technologies. Furthermore, cluster expansion and Monte-Carlo simulations were employed to determine phase changes and high temperature properties of mixed Li2S-Se. The former generated 42 new stable multi-component Li2S-Se structures and ranked metastable structures by enthalpy of formation. Monte Carlo simulations produced thermodynamic properties of Li2S-Se system for the entire range of Se concentrations obtained from cluster expansion and it demonstrated that Li2S-Se is a phase separating system at 0K but changes to mixed system at approximately 350K which was confirmed by constructed by phase diagram of Li2S-Se system. It was finally demonstrated that molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations techniques yield consistent results on phase separation and high temperature behavior of Li2S-Se at 50% of sulphur and selenium.

Replacing organic liquid electrolytes with nonflammable solid electrolytes can improve safety, offer higher volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, and lower the cost of lithium-ion batteries. However, today’s all-solid-state batteries suffer from low Li-ion conductivity in the electrolyte, slow Li-ion transport across the electrolyte/electrode interface, and slow solid-state Li-ion diffusion within the electrode. Defect chemistry is critical to understanding ionic conductivity and predicting the charge transport through heterogeneous solid interfaces. The goal of this dissertation is to analyze and improve solid state materials for energy storage applications by understanding their defect structure and transport properties. I have investigated defect chemistry of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (c-LLZO), one of the most promising candidate solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. By combining conductivity measurements with defect modeling, I constructed a defect diagram of c-LLZO featuring the intrinsic formation of lithium vacancy-hole pairs. The findings provided insights into tailoring single-phase mixed lithium-ion/electron conducting materials for emerging ionic devices, i.e., composite cathodes requiring both fast electronic and ionic paths in solid-state batteries. I suggested that oxygen vacancies could increase the Li-ion conductivity by reducing the amount of electron holes bound with lithium vacancies. Using a simpler but also attractive solid electrolyte Li2ZrO3 (LZO) as an example, I significantly improved Li-ion conductivity by creating extra oxygen vacancies via cation doping. In particular, Fe-doped LZO shows the highest Li-ion conductivity reported for the family of LZO compounds, reaching 3.3 mS/cm at 300 °C. This study brought attentions to the long-neglected oxygen vacancy defects in lithium-ion conductors and revealed their critical role in promoting Li-ion transport. More importantly, it established a novel defect engineering strategy for designing Li-oxide based solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. I surface-modified LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material with a LZO coating prepared under dry air and oxygen, and systematically investigated the effect of coating atmosphere on their transport properties and electrochemical behaviors. The LZO coating prepared in oxygen is largely amorphous. It not only provided surface protection against the electrolyte corrosion but also enabled faster lithium-ion transport. Additionally, oxygen atmosphere facilitated Zr diffusion from the surface coating to the bulk of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, which stabilized the crystal structure and enhanced lithium ion diffusion. Consequently, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathodes coated with Li2ZrO3 in oxygen achieved a significant improvement in high-voltage cycling stability and high-rate performance.

Arc flash is one of the two primary hazards encountered by workers near electrical equipment. Most applications where arc flash may be encountered are alternating current (AC) electrical systems. However, direct current (DC) electrical systems are becoming increasingly prevalent with industries implementing more renewable energy sources and energy storage devices. Little research has been performed with respect to arc flash hazards posed by DC electrical systems, particularly energy storage devices. Furthermore, current standards for performing arc flash calculations do not provide sufficient guidance when working in DC applications. IEEE 1584-2002 does not provide recommendations for DC electrical systems. NFPA 70E provides recommendations based on conservative theoretical models, which may result in excessive personal protective equipment (PPE). Arc flash calculations seek to quantify incident energy, which quantifies the amount of thermal energy that a worker may be exposed to at some working distance. This thesis assesses arc flash hazards within a substation backup battery system. In addition, empirical data collected via a series of tests utilizing retired station batteries is presented. Lastly, a predictive model for determining incident energy is proposed, based on collected data.

