The migration of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) into northern sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) growing regions has prompted sugarbeet producers to utilize inter-row cultivation in their weed management program as no currently registered herbicides can control glyphosate-resistant waterhemp postemergence. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cultivation efficacy on waterhemp and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and to evaluate cultivation safety on sugarbeet. Cultivation efficacy experiments demonstrated cultivation removes 65% of waterhemp and has no effect on further waterhemp emergence, but can be deleterious to common lambsquarters control if cultivation is timed before sugarbeet canopy closure. The ideal time to implement inter-row cultivation in sugarbeet is after sugarbeet canopy is closed and can suppress further weed emergence. Cultivation safety experiments demonstrated three cultivations as late as August 16 had no effect on sugarbeet yield and quality. Cultivation is a valuable tool to control glyphosate-resistant weeds with no deleterious effects if used correctly. / Sugarbeet Research and Education Board of Minnesota and North Dakota

Der Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse der Beet- und Balkonpflanzensichtungen des LfULG im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2012 zusammen. Für ausgewählte Sorten von Pelargonien, Argyranthemum, Scaevola, Calibrachoa, Verbena und Begonia liegen nun Daten zur Anzucht sowie zu Blühstärke und Wuchsverhalten über die Sommermonate unter sächsischen Bedingungen vor. Weiterhin wurden umfangreiche neue Sortimente von Ipomoea batatas, Portulaca grandiflora und Nemesia Cultivars im Freiland gesichtet. Sortimentszusammenstellungen gelb blühender Bodendecker, kompakt wachsender Mandevilla-Sorten sowie »Kombi-Jungpflanzen« und Mischbepflanzungen wurden im Beet bzw. im Kasten bewertet.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of corn silage hybrids and nonforage fiber sources (NFFS) in high forage diets formulated with high dietary proportion of alfalfa hay (AH) and corn silage (CS) on ruminal fermentation and productive performance by early lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (4 ruminally fistulated) averaging 36 ± 6.2 d in milk were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments during each of the four 21-d periods. Treatments were: 1) conventional corn silage (CCS)-based diet without NFFS, 2) CCS-based diet with NFFS, 3) brown midrib corn silage (BMRCS)-based diet without NFFS, and 4) BMRCS-based diet with NFFS. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Sources of NFFS consisted of ground soyhulls and pelleted beet pulp to replace a portion of AH and CS in the diets. In vitro 30-h NDF degradability was greater for BRMCS than CCS (42.3 vs. 31.2%). Neither CS hybrids nor NFFS affected intake of DM and nutrients. Digestibility of N, NDF, and ADF tended to be greater for cows consuming CCS-based diets. Milk yield was not influenced by CS hybrids and NFFS. However, a tendency for an interaction between CS hybrids and NFFS occurred with increasing milk yield due to feeding NFFS with the BMRCS-based diets. Yields of milk fat and 3.5% FCM decreased when feeding the BMRCS-based diet, and there was a tendency for an interaction between CS hybrids and NFFS by further decreased milk fat concentration because of feeding NFFS with BMRCS-based diet. Although feed efficiency (milk/DM intake) was not affected by corn silage hybrids and NFFS, there was an interaction between CS hybrids and NFFS because feed efficiency increased when NFFS was fed only with BMRCS-based diet. Total VFA production and individual molar proportion were not affected by diets. Dietary treatments did not influence ruminal pH profiles except that duration (h/d) of pH < 5.8 decreased when NFFS was fed in CCS-based diet but not in a BMRCS-based diet, causing a tendency for an interaction between CS hybrids and NFFS. Overall measurements in our study reveal that high forage NDF concentration (20% DM on average) may eliminate potentially positive effects of BMRCS. In the high forage diets, NFFS exerted limited effects on productive performance when they replaced AH and CS. Although the high quality AH provided adequate NDF (38.3% DM) for optimal rumen fermentative function, the low NDF concentration of the AH and the overall forage particle size reduced physically effective fiber and milk fat concentration.

