Title: Efficiency of football clubs in Premier League Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the technical efficiency of Premier League clubs in the 2015/2016 season using a Data Envelopment Analysis approach. Determine which clubs worked efficiently and identify weaknesses of individual teams. Methods: The efficiency of each Premier League club is analysed by Data envelopment analysis (DEA). The efficiency is computed for input oriented CCR model (constant returns to scale) and BCC model (variable returns to scale). Results: The technical efficiency of each club in the 2015/2016 Premier League season is evaluated in the practical part of this thesis, with eight clubs achieving maximum efficiency for both CCR and BCC models. That indicates that the competition as a whole is highly effective. Keywords: Premier League, technical efficiency data envelopment analysis, CCR, BCC

In kaltgezogenen perlitischen Stahldrähten tritt bei mechanischer Verformung eine Zementitauflösung auf. Dieses Phänomen hat aufgrund der Defektstruktur, die sich während der starken Belastung aufbaut, erheblichen Einfluss auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Materials. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der Zementitauflösung auf die Leerstellenkonzentration in Ferrit (α-Eisen) auf indirektem Weg über die Bestimmung des Diffusionskoeffizienten von Nickel mittels Atomsondentomografie (APT) untersucht. Im untersuchten Temperaturbereich zwischen 423 und 523 K wurde eine starke Korrelation zwischen dem Diffusionskoeffizienten von Nickel und der Kohlenstoffkonzentration in Ferrit festgestellt. Des Weiteren wurde für die Ni-Diffusion eine Aktivierungsenthalpie von (0.66 ± 0.05) eV ermittelt, welche sehr viel kleiner ist als die Aktivierungsenthalpie für die Selbstdiffusion in α-Eisen (2.6 eV), was auf eine erhöhte Leerstellenkonzentration hinweist. Sowohl die Korrelation zwischen dem Diffusionskoeffizienten und der Kohlenstoffkonzentration als auch die erhöhte Leerstellenkonzentration können (aufgrund der Anreicherung des Ferrits mit Kohlenstoff infolge der Zementitauflösung) mit der Bildung von Leerstellen-Kohlenstoff-Komplexen im Ferrit erklärt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wurden im Rahmen des Defactant-Konzepts, nach dem die Bindung von übersättigtem Kohlenstoff an Leerstellen deren Bildungsenthalpie absenkt, diskutiert.

For the purpose of mechanical impact energy absorption in the transport industry are mainly used special profile absorbers. For highly specialized applications is required to use components that are designed for specific kind of deformation. Example of these parts are industrial-made metal foams or micro-lattice structures produced by SLM technology. This paper focuses on low-velocity dynamic loading prediction of BCC micro-lattice structure made of aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg by SLM technology (SLM 280HL). For this purpose dynamic FEM simulaton of the micro-lattice structure was developed, supplemented by model of BCC structure material obtained from mechanical testing. Real geometry of tested samples obtained from optical measurement (Atos Triple Scan III) was further implemented in the numerical model. Dynamic BCC structure load experiment was performed on a drop-weight tester. Behavior of structured material in drop-weight test was described by the course of deformation and reaction forces over time. Comparable results were obtained for flat loading of dynamic FEM simulation and experiment. Inclusion of production phenomena in simulation led to increased accuracy and compliance with experiment. Tool for testing the effect of geometry change on mechanical properties was created. To achieve more accurate results with puncture load, it is necessary to modify the material model with real material deformation at test sample failure.

