This work analyzes the geographical networks and the phytogeographical potential for beekeeping in Sergipe the light of geographical networks as a category of analysis, with the empirical cut territories planning: the High Wilderness, with highlights for municipalities Canindé de São Francisco, Poço Redondo, Porto da Folha, Nossa Senhora da Glória e Nossa Senhora de Lourdes; Agreste Central (Frei Paulo); Sul Sergipano (Estancia and Salgado); Centro Sul (Lagarto, Poço Verde and Tobias Barreto); and, Baixo São Francisco (Brejo Grande). The research took place from bibliographic, documental and census on the theme addressed; fieldwork from visits to productive territories that have phytogeographical potential for beekeeping; semi-structured interviews with the actors who are part of the network and beekeeping with representatives warehousing and cooperatives beekeepers, application of cartographic techniques for the preparation of maps, land and tabulation, and analysis and interpretation of information. The geographical networks of beekeeping are configured in networks of production, marketing, financial, technical, scientific and informational whose analysis reveals the existence of phytogeographical potential in forest remnants able to meet the practice and development of beekeeping in Sergipe. However, besides the weather, the factors of structural and organizational hamper the growth of this activity: the lack of synergy between actors constituents of the network, the lack of professionalism on the part of beekeepers, though they have technical knowledge, still practice activity amateur way, and insufficient processing units (House of Honey) built based technical standards set by government agencies, among others. To target the growth and strengthening of beekeeping are needed structural improvements, such as: scientific-technical support, financial and informational effective government bodies; structuring and creation of units of extraction and processing of bee products; structuring and organization of beekeepers´ associations and their inclusion in the Federation of beekeepers of Sergipe; strengthening commercialization via creation of warehousing in Sergipe, providing areas for Community production in areas with phytogeographical potential initiated by the government (federal, state and local), creation of partnerships between landowners and beekeepers via government agencies offering benefits to the owners , and , after the effective structuring of geographical networks, enabling the creation of a Technological Center beekeeping in partnership with the State of Bahia to meet the interior of Bahia and Sergipe since the geographical networks beekeeping sergipana beyond its boundaries in search of phytogeographical potential. These strategies provide the desired consolidation of Local Productive Arrangement (APL) in the context of state and Local Territorial System (SLOT) locally. / Esse trabalho visa analisar as redes geográficas e o potencial fitogeográfico para atividade apícola em Sergipe à luz das redes geográficas enquanto categoria de análise, tendo como recorte empírico os territórios de planejamento: o Alto Sertão, com destaques para os municípios de Canindé de São Francisco, Poço Redondo, Porto da Folha, Nossa Senhora da Glória e Nossa Senhora de Lourdes; Agreste Central (Frei Paulo); Sul Sergipano (Estância e Salgado); Centro Sul (Lagarto, Poço Verde e Tobias Barreto); e, Baixo São Francisco (Brejo Grande). A pesquisa ocorreu a partir de levantamento bibliográfico, documental e censitário acerca da temática abordada; pesquisa de campo a partir de visitas aos territórios produtivos que dispõe de potencial fitogeográfico para a apicultura; entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores que fazem parte da rede apícola e com representantes de entrepostos e cooperativas de apicultores; aplicação de técnicas cartográficas para elaboração dos mapas; ordenamento e tabulação dos dados; e, análise e interpretação das informações. As redes geográficas da apicultura encontram-se configurada em redes de produção, de comercialização, financeira, técnica, científica, e informacional cujas análises evidenciam a existência de potencial fitogeográfico nos remanescentes florestais capazes de atender a prática e o desenvolvimento da apicultura em Sergipe. Entretanto, além das condições climáticas, os fatores de caráter estrutural e organizacional dificultam o crescimento dessa atividade: a falta de sinergia entre atores constituintes da rede; a inexistência de profissionalismo por parte dos apicultores, que embora tenham conhecimentos técnicos, ainda praticam a atividade de forma amadora; e quantidade insuficiente de unidades de beneficiamento (Casa do Mel) edificadas com base nas normas técnicas estabelecidas pelos órgãos governamentais, dentre outros. Para almejar o crescimento e fortalecimento da apicultura são necessárias melhorias estruturais, como: apoio técnico-científico, informacional e financeiro efetivos pelos órgãos governamentais; estruturação e criação de unidades de extração e beneficiamento dos produtos apícolas; estruturação e organização das associações de apicultores e sua inclusão na Federação de Apicultores de Sergipe; fortalecimento da comercialização via criação de entreposto em Sergipe; disponibilização de áreas para produção comunitária nos territórios com potencial fitogeográfico por iniciativa do governo (federal, estadual e local); realização de parcerias entre proprietários de terras e apicultores via órgãos governamentais oferecendo benefícios aos proprietários; e, após a estruturação efetiva das redes geográficas, viabilizar a criação de um Centro Tecnológico da Apicultura em parceria com o Estado da Bahia visando atender o sertão sergipano e baiano já que as redes geográficas da apicultura sergipana ultrapassam seus limites territoriais em busca de potencial fitogeográfico. Essas estratégias proporcionarão a consolidação do almejado Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) no contexto estadual e do Sistema Local Territorial (SLOT) no âmbito local.