[pt] A evolução tecnológica e a necessidade de fontes de energia cada vez mais eficientes e compactas alavancam os estudos eletroquímicos, no intuito de desenvolver fontes primárias e secundárias mais duráveis e que suportem uma maior carga de operação. Dentre as fontes eletroquímicas temos as primárias (pilhas) e as secundárias (baterias). A diferença fundamental entre essas fontes é o fato das baterias suportarem um número definido de ciclos de carga-descarga, enquanto as pilhas sofrem um único ciclo de descarga após o qual devem ser descartadas. É importante notar que a fonte deve ser adequada à aplicação para qual foi desenvolvida. Assim, em alguns casos especiais, como sistemas de emergência, aparatos militares e aeroespaciais, são necessárias fontes que possuam longa vida de prateleira, alta confiabilidade e alta densidade de corrente. Nesse contexto, enquadram-se as pilhas térmicas que são fontes primárias, nãorecarregáveis e inertes à temperatura ambiente. No desenvolvimento das pilhas térmicas o sistema de última geração funciona com anodos de liga de Lítio, eletrólitos eutéticos de LiCl-KCl e catodos de FeS2. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar uma rota de síntese pirometalúrgica a partir da reação de ustulação sulfetante do Fe2O3 com enxofre vaporizado, para obtenção do FeS2 de alta pureza, utilizado como despolarizante nas pilhas. As variáveis de estudo foram a temperatura e o tempo de reação, além da temperatura de volatilização do enxofre e, para avaliação dos resultados foram realizadas caracterizações dos produtos em MEV e DRX, com auxílio do método quantitativo de Rietveld. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma conversão próxima de 90 % e uma alta dispersão de tamanho de partículas devido à agregação das mesmas. Todavia, a desagregação manual pode resultar em partículas menores adequadas à fabricação do catodo. / [en] The continuous evolution of new technologies and the requirement for more efficient and compact power sources, justify many electrochemical researches in order to develop new types of primary and secondary power sources achieving longer operational lives and more density of energy. The primary power sources are not capable of running on charges-discharges cycles and because of this have to be discarded after the ending of electrochemical reactions (end of operational life). On the other hand the secondary sources are capable of doing charges cycles and therefore have a longer life. It is very important to realize that each kind of power source should be proper to specific applications. Though, in some cases, like emergency systems, military equipments and air and space features, it is necessary to have long shelf life sources, high reliability and high density of energy. For these special applications some sources called thermal batteries fit very well and these are primary electrochemical sources, non-rechargeable and inert at the room temperature. On the development of thermal batteries there was consolidated the technology that uses lithium-alloy anodes, eutectic salt electrolytes based on LiCl-KCl and FeS2 cathodes. The main goal of this work is to study a pyrometallugical route for the synthesis of high purity FeS2 by the reaction of vaporized sulfur and Fe2O3, for further constructions of thermal batteries prototypes. The variables of the study are temperature and time of reaction, besides the volatilizing temperature of sulfur. The analysis was done by MEV and XRD within the Rietveld method. The results showed almost 90% but a high dispersion of particles sizes. It is expected to obtain less dispersion of sizes by disaggregation methods.

High energy density batteries have garnered much attention in recent years due to their demand in electric vehicles. Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries are becoming some of the most promising energy storage and conversion technologies due to their ultra-high energy density. They are still in the infancy stage of development and there are many challenges needing to be overcome before their practical commercial application. Some of these challenges include low round-trip efficiency, lower than theoretical capacity, and poor rechargeability. Most of these issued stem from the poor catalytic performance of the cathode that leads to a high overpotential of the battery. In this doctoral work, Li-O2 cathodes containing nanoparticles of palladium were used to alleviate this problem. Cathodes composed of palladium-coated and palladium-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared and investigated for their battery performance. The full discharge of batteries showed 6-fold increase in the first discharge of the Pdfilled over the pristine CNTs and 35% increase over their Pd-coated counterparts. The Pd-filled CNTs also exhibited improved cyclability with 58 full cycles of 500 mAh·g-1 at current density of 250 mA·g-1 versus 35 and 43 cycles for pristine and Pd-coated CNTs, respectively. The effect of encapsulating the Pd catalysts inside the CNTs proved to increase the stability of the electrolyte during both discharging and charging. Voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and visual inspection of the discharge products using scanning electron microscopy confirmed the increased stability of the electrolyte due catalyst shielding. The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on carbon nanotubes (CNT) cathodes with palladium (Pd) catalyst, Pd-coated CNT and Pd-filled CNT, have been evaluated in an ether-based electrolyte solution to develop a lithium oxygen (Li−O2) battery with a high specific energy. The electrochemical properties of CNT cathodes were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The infrared spectroscopy and SEM are employed to analyze the reaction products adsorbed on the electrode surface of the Li-O2 battery developed using Pd-coated and Pd-filled CNTs as cathode and an ether based electrolyte. vii Studies in this dissertation conclude that the use of nanocatalysts composed of palladium improved the overall performance of the Li-O2 batteries, while shielding these catalysts from direct contact with the electrolyte prolonged the life of the battery by stabilizing the electrolyte.