Inert gases in metals can occur due to ion implantation, from a plasma in a magnetron device or as a result of being by-products of nuclear reactions. Mainly because of the nuclear applications, the properties of the inert gases, helium, argon and xenon in the body centred cubic (bcc) iron crystal are examined theoretically using a combination of molecular dynamics, static energy minimisation and long time scale techniques using empirical potential functions. The same techniques are also used to investigate argon and xenon in aluminium. The primary interest of the work occurred because of He produced in nuclear fission and its effect on the structural materials of a fission reactor. This structure is modelled with perfectly crystalline bcc Fe. In bcc iron, helium is shown to diffuse rapidly forming small bubbles over picosecond time scales, which reach a certain optimum size. In the initial phase of He accumulation, Fe interstitials are ejected. This occurs instantaneously for bubbles containing 5 He atoms and as the more He accumulates, more Fe interstitials are ejected. The most energetically favourable He to vacancy ratios at 0 K, vary from 1 : 1 for 5 vacancies up to about 4 : 1 for larger numbers of vacancies. An existing He bubble can be enlarged by a nearby collision cascade through the ejection of Fe interstitials, allowing more He to be trapped. Ar and Xe in bcc Fe prefer to be substitutional rather than interstitial and there are large barriers to be overcome for the inert gas atoms to diffuse from a substitutional site. Bubbles that form can again be enlarged by the presence of a nearby collision cascade or at very high temperatures. In this case the most energetically favourable vacancy ratios in the bubbles is 1: 1 for Ar and from 0.6: 1 to 0.8: 1 for Xe. For Ar and Xe, bubble formation is more likely as a direct result of radiation or radiation enhanced diffusion rather than diffusion from a substitutional site. Ar in aluminium is also studied. Ar atoms in fcc Al prefer to be substitutional rather than interstitial and evolution into substitutional occurs over picosecond time scales at room temperature. Bubble formation can occur more easily than in bcc iron, mainly because the barriers for vacancy diffusion are much lower but the time scales for bubble accumulation are much longer than those for He. A vacancy assisted mechanism is found which allows Ar to diffuse through the lattice. Finally some preliminary results on the energetics of different geometrical structures of larger Xe bubbles in Al are investigated since experiment has indicated that these can become facetted.

Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής αυτής, έγινε ανάλυση και υλοποίησης της κωδικοποίησης αμφοιωτικών παραμέτρων (BCC-Binaural Cue Coding). Οι αλγόριθμοι της κωδικοποίησης BCC και γενικά όλες οι συναρτήσεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν έγιναν στο περιβάλλον της MATLAB. Για τη διαδικασία και για τον έλεγχο των αλγορίθμων έγινε χρήση στερεοφωνικών σημάτων τα οποία κωδικοποιήθηκαν σε μονοφωνικά. Στόχος της κωδικοποίησης ήταν να επιτευχθεί γρήγορη μίξη και εξαγωγή των παραμέτρων του στερεοφωνικού σήματος και ταυτόχρονα όσο το δυνατό πιο πειστική επαναδημιουργία του σήματος. Για αυτό τον λόγο στην προσπάθεια δημιουργίας προγράμματος με γρήγορη απόκριση, η κωδικοποίηση έγινε, τόσο στο πεδίο του χρόνου όσο και στο πεδίο της συχνότητας. / --

L'application d'un temps de maintien, même de faible durée, lors d'un chargement cyclique, modifie de façon très sensible à la fois le comportement contrainte-déformation et le nombre de cycles à amorçage dans l'alliage base titane TI-6242. Ceci est lié à un régime de fluage cyclique, conduisant à de la déformation progressive d'une part, et à une forte interaction fatigue-temps de maintien pour ce qui concerne le nombre de cycles à amorçage. Les différents phénomènes sont pour le moment assez mal analysés, si bien qu'il n'est pas possible d'effectuer une conception optimale des pièces, de larges marges de sécurité étant nécessaires. Le but du travail est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes locaux qui régissent le comportement et l'amorçage des fissures, dans le but de suggérer des microstructures optimales, et de calibrer des modèles macroscopiques utilisables en bureau d'études. En s'appuyant sur une base expérimentale fournie par Snecma et l'ENSMA, une approche multiéchelles a été mise en place pour représenter les hétérogénéités locales qui ont un rôle significatif sur les comportements observés. Dans les calculs des microstructures, faisant intervenir une étape d'évaluation statistique, on se focalise sur la représentation explicite des "plumes", grains de taille exceptionnelle, qui sont à l'origine des premières microfissures en raison du contraste cristallin qu'ils introduisent avec l'environnement. Une revue des différentes configurations de plumes, afin de retenir celles qui sont le plus critique, a été établie. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de plumes simples, doubles ou triples, les domaines se présentant sous formes de bandes. Les configurations à étudier comportent comme paramètres critiques l'orientation géométrique de la bande par rapport à la direction du chargement macroscopique, mais surtout l'orientation cristallographique au sein de cette (ces) bande(s). Des calculs systématiques ont été effectués afin de mener une étude statistique et de déterminer les configurations les plus sensibles.

