As gorduras são componentes importantes em dietas para carnívoros, porém o aproveitamento pelos animais sofre influência de fatores inerentes à composição das dietas, principalmente fibras e minerais, que precisam ser melhor estudados. Os trabalhos que avaliam as perdas endógenas de gordura nas fezes (PEGF) e os efeitos na digestibilidade aparente da gordura são escassos e divergentes. Desta forma, os objetivos destes estudos foram: determinar as PEGF em cães e mink; utilizar as PEGF para obtenção dos valores de digestibilidade verdadeira da gordura; além de avaliar os efeitos da composição de fibras dietéticas e a inclusão de emulsificantes no aproveitamento da gordura por cães. No primeiro estudo, as PEGF foram mensuradas em cães adultos. Dietas com níveis crescentes de gordura de frango foram utilizadas e as PEGF dos cães foram determinadas a partir de análises de regressão. As PEGF foram expressas em relação ao peso corporal (PC) dos animais, 155 mg/kg PV/dia, ou em relação ao consumo de gordura na matéria seca (MS), 7,9 g/kg MS consumida. A digestibilidade aparente total da gordura apresentou aumento conforme o consumo. A digestibilidade verdadeira total da gordura, corrigida para PEGF, não variou mediante o consumo de gordura. A relação entre PEGF e consumo de gordura foi maior em dietas com baixa gordura e explica o aumento na digestibilidade aparente da gordura quando concentrações maiores são consumidas. No segundo estudo, as PEGF foram determinadas em mink. Dietas com níveis crescente de óleo de soja foram formuladas e as PEGF avaliadas por regressão. Foi obtido o valor de 0,5 g/100g MS consumida, próximo ao relatado em cães. No terceiro estudo foi avaliada a influência das fibras dietéticas e da lecitina de soja na digestibilidade aparente da gordura em dietas para cães adultos. Foram avaliadas três fontes de carboidratos, amido de milho, celulose e polpa de beterraba, combinadas ou não à lecitina de soja. A polpa de beterraba reduziu a digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira da gordura em cães, aumentou o teor de umidade e elevou o escore fecal, porém ainda dentro da faixa considerada ideal. A lecitina de soja não apresentou efeito de melhora na digestibilidade dos macronutrientes e da energia das dietas. / Fats are important components of carnivores diets, however inherent factors of diets composition, mainly fibers and minerals, may affect its use by the animals, requiring further studies. Studies evaluating endogenous fat loss (EFL) and the effects on apparent total tract digestibility of fat are limited and divergent. The objectives of these studies were: to determine the EFL in dogs and mink; apply the EFL to calculated the true total tract digestibility of fats; and to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber composition and an emulsifying agent on fats digestibility in dogs. On the first study, the EFL was evaluated in adult dogs. Diets with increasing levels of poultry fat were used and the EFL was determined by regression analysis. The EFL was obtained according to the dogs’ body weight (BW) as 155 mg/kg BW/day, or according to dry matter (DM) fat intake, as 7.9 g/kg DM intake. The apparent total tract digestibility of fat increases according to the intake level. However, the true total tract digestibility of fat, EFL corrected, remained unaffected by fat intake. The relation between EFL and fat intake is higher for low fat diets and explains why the apparent digestibility increases according to intake. On the second study, the EFL was measured in mink. Diets with graded levels of soybean oil were offered and the EFL evaluated by regression. The value of 0.5 g/100 g DM intake was obtained, close to the reported with dogs. The third study assessed the influences of dietary fibers and soy lecithin on apparent total tract digestibility of fat in adult dog diets. Were evaluated three carbohydrate sources; corn starch, cellulose and beet pulp; combined or not with soy lecithin. The beet pulp decreased apparent and true total tract digestibility of fat in dogs, increased the moisture level of faeces and the faecal score, yet the faeces still had good quality. The soy lecithin did not improve digestibility of macronutrients and energy of diets.