L’abeille mellifère (Apis mellifera) occupe une place centrale dans nos systèmes agro-alimentaires et écologiques. En plus de produire du miel, l’espèce assure un rôle crucial pour la pollinisation d’un grand nombre de cultures, améliorant les récoltes tant en qualité qu’en quantité. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les apiculteurs constatent dans leurs colonies des taux de mortalité plus élevés que la normale. Si cette tendance s’observe sur plusieurs continents, c’est en Amérique du Nord que les apiculteurs sont le plus affectés, avec des taux de mortalité hivernale dépassant les 40 %. La perte d’habitats et des habitats inadéquats sont parmi les facteurs les plus souvent mis en cause dans les dernières études. Ce mémoire présente une analyse des différents habitats afin de mesurer les effets du paysage environnant sur la mortalité. Pour ce faire, des images satellites et des nouveaux ensembles massifs de données sur la santé des ruches au Québec ont pu être mobilisés. Ce mémoire présente un cadre méthodologique prometteur pour une analyse géographique des effets du paysage avec de grands jeux de données. Les méthodes utilisées font appel à l’analyse spatiale par système d’information géographique et à des modèles d’apprentissage automatique. Un domaine d’étude récent a émergé de la combinaison de ces techniques: l’intelligence artificielle géospatiale, ou GéoIA. Deux cas d’études furent réalisés dans ce mémoire: un premier sur l’apiculture urbaine et un second sur l’apiculture commerciale. En ville, nos principaux résultats révèlent l’importance de la végétation locale autour de la ruche, ainsi que l’effet négatif d’un paysage urbain fragmenté limitant la connectivité. En apiculture commerciale, on trouve qu'une plus grande diversité de cultures est bénéfique dans un rayon de cinq kilomètres, mais que l'effet se dissipe au fur et à mesure que la distance de mesure se réduit. On observe aussi qu’une abondance de ressources florales en milieu de saison est cruciale pour la survie de la colonie. Dans l’ensemble, la performance prédictive des modèles utilisés dans ce mémoire confirme la solidité du GéoIA comme cadre d’analyse de pointe offrant des outils puissants et généralisables pour mener des études géographiques à grande échelle. / The honeybee (Apis mellifera) plays a central role in our agri-food and ecological systems. Beyond honey production, the species plays a crucial role in pollinating a large number of crops, improving harvests in terms of both quality and quantity. Over the last twenty years or so, beekeepers have observed much higher-than-normal mortality rates in their colonies. While this trend can be observed on several continents, it is in North America that beekeepers are most affected, with winter mortality rates sometimes exceeding 40%. Habitat loss and unsuitable habitats are among the explaining factors most often suspected in recent studies. This thesis presents an analysis of different habitats to measure the effects of the surrounding landscape. To this end, satellite images and massive new datasets on beehive health in Quebec were mobilized. This thesis also presents a promising methodological framework for the geographical analysis of landscape effects with large datasets. The methods used fall within the framework of spatial analysis, geographic information systems and machine learning models. A recent field of study has emerged from the combination of these techniques: geospatial artificial intelligence, or GeoAI. Two case studies were carried out in this thesis: the first on urban beekeeping and the second on commercial beekeeping. In urban beekeeping, our main results reveal the importance of local vegetation around the hive, as well as the negative effect of a fragmented urban landscape limiting connectivity. In commercial beekeeping, we first observe that greater crop diversity is beneficial at a radius of five kilometers, but that the effect dissipates as the measuring distance is reduced. We also found that an abundance of mid-season floral resources is crucial for colony survival. More generally, the predictive performance of the models used in the presented studies confirms the strength of GeoAI as a state-of-the-art analytical framework offering powerful and generalizable tools for conducting large-scale geographical studies.