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<p>Hemometrijskim metodama (deskriptivna statistika, analiza glavnih komponenti, ve&scaron;tačke neuronske mreže i fazi optimizacija) analizirani su rezultati procesa osmotske dehidratacije mesa srebrnog kara&scaron;a, sa ciljem unapređenja efikasnosti osmotskog tretmana i pronalaženja optimalnih tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara.<br />Osmotski tretman se odvijao u tri osmotska rastvora (vodeni rastvor natrijum hlorida i<br />saharoze, kombinacija vodenog rastvora natrijum hlorida i saharoze i melase i melasa &scaron;ećerne repe) različitih koncentracija, na četiri temperature (10&deg;C, 20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i 50&deg;C) i pri tri vremena procesa (1, 3 i 5h). Posmatrani su sledeći odzivi sistema: gubitak vode, prira&scaron;taj suve materije, povećanje sadržaja suve materije, sniženje aktivnosti vode i promena sadržaja minerala (Na, K, Ca i Mg). Karakterizacijom osmotski dehidriranog ribljeg polupoizvoda, poja&scaron;njeni su efekti osmotskog tretmana i inovatinog osmotskog rastvora na senzorne osobine, hemijski i mikrobiolo&scaron;ki profil tretiranog mesa ribe. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da se primenom procesa osmotske dehidratacije povećava gubitak vode, prira&scaron;taj suve materije i sadržaj suve materije u svim uzorcima mesa srebrnog kara&scaron;a. Za sva tri osmotska rastvora, najveće vrednosti dobijene su nakon 5 časova, pri najvi&scaron;im temperaturama i u najvećim koncentracijama rastvora.<br />Povećavanjem temperature procesa, koncentracije rastvora i vremena trajanja procesa, povećan je sadržaj posmatranih minerala u tretiranom mesu ribe. Rezultati<br />ANOVA testa pokazali su da na vrednosti posmatranih odziva statistički značajno utiču<br />sva tri parametra: vreme, temperatura i koncentracija. PCA analizom procesa utvrđeno je da su pri izračunavanju prve glavne komponente najveći uticaj imale vrednosti svih odziva osim aw vrednosti, dok je ona najvi&scaron;e uticala na proračun druge glavne komponente. Iako su modeli ve&scaron;tačkih neuronskih mreža kompleksniji od modela polinoma drugog reda, mreže su pokazale bolji učinak usled visoke<br />nelinearnosti razvijenih sistema. Primenom fazi optimizacije postignute optimalne vrednosti procesnih parametara za vodeni rastvor natrijum hlorida i saharoze su bile na nižim temperaturama i nižim koncentracijama rastvora, dok su za rastvore sa melasom &scaron;ećerne repe optimalne vrednosti na maksimumima posmatranih opsega temperature i koncentracije rastvora. Procesom osmotske dehidratacije smanjen je inicijalni broj bakterija u mesu srebrnog kara&scaron;a. Hemijskim i senzorskim analizama utvrđeno je da je melasa &scaron;ećerne repe zbog svog kompleksnog nutritivnog sastava<br />povoljnije je delovala na promenu hemijskog sastava i senzorne osobine uzoraka u odnosu na druga dva rastvora.</p> / <p>Chemometric methods (descriptive statistics, principal components analysis, artificial neural networks and fuzzy optimization) were used to analyze the results of osmotic dehydration of silver crucian carp, with the aim of improving the efficiency of the osmotic treatment and finding the optimal technological parameters.<br />The osmotic treatment was carried out in three osmotic solution (aqueous sodium chloride and sucrose solution, sugar beet molasses and the combination of these two solutions) of varying concentrations, at four temperatures (10&deg;C, 20&deg;C, 35&deg;C and 50&deg;C) and at three processing times (1, 3 and 5 h). The observed system responses were: water loss, solid gain, increase in dry matter content, reduction of water activity<br />and changes in mineral content (Na, K, Ca and Mg). The characterization of dehydrated fish, explained the effects of osmotic treatment on its sensory properties, chemical and microbiological profile. Results have shown that the application of osmotic dehydration increases water loss, solid gain and dry matter content in all samples of fish meat. For all three osmotic solution, the highest values were obtained after 5h, at the highest temperatures and in the highest concentration of the solution. By increasing the process temperature, concentration and time, increased the mineral content in the fish meat. The results of the ANOVA test have shown that the values of the observed responses significantly affect all three parameters: time, temperature and concentration. PCA analysis process has found that on calculation of the first principal component all response values except aw value had the greatest impact, while aw value had the most influence on the calculation of the other major component. Although models of artificial neural network models are more complex than second order polynomial, the network showed