<p>Poznavanje genetičke divergentnosti predstavlja osnovni preduslov uspe&scaron;nog oplemenjivačkog programa. Pored poznavanja genetičke divergentnosti, u proizvodnji hibrida &scaron;ećerne repe je od izuzetne važnosti i poznavanje kombinacionih sposobnosti oplemenjivačkog materijala. Svako ukr&scaron;tanje inbred linija nema uvek za posledicu pojavu heterozisa, pa je stoga neophodno ispitati op&scaron;te i posebne kombinacione sposobnosti onih linija koje se planiraju koristiti kao roditeljske komponente hibrida. U ovom istraživanju ispitivane su kombinacione sposobnosti multigermnih opra&scaron;ivača, razvijenih u okviru četiri različita oplemenjivačka programa: programa oplemenjivanja &scaron;ećerne repe Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, i tri programa oplemenjivanja &scaron;ećerne repe istraživačkih stanica Ministarstva poljoprivrede SAD (Michigan, Salinas i Fort Collins). Opra&scaron;ivači su se razlikovali u stepenu homozigotnosti u zavisnosti od prisustva gena autofertilnosti, odnosno autosterilnosti. Kao testeri kori&scaron;ćene su dve citoplazmatski sterilne linije Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Pored određivanja genetičke divergentnosti i kombinacionih sposobnosti cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje vrednosti kvantitativnih svojstava za najvažnija svojstva korena: masu korena, sadržaj &scaron;ećera, sadržaj suve materije, masu glave korena, obim korena, procenat iskori&scaron;ćenja, prinos kristalnog &scaron;ećera i na osnovu njih određivanje genetičke divergentnosti ispitivanih opra&scaron;ivača. Takođe na osnovu dobijenih vrednosti određen je efekat gena i način nasleđivanja za ispitivana kvantitativna svojstva.Opra&scaron;ivač FC220 se izdvojio kao potencijalno stabilan kombinator u<br />iii<br />obe godine istraživanja, beležeći pozitivne vrednosti op&scaron;tih kombinacionih sposobnosti za sva ispitivana svojstva. Sa druge strane opra&scaron;ivač EL53 je u obe godine istraživanja beležio negativne vrednosti op&scaron;tih kombinacionih sposobnosti za sva ispitivana svojstva. U pogledu načina nasleđivanja mase korena, obima korena i prinosa kristalnog &scaron;ećera superiornost su pokazali autofertilni polinatori u odnosu na populacije slobodne oplodnje. Veći stepen homozigotnosti i uniformnost F1 generacije doveli su do ispoljavanja efekta heterozisa kod hibridnih kombinacija gde su roditelji bili autofertilni polinatori. Na osnovu načina grupisanja multigermnih opra&scaron;ivača u zbirnom klasteru, potvrđena je negativna korelacija između mase korena i sadržaja &scaron;ećera. U okviru jedne grupe su se na&scaron;li opra&scaron;ivači sa velikom masom korena i nižim sadržajem &scaron;ećera, a u drugoj grupi sa malom masom korena i vi&scaron;im sadržajem &scaron;ećera. Analizom međusobnih odnosa multigermnih opra&scaron;ivača &scaron;ećerne repe pomoću SSR markera konstruisan je dendrogram u kome su opra&scaron;ivači podeljeni u četiri grupe, shodno centrima porekla iz kojih su dobijeni. Između genetičke udaljenosti određene pomoću podataka dobijenih SSR markerima i posebnih kombinacionih sposobnosti nisu ustanovljene korelacije.<br />Datum prihvatanja</p> / <p>Information about genetic diversity is basic requirement of every successful breeding program. Beside information about genetic diversity for development of sugar beet hybrids it is very important to know combining abilities of breeding material. Since not all crosses result with appearance of heterosis, it is necessary to test general and specific combining abilities of potential parental lines. In this research were used multigerm pollinators from four different breeding programs: sugar beet breeding program of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, and three programs from different breeding station of the US Department of Agriculture (Michigan, Salinas and Fort Collins). Pollinators differed in the degree of homozygosity, depending on the presence of genes for autofertility or sterility. Testers used in this work were two cytoplasmic sterile lines of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. In addition to determining the genetic diversity and combining ability, objective of this study was to determine values of quantitative traits for sugar beet root traits: root weight, sugar content, dry matter content, root head weight, root circumference, extractable sugar content, crystal sugar yield and from them a genetic diversity of pollinators. Also on the basis of the obtained values it was determined gene effect and mode of inheritance of studied<br />vi<br />quantitative traits. Pollinator FC220 segregated as a potentially stable combiner, in both years, having positive values of general