L'effondrement des populations d'abeilles domestiques, observé à l'échelle mondiale depuis une vingtaine d'années, est particulièrement alarmant, provoquant le déclin de la filière apicole mais également celui d'un pollinisateur essentiel en milieu agricole. La conservation de l'abeille domestique et de l'apiculture en paysage agricole est donc actuellement un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux acteurs. L'intensification de l'agriculture, insufflée par la politique agricole européenne, est désignée comme une cause majeure dans le déclin de la biodiversité, dont les abeilles sauvages. De nombreuses études ont révélé que le manque de ressources florales est une cause majeure de ce déclin généralisé, mais de façon surprenante, cette cause n'est que très peu investiguée à l'heure actuelle pour l'abeille domestique. Plus généralement, l'écologie de l'abeille domestique en paysage agricole est mal connue. A l'interface entre écologie comportementale, évolutive et paysagère, l'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence conjuguée de l'intensification de l'agriculture et de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des ressources florales en paysage agricole sur (i) leur utilisation et (ii) l'histoire de vie des abeilles. L'originalité de cette étude provient de l'envergure spatiale et temporelle des données empiriques collectées à l'aide de vastes dispositifs de suivis tant au niveau individuel qu'au niveau des colonies. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'influence négative de l'intensification de l'agriculture sur l'écologie de l'abeille domestique. En effet, la dynamique des ressources dominées par trois cultures majeures que sont le colza, le tournesol et le maïs, provoque l'apparition d'une déplétion d'approvisionnement en pollen et nectar. Des ressources aujourd'hui marginalement présentes en paysage agricole intensif telles que les zones boisées et les adventices jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le régime alimentaire des abeilles, pouvant contrer l'intensité de cette déplétion d'approvisionnement. Par des mécanismes a priori adaptatifs, les colonies et les individus adaptent leurs comportements et histoire de vie en réponse à la déplétion d'approvisionnement. Cependant, ces mécanismes de compromis d'allocation des ressources ont un coût important et aboutissent à un affaiblissement des colonies, qui se traduit par la mortalité hivernale des colonies d'abeilles domestiques. Cette étude révèle empiriquement l'importance de la dynamique des ressources dans les causes du déclin de l'abeille domestique, et évoque la présence d'une disette alimentaire en céréaliculture intensive. Ces résultats sont discutés dans l'optique de concevoir des mesures de conservation de l'abeille domestique, de l'apiculture et du service de pollinisation en paysage agricole intensif, afin de limiter les stress environnementaux pour les abeilles tels que le manque de ressources florales et l'exposition aux pesticides. / The collapse of honey bee populations, described around the world for twenty years, is particularly alarming because it causes the decline of beekeeping and of an essential pollinator in agricultural habitats. The conservation of honey bees and beekeeping in agricultural landscape is currently a major challenge for many operators. The agricultural intensification, instilled by the (European) Common Agricultural Policy, is considered as a major cause in the decline of biodiversity, including wild bees. Many studies have shown that lack of floral resources is a major cause of this widespread, but surprisingly, this cause of decline is very few investigated actually to honey bees. More generally, the honey bee ecology in agricultural landscapes is poorly understood. At the interface between behavioral, evolutionary and landscape ecology, the overall objective of this PhD thesis was to study the combined influences of agricultural intensification and the spatio-temporal dynamics of floral resources on (i) the use of this resource and (ii) the life history of honey bees. The originality of this study comes from its large spatial and temporal scale as well as its joint approach at individual and colony levels. The results confirm a negative impact of agricultural intensification on the honey bee. Indeed, three major crops i.e. rapeseed, sunflower and maize have created a temporal resource dynamic which causes a strong food supply depletion in pollen and nectar. Some resources more marginally represented in intensive agricultural landscapes such as wood and weeds play an important role in the honey bee diet, being able to restrict the intensity of food supply depletion. By adaptive mechanisms, colonies and individuals adapt their behavior and life history in response to the food supply depletion. However, these trade-off mechanisms in resource allocation have a significant cost and generate a weakening of colonies that increases overwintering mortality of honey bee colonies. This study shows empirically the importance of the resource dynamic in the causes of honey bee decline, and highlights the presence of a food-shortage period in cereal farming systems. These results are discussed so as to build conservation measures on the honey bee, beekeeping and pollination service in intensive agricultural landscapes, in order to limit environmental stress for honey bees such as lack of floral resources and pesticide exposure.