better performance due to the high nonlinearity of the developed system. Application of fuzzy optimization obtained optimal values of the process parameters for aqueous solution of sodium chloride and sucrose were at lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the solution, while the solutions with molasses optimal values of the maxima observed ranges<br />of temperature and solution concentration. The process of osmotic dehydration has reduced the initial number of bacteria in meat silver carp. Chemical and sensory analyzes have shown that the sugar beet molasses due to its complex nutritional composition has a better effect on changing the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of the samples.</p>

<p>Termalne osobine svinjskog mesa (Longissimus dorsi) osmotski dehidratisanog u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe i svežeg svinjskog mesa praćene su metodama termalne analize: Diferencijalnom skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC), termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA), modulovanom diferencijalnom skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (MDSC). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju postojanje novonastale proteinske osnove osmotski dehidratisanog svinjskog mesa koji je posledica smanjenja količine vode i interakcije komponenti melase s proteinima mesa. Nađeno je da osmotskom dehidratacijom dolazi do promene i pregrupisavanja preostale slobodne vode u dva oblika, &scaron;to ukazuje na mehaničko strukturne promene u interfibrilarnoj mreži i pojednostavljivanje strukture proteinske osnove. Definisani su nastali strukturni nivoi proteinske osnove: strukturni nivo vode vezane na protein tj. postojanje proteinske strukture i posle osmotske dehidratacije -strukturni nivo I; strukturni nivo mreže sa ujednačeno manjim porama tj. nivo energetski jače vezane imobilizirane -strukturni nivo II; strukturni nivo mreže sa ujednačeno većim porama tj. nivo energetski slabije vezane imobilizirane -strukturni nivo III.<br />Ispitivanjem termalnih osobina uzoraka osmotski dehidratisanog mesa sa smanjenom vlagom ( ispod 20%) nađeno je postojanje staklastog prelaza po&scaron;to je najveća količina vode vezana za čvrsti matriks. Definisani su optimalni uslovi rehidratacije osmotski dehidratisanog svinjskog mesa, te su određene Pelegove konstante rehidratacije. Nađeno je postojanje nativnih struktura proteina u osmotski dehidtiranom mesu i određeni su kinetički parametri denaturacije (Ea, kb) svežeg i osmotski dehidriranog mesa. Određen je sadržaj makroelemenata osmotski su&scaron;enog svinjskog mesa. Radi obja&scaron;njenja složenosti interakcija proteina mesa i sastojaka osmotskog rastvora melase koje se odvijaju pri dehidrataciji, kao model sistem poslužila je interakcija proteina albumina goveđeg seruma (BSA) s jonima nekih makroelemenata prisutnih u melasi.</p> / <p>Thermal properties of pork meat (Longissimus dorsi) osmotically dehydrated in sugar beet molasses and fresh pork were followed by the methods of thermal analysis: Differential Scanning Calorimertry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC). The results indicate the existence of newly formed protein matrix as a consequence of osmotic dehydration of pork meat: reducing the amount of water and the interaction of the components of molasses and meat proteins. It has been found that changes were induced by the process of osmotic dehydration, and rearrangeement of the remaining free water in two forms. Also as a consequence of the osmotic dehydration, structural changes in the interfibrilar network and simplifying of the original structure of the meat protein matrix were occurred. A structural levels of protein matrix were defined: as structural level of the water bound to the protein, meaning the existence of protein structure and after osmotic dehydration Structural level I; a structural level with uniformly small pores in the network of formed protein matrix: energy level of more tightly immobilized water &ndash;Structural level II; and structural level of network with uniformly larger pores, energy level of lower bound immobilized water - Structural level III. By characterization of the thermal properties of the samples of osmotically dehydrated meat with reduced moisture (below 20%) the glass transition was found, as most of the water bound to a solid matrix.The optimal conditions for rehydration of dehydrated pork meat were defined, and Peleg&lsquo;s rehydration constants were obtained. It was found that the existence of the native structure of the protein in the osmotically dehydrated meat, and the kinetic parameters of protein denaturation (Ea, kb) of fresh and dehydrated meat were obtained. The content of macroelements in the osmotically dehydrated, fresh pork meat and in the sugar beet molasses were obtained. In order to explain the complexity of the interaction of meat proteins with the components of the osmotic solution -molasses that occur in the dehydration process, the model-system of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) interaction with the ions were implied to present simple interaction of some major elements with a protein matrix followed by DSC and ITC .</p>