combining abilities for all traits. On the other hand pollinator EL53 in both years had negative values of general combining abilities for all traits. In terms of the mode of inheritance for root weight, root circumference and crystal sugar yield self-fertile pollinators showed superiority comparing to the population of open pollination. A higher level of homozygosity and uniformity of the F1 generation resulted in the expression of heterosis in hybrid combinations where the parents were self-fertile pollinators. Multigerm pollinators in aggregate cluster confirmed the negative correlation between root weight and sugar content. In one group were found pollinators with a large root mass and lower sugar content, while in the second group were pollinators with a small root mass and higher sugar content. Cluster analysis of multigerm sugar beet pollinators using SSR markers resulted in construction of dendrogram in which pollinators were divided into four groups, according to the centers of origin from which they were obtained. There was no correlation between genetic distance calculated from the data obtained by SSR markers and specific combining ability.</p>

Recent studies of labour have clearly established that the capitalist state is very involved in the recruitment, relocation and retention of migrant labour forces. Most of the literature tends to analyze migrant labour within the broader social, political and economic context of expanding capitalism. Consequently, studies tend to focus on how the use of migrant labour is profitable to capitalism because it is cheap and easy to exploit. Such studies, however, neglect the ways in which the state actually intervenes in the labour market in order to facilitate the flow of migrant workers to places of employment. Therefore, this thesis explores the relationship between the migration of labour, the state and the reserve army of labour through an analysis of the Native migrant work force in the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta.<p> Through the use of archival material, which includes various federal and provincial documents, annual reports of the Alberta Sugar Beet Growers' Association, newspapers and other materials, the circumstances underlying state intervention in the economy of the southern sugar beet industry became clear. While analyzing the structure of the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta, it was found that throughout much of the history of the sugar beet industry, farmers received low returns for their beet crops. Moreover, farmers also suffered financially from the high cost of machinery and, more recently, from the increased costs for fertilizer and chemical weed controls.<p> An examination of government documents on the FederalProvincial Agricultural Manpower Committee, whose mandate was to recruit workers and move them to areas of need in agricultural sectors throughout Canada, revealed that the federal part of the committee was represented by officials from the Department of Manpower and Immigration and, beginning in the early 1950s, officials from the Department of Indian Affairs, who represented Indians on reserves.<p> When the working conditions in sugar beet industry were examined, it was found that they were very poor for beet workers. In general, the weeding and hoeing of the sugar beets was difficult and the housing accommodations inadequate. Moreover, because of the low return on their beet crops and the high costs of machinery, fertilizer and weed control, the farmers had to keep the cost of labour as low as possible, which, meant paying low wages to beet workers. Moreover, it was found that throughout much the history of the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta, agricultural workers were unprotected by labour laws, which, was very conducive to reproducing conditions for cheap labour. Consequently, few wanted to work in the beet fields of southern Alberta if other employment could be found.<p> Prior to the 1950s the state recruited immigrant workers and even prisoners of war from internment camps to supply farmers with the needed labour for their beet crops. However, in the early 1950s unskilled immigrant labour could no longer be procured for beet work. It was at this time that the sugar beet industry, through the Federal-Provincial Agricultural Manpower Committee, turned to recruiting Natives, particulary northern Alberta and northern Saskatchewan reserve Indians, to perform their labour requirements. In order to maintain this needed work force, the state helped organize Native migratation to southern Alberta at the start of the beet season and also helped ensure that they stayed there for the duration of the needed period.