Diploma thesis describes the problem of quantitative expression of the quality of life. For this purpose is used one of the most widespread indicators of quality of life - Human Development Index. This paper describes its basic characteristics, method of calculation, its advantages and drawbacks. One of the objectives of this paper is the elimination of these shortcomings by alternative method of calculation. The methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and data envelopment analysis models are applied for these purposes. One part of this paper is a theoretical description of the tasks of multi-criteria decision making and their classification into the methods for multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and into the methods of multi-criteria linear programming. In this paper are used methods WSA, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE, based on the definition of the theoretical characteristics of the methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. These methods are applied on the source data, obtained from a model of the human development index. After calculation, the results obtained are analyzed and written into the conclusion. Another alternative approach to obtain the level of human development is to evaluate the degree of efficiency of countries using data envelopment analysis models in comparison with the human development index. For these purposes is written the theoretical background, which defines the basic types of data envelopment analysis models. These theoretical findings serve as the basis for the practical analysis by the BCC output oriented model and by the corresponding model of super efficiency. The results of these calculations are analyzed and subsequently written into the final conclusion.

Parameters of Heine and Abarenkov potential has been computed in this paper for twenty two hexagonal closed pack (hcp) crystals. From the minimization of structure dependent energy of the pure crystal the inter-relation between the two parameters of the potential is first determined. Calculation uses pseudopotential technique with nine different exchange and correlation functions and either only available experimental value of vacancy formation energy (E1vF) or that obtained from an empirical relation based on other experimental parameters (Melting temperature, cohesive energy or activation energy) as tool. The variation of E1vF with parameter A of HAP and different exchange and correlation functions (ECF) show sharp fall in E1vF near very small value of A after which it shows constancy for all hcp crystals. Comparison is made with parameter of Ashcroft model also. For Aschroft this variation is almost flat showing averageness while for Heine and Abarenkov sharp variations are there from one hcp crystal to other.

BCC metals are commonly used throughout the world and understanding their deformation behavior, especially at the sub-grain level, is essential for their continued use in technological advancements. Correctly and confidently characterizing the active slip systems in BCC materials has been a difficult task throughout past research. The research described in this thesis utilizes high resolution digital image correlation (HRDIC) and relative displacement ratio (RDR) analysis to accurately characterize active slip systems in large grained BCC tantalum and provides new insights into dislocation nucleation sites, relative CRSS values for {110} and {112} slip systems, the correlation between GB transmission factors and strain gradients, the relative length of NBGZs, and slip transmission. A 99.99% pure tantalum oligo sample was sputtered with gold and remodeled to provide high resolution data points to be used in HRDIC. The high resolution of the gold remodeled samples combined with a RDR analysis made it possible to confidently identify active slip systems during tensile deformation at room temperature. One of the observations from this analysis was the discrepancy between the observed active slip systems and those predicted from a simple single-CRSS Schmid's Law. By considering the active systems observed in grains with a range of orientation, it was concluded that the {112} slip systems have a higher CRSS than the {110} by 6.7%. Independent CPFE simulations and experiments on single crystal samples of the same material, agreed with our findings establishing a range of increased CRSS for {112} of 3.9%-7.1%. These conclusions are compared with the small number of available estimates of the CRSS ratio, and lie in between the value of equal CRSS used by most modelers, and experimental estimates of 15-25% higher for {112}. The identified active slip systems were also used in the Luster and Morris equation to calculate each GBs transmissivity factor - an estimate of strain incompatibility between neighboring grains. Results indicate that there is an inverse correlation between GB transmissivity and strain gradient slope, as well as a positive correlation between GB transmissivity and slip trace reorientation for some GBs. Only one instance of slip transmission was observed from the 24 GBs analyzed, suggesting it is an uncommon occurrence in BCC tantalum. An analysis of the length of the NBGZ in relation to slip and strain gradients was compared to previous studies and suggests the relative and absolute length of the NBGZ changes with grain size, at least for large length scales. Strain gradients for each side of the GB were measured and results indicated steep negative strain gradient slopes that suggest dislocation nucleation in the GBs and propagation towards the interior of the grain. When compared against the transmissivity factor, an inverse relationship was found to exist between strain gradients and high transmissivity factors.

Parameters of Heine and Abarenkov model potential (HAP) have been computed in this paper for sixteen body centered cubic (bcc) closed pack crystals. From the minimization of structure dependent energy of the pure crystal the inter-relation between the two parameters is first determined. Calculation uses pseudopotential technique with nine different exchange and correlation functions (ECF) and either only available experimental value of vacancy formation energy (VFE) or that obtained from an empirical relation based on other experimental parameters (Melting temperature, cohesive energy or activation energy) as tool. The variation of VFE with one parameter of HAP and different ECF show sharp fall in VFE near very small value of it after which it shows constancy for all bcc crystals. Comparison is made with parameter of Ashcroft model also. For increase in valency this parameter of HAP increases and show distinct different curves.