Les avancées scientifiques et technologiques en matière de stockage d'énergie ont permis le développement d'appareils mobiles énergétiquement autonomes, tels que les smartphones et les véhicules électriques (EVs). Dans ces dispositifs, l'énergie est habituellement stockée sous forme électrochimique, souvent dans des batteries au lithium.Par rapport aux batteries au plomb classiques, les piles au lithium ont une densité d'énergie élevée, un faible taux d'auto-décharge et sont plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Cependant, ces batteries doivent être couplées avec des systèmes électroniques de gestion des batteries (SGBs), chargés d'en assurer la performance etla sécurité. En effet, la performance du « pack » batterie peut être affectée par de multiples mécanismes liés, par exemple, au vieillissement, aux défauts ou aux conditions de fonctionnement et ayant pour impact une réduction importante de l'autonomie du système. Grâce à un contrôle approprié de la structure de la batterie, un SGB est capable de compenser certains de ces mécanismes. De même, d'un point de vue sécurité, un SGB peut aider à prévenir les incendies et d'autres risques en isolant les éléments défectueux du reste du pack.Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur le développement d'un SGB innovant et adaptatif capable de prendre en compte des attentes des utilisateurs en matière de performance et de sécurité. Le SGB proposé s'appuie sur un mécanisme décisionnel distribué basé sur le paradigme des systèmes multi-agents (SMA), dans lequel chaque cellule est considérée comme un agent. Le mécanisme décisionnel proposé repose sur une topologie de câblage dédiée associée à des stratégies de communication et de contrôle adaptées. L'approche proposée améliore l'adaptabilité, la résilience et les performances du système et permet la reconfiguration de la topologie du paquet pour isoler des cellules défectueuses et, le cas échéant, utiliser des cellules de rechange pour recréer une structure de paquets complète ou équilibrer l'énergie entre les cellules. Le SGB permet ainsi une meilleure tolérance aux pannes de l'ensemble, ainsi que l'augmentation de son endurance démontrant ainsi une performance plus élevée que celle obtenu par des SGB classiques.Afin d'évaluer la validité des travaux proposés, une plate-forme de co-simulation est développée afin de valider expérimentalement la solution proposée. Trois catégories des tests ont été réalisées pour valider la fonction d'équilibrage des cellules, la fonction de tolérance aux pannes, et l'intégration de ces deux fonctions dans un système unique. Les tests ont également été exécutés avec un pack batterie de grande taille afin d'évaluer l'évolutivité de l'approche. Les résultats des simulations montrent que la méthode proposée est opérationnelle et fonctionne comme prévu. Bien que les coûts attendus soient plus élevés que pour les méthodes traditionnelles, l'approche proposée pourrait être utilisée pour des applications spécifiques où une fiabilité et une performance élevées sont nécessaires, comme pour les applications militaires par exemple. / Progress in energy storage science and technology enables the development of mobile devices, such as smart-phones and electric vehicles (EVs). In these devices, energy is usually stored in electrochemical form, often in lithium-based batteries.Compared to classical lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries have a high-energy density, a low self-discharge rate and are environmental friendly. However, such batteries must be coupled with electronic Battery Management Systems (BMSs), aimed at ensuring the performance and the safety of the battery pack. The performance of the pack may be affected by multiple mechanisms, for example related to aging, faults, or operation conditions. Through appropriate control of the battery pack structure, a BMS is capable of compensating some of these mechanisms. Similarly, a BMS can help prevent fires and other risk hazards by isolating problematic portions of the pack.This thesis is concerned with the development of a novel and smart BMS, taking into account the concerns of users about performance and safety. The proposed BMS is made of distributed decision-making based on a multi-agent system, in which each cell is considered as an agent. A dedicated pack wiring topology is presented, together with the corresponding communication and control strategies. This approach improves the adaptability, resilience and performance of system, and enables the reconfiguration of the pack topology to either isolate cells and use spare cells to recreate a complete pack structure, or balance energy among cells. The BMS thus enables a better fault-tolerant operation of the pack, as well as increasing its endurance through a higher performance, compared to classical BMSs.In order to evaluate the validity of the proposed work, a co-simulation platform is developed to run multiple tests. Three categories of tests are used to validate the cell balancing function, the fault-tolerant control function, and the integration of both balancing and fault-tolerant functions in a single system. Tests are also run on a larger pack to evaluate the scalability of the approach. Simulation results show that the proposed method is operational and performs as expected. Although the expected costs are higher than those of traditional methods, the results of this work could benefit specific applications where high reliability and performance are required, such as military applications for instance.

Face à la raréfaction du pétrole et aux contraintes environnementales fixées dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto, le domaine des transports tend à évoluer vers des technologies moins consommatrices et moins émettrices de gaz à effet de serre. À ce jour, dans le domaine de l'automobile, une solution technologique fortement envisagée est l'hybridation électrique des véhicules. Le développement de ces véhicules reste néanmoins limité à cause de l'incertitude concernant la durée de vie des batteries. Cette étude porte sur la préparation de tests de vieillissement accélérés et s'articule autour de deux axes : l'évaluation des performances des batteries à un instant de vie donné et la détermination de profils de sollicitations représentatifs de l'usage réel à utiliser pour les tests de cyclage. L'étude se focalise sur deux des technologies les plus prometteuses pour les véhicules hybrides électriques, c.-a-d. le nickel métal hydrure (NiMH) et le Lithium-ion (Li-ion).