Recent studies of labour have clearly established that the capitalist state is very involved in the recruitment, relocation and retention of migrant labour forces. Most of the literature tends to analyze migrant labour within the broader social, political and economic context of expanding capitalism. Consequently, studies tend to focus on how the use of migrant labour is profitable to capitalism because it is cheap and easy to exploit. Such studies, however, neglect the ways in which the state actually intervenes in the labour market in order to facilitate the flow of migrant workers to places of employment. Therefore, this thesis explores the relationship between the migration of labour, the state and the reserve army of labour through an analysis of the Native migrant work force in the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta.<p> Through the use of archival material, which includes various federal and provincial documents, annual reports of the Alberta Sugar Beet Growers' Association, newspapers and other materials, the circumstances underlying state intervention in the economy of the southern sugar beet industry became clear. While analyzing the structure of the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta, it was found that throughout much of the history of the sugar beet industry, farmers received low returns for their beet crops. Moreover, farmers also suffered financially from the high cost of machinery and, more recently, from the increased costs for fertilizer and chemical weed controls.<p> An examination of government documents on the FederalProvincial Agricultural Manpower Committee, whose mandate was to recruit workers and move them to areas of need in agricultural sectors throughout Canada, revealed that the federal part of the committee was represented by officials from the Department of Manpower and Immigration and, beginning in the early 1950s, officials from the Department of Indian Affairs, who represented Indians on reserves.<p> When the working conditions in sugar beet industry were examined, it was found that they were very poor for beet workers. In general, the weeding and hoeing of the sugar beets was difficult and the housing accommodations inadequate. Moreover, because of the low return on their beet crops and the high costs of machinery, fertilizer and weed control, the farmers had to keep the cost of labour as low as possible, which, meant paying low wages to beet workers. Moreover, it was found that throughout much the history of the sugar beet industry in southern Alberta, agricultural workers were unprotected by labour laws, which, was very conducive to reproducing conditions for cheap labour. Consequently, few wanted to work in the beet fields of southern Alberta if other employment could be found.<p> Prior to the 1950s the state recruited immigrant workers and even prisoners of war from internment camps to supply farmers with the needed labour for their beet crops. However, in the early 1950s unskilled immigrant labour could no longer be procured for beet work. It was at this time that the sugar beet industry, through the Federal-Provincial Agricultural Manpower Committee, turned to recruiting Natives, particulary northern Alberta and northern Saskatchewan reserve Indians, to perform their labour requirements. In order to maintain this needed work force, the state helped organize Native migratation to southern Alberta at the start of the beet season and also helped ensure that they stayed there for the duration of the needed period.

In this study, bio-hydrogen generation potential of sugar-beet processing wastes (sugar-beet processing wastewater and beet-pulp) through dark fermentation was investigated. For this purpose, four different experimental set-ups were used. In the first set-up, sugar-beet processing wastewater was used along with four different cultures to investigate the effect of culture type on bio-hydrogen production. In addition, unseeded reactor was prepared to investigate bio-hydrogen production potential of indigenous microorganisms. The highest bio-hydrogen production yield (87.7 mL H2/g COD) was observed in the unseeded reactor. In the second set-up, beet-pulp was compared with sugar-beet processing wastewater in terms of bio-hydrogen generation potentials at an initial COD level of 4.5 g/L. In the third set-up, bio-hydrogen productivities of only beet-pulp and co-digestion of beet-pulp and sugar-beet processing wastewater at high COD values were investigated. The results of third set-up revealed that the reactor fed by 20 g/L COD beet-pulp provided the highest bio-hydrogen production yield (95.6 mL H2 /g COD). Finally, in the fourth set-up, the effects of five different pretreatment methods on solubilization of beet-pulp were investigated. Then, three out of five pretreatment methods were chosen to compare the corresponding bio-hydrogen productivities. Maximum bio-hydrogen production yield (115.6 mL H2/g COD) was observed in reactor which contained alkaline pretreated beet-pulp. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is postulated that, bio-hydrogen production from sugar-beet processing wastes by dark fermentation can not only enable waste minimization but also contribute to sustainability via valuable bio-based product formation from wastes, namely bio-hydrogen.

Biological hydrogen production through integration of dark and photo-fermentation by using biomass is a promising alternative for energy supply problems. The main purpose of this study was to investigate photobiological H2 production by the purple non-sulfur (PNS) bacteria Rb. capsulatus on dark fermentation effluent of sugar beet thick juice (DFESBTJ). Presence of NH4+ in effluents is an important parameter since NH4+ inhibit the nitrogenase enzyme activity. Therefore, the influence of different NH4+ concentrations in the DFESBTJ by removing using natural zeolite clinoptilolite on photofermentative H2 production were studied using Rb. capsulatus DSM1710 and Rb. capsulatus YO3 (hup-). Also, the effect of EtOH concentrations (between 6.25 and 200 mM) in the defined medium on H2 production were studied using both bacterial strains since EtOH is a possible by-product of dark fermentation process. The experiments were carried out in small scale bottle photobioreactors (PBRs) and outdoor panel PBR (4 L). H2 productivity of 1.12 mmol/Lc/h was attained over 15 days of operation for panel PBR. The results showed that the zeolite was effective in removing NH4+ from the DFESBTJ as its concentration decreased by 95% after treatment. In both bacterial strains, an increase in the maximum productivities and molar H2 yields was observed with the decrease in NH4+concentrations. There was no significant effect of EtOH on H2 production except the inhibition at 200 mM. The main conclusions were that both bacterial strains could effectively utilize the DFESBTJ for growth and H2 production, therefore facilitating the integration of the dark and photo-fermentation for sustainable biohydrogen production.

Der Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse der Beet- und Balkonpflanzensichtungen des LfULG im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012 zusammen. Für ausgewählte Sorten von Pelargonien, Argyranthemum, Scaevola, Calibrachoa, Verbena und Begonia liegen nun Daten zur Anzucht sowie zu Blühstärke und Wuchsverhalten über die Sommermonate unter sächsischen Bedingungen vor. Weiterhin wurden umfangreiche neue Sortimente von Ipomoea batatas, Portulaca grandiflora und Nemesia Cultivars im Freiland gesichtet. Sortimentszusammenstellungen gelb blühender Bodendecker, kompakt wachsender Mandevilla-Sorten sowie »Kombi-Jungpflanzen« und Mischbepflanzungen wurden im Beet bzw. im Kasten bewertet.

The concern over depleting fossil fuel resources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions has prompted the research into alternative and renewable energy resources. Bioethanol is seen as a potential alternative to petroleum fuels and is mainly produced from sugar and starch containing crops such as sugar cane and maize. In South Africa the use of maize for ethanol production has been prohibited due to food security concerns; therefore, alternative feedstocks need to be investigated. Tropical sugar beet, a new variety of sugar beet, is a potential alternative as it is able to grow in tropical and subtropical climates using much less water than sugar cane. The main objective of this study was to determine the potential of using tropical sugar beet for ethanol production. The study focused on the effects of dilution ratio, pH, yeast concentration and the addition of a nitrogen supplement on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% and a glycerol yield of 0.08 g.g–1 was obtained when no additional water was added to the juice. The best dilution ratio was found to be 1:4 which gave a maximum ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% and a glycerol yield of 0.07 g.g–1. An ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% was achieved at a yeast concentration of 5 g.L–1 after four hours of fermentation. Nitrogen supplements such as urea, peptone, yeast extract and ammonium sulphate were added during fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement to fermentation had a positive effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% was achieved when urea was added to the fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement also decreased the amount of glycerol formed from 0.15 g.g –1 to 0.08 g.g–1. Ammonium sulphate was chosen as the preferred nitrogen source as it is a simple component that can enter the cell directly. A maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 88%, was achieved when 750 mg N.L–1 ammonium sulphate was added. Adjusting the pH prior to fermentation had no real effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved at all the pH values investigated. Therefore the natural pH of the juice, or pH values between 4 and 5.5, could be used. Adjusting the pH was done to merely reduce the risk of contamination. The optimal fermentation parameters were found to be pH 4, yeast concentration 5 g.L–1 and a ammonium sulphate concentration of 750 mg N.L–1. At these conditions, a maximum ethanol of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved. These results show that tropical sugar beet with a sugar content of approximately 21.8% (w.w–1) is a good feedstock for ethanol production in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The concern over depleting fossil fuel resources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions has prompted the research into alternative and renewable energy resources. Bioethanol is seen as a potential alternative to petroleum fuels and is mainly produced from sugar and starch containing crops such as sugar cane and maize. In South Africa the use of maize for ethanol production has been prohibited due to food security concerns; therefore, alternative feedstocks need to be investigated. Tropical sugar beet, a new variety of sugar beet, is a potential alternative as it is able to grow in tropical and subtropical climates using much less water than sugar cane. The main objective of this study was to determine the potential of using tropical sugar beet for ethanol production. The study focused on the effects of dilution ratio, pH, yeast concentration and the addition of a nitrogen supplement on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% and a glycerol yield of 0.08 g.g–1 was obtained when no additional water was added to the juice. The best dilution ratio was found to be 1:4 which gave a maximum ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% and a glycerol yield of 0.07 g.g–1. An ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% was achieved at a yeast concentration of 5 g.L–1 after four hours of fermentation. Nitrogen supplements such as urea, peptone, yeast extract and ammonium sulphate were added during fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement to fermentation had a positive effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% was achieved when urea was added to the fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement also decreased the amount of glycerol formed from 0.15 g.g –1 to 0.08 g.g–1. Ammonium sulphate was chosen as the preferred nitrogen source as it is a simple component that can enter the cell directly. A maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 88%, was achieved when 750 mg N.L–1 ammonium sulphate was added. Adjusting the pH prior to fermentation had no real effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved at all the pH values investigated. Therefore the natural pH of the juice, or pH values between 4 and 5.5, could be used. Adjusting the pH was done to merely reduce the risk of contamination. The optimal fermentation parameters were found to be pH 4, yeast concentration 5 g.L–1 and a ammonium sulphate concentration of 750 mg N.L–1. At these conditions, a maximum ethanol of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved. These results show that tropical sugar beet with a sugar content of approximately 21.8% (w.w–1) is a good feedstock for ethanol production in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) produces an array of volatile secondary metabolites that act as constitutive and induced defenses against a variety of insect pests and diseases. We studied the effect of beneficial microorganisms, an arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AM), Glomus intraradices, an entomopathogenic fungus (Bb), Beauveria bassiana and a combination of both (AM+Bb), as well as, pests, such as rootknot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) and beet armyworm (BAW) (Spodoptera exiguae H.) on the production of volatile compounds in the leaves and roots of tomato. Benzyl alcohol, 3-hexenoic acid, total other compounds and β-myrcene were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the leaves by AM and Bb colonization. Upon herbivory, control plants showed a trend for high volatile contents among all four treatment groups contrary to the trend observed without herbivory, when control showed low volatile contents. Herbivory significantly decreased all the volatiles in the leaves compared to those without herbivory. Pest bioassay revealed that these two fungi together can significantly induce resistance against BAW. In the experiment with RKN, a trend was observed with low production of most volatile compounds in the leaves from the RKN plants. Varying durations of herbivory exposure had significant effects on many leaf volatile compounds compared to those without herbivory. Effect of RKN was significant (P<0.05) on the production of methyl salicylate, and (Z)-geraniol in the roots. Interaction effect of RKN with 18 hours of herbivory was significant for (Z)-geraniol, and with 42 hours of herbivory, it was significant for (Z)-geraniol, benzyl alcohol, and total volatiles in the roots. Beet armyworm preferred RKN plants and caused greater damage to them compared to the control plants. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed higher expression of the SlSAMT gene in the roots colonized with RKN, compared to the control roots and those from a resistant line. The experiments demonstrated that interaction with these organisms can change the volatile compounds in the leaves and roots of tomato plant, can alter herbivore preference, and can upregulate defense genes such as SlSAMT.