<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita mogućnost primene izluţenih rezanaca &scaron;ećerne repe i njihovih tretiranih oblika, nastalih u procesu proizvodnje bioetanola, kao biosorbenata za uklanjanje jona te&scaron;kih metala iz vode. U okviru eksperimenata, u laboratorijskim uslovima izvedeni su predtretman i hidroliza izluženih rezanaca kako bi se dobili tretirani oblici, a zatim je izvr&scaron;ena karakterizacija adsorbenata, ispitane njihove adsorpcione sposobnosti, utvrđeni najbolji uslovi za njihovu primenu i ispitana mogućnost njihove vi&scaron;estruke primene u obradi vode.<br />U okviru karakterizacije materijala određen je njihov sastav, specifiĉna povr&scaron;ina i poroznost, ispitana povr&scaron;ina primenom FTIR i EDS metode i kvantifikovana količina pojedinih funkcionalnih grupa prisutnih na povr&scaron;ini primenom Boehm-ove titracije. Na osnovu FTIR metode pre i posle adsoprcije utvrđeno je koje grupe učestvuju u vezivanju jona metala.<br />Ispitan je i uticaj razliĉitih parametara na adsorpciju (vreme kontakta adsorbenta i adsorbata, veličina čestice, pH, temperatura, primenjena doza adsorbenta, jonska jačina, su&scaron;enje) radi utvrđivanja najboljih uslova za maksimalnu efikasnost.<br />Kako bi se stekao bolji uvid u sam proces adsorpcije jona na povr&scaron;inu adsorbenata, na eksperimentalne podatke primenjeni su različiti modeli adsorpcionih izotermi, a mehanizam vezivanja je detaljnije razmotren primenom kinetiĉkih modela. Primenom termodinamičkih modela utvrđena je priroda procesa.<br />Radi vi&scaron;estruke primene ovih ekolo&scaron;kih biosorbenata ispitana je i mogućnost regeneracije materijala razliĉitim kiselinama kao desorbensima i utvrđeno optimalno vreme desorpcije. Ispitana je primena kroz vi&scaron;e uzastopnih ciklusa adsorpcija &ndash; desropcija. Rezultati su pokazali da ispitani materijali imaju zadovoljavajući adsorpcioni kapacitet, ali da se mogu primenjivati i vlažni, odmah nakon procesa ekstrakcije &scaron;ećera, depektinacije i hidrolize, bez utro&scaron;ka energije za su&scaron;enje. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da se mogu regenerisati i koristiti uspe&scaron;no vi&scaron;e puta, &scaron;to otvara mogućnost za njihovu primenu u praksi.</p> / <p>The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate the possibility of usage of sugar beet shreds and their treated forms from the bioethanol production for removal of heavy metal ions from water. In the context of experiments, pretreatment and hydrolysis of sugar beet shreds were performed in order to obtain treated forms. The characterization of biosorbents was conducted and their adsorption capacity was investigated. Also, the optimal conditions for their implementation and the possibility of their multiple applications for water treatment were determined.<br />Within the characterization of materials their composition, specific surface area and porosity were determined. The surface of biosorbents was investigated by using FTIR and EDS methods. The amount of the functional groups present on the surface was quantified by Boehm&#39;s titration. On the basis of the FTIR method before and after adsorption it was determined which functional groups participate in the binding process.<br />The influence of various parameters on the adsorption (contact time of the adsorbent and adsorbate, particle size, pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, ionic strength, drying process) were examined in order to determine the best conditions for maximum efficiency.<br />For better insight into the process of adsorption of ions on the surface of the adsorbents, different models of adsorption isotherms were applied to experimental data. Mechanism of adsorption was determined by applying different kinetic models. The nature of the process was investigated by determining thermodynamic parameters.<br />The multiple applications of these eco-friendly biosorbents was examined by regeneration investigation. The optimal time of desorption was determined and different acids were used for regeneration study. The multiple cycles adsorption &ndash; desorption was also conducted.<br />The results showed that the investigated materials have a satisfactory adsorption capacity. They can also be applied wet, immediately after the process of sugar extraction, depectination and hydrolysis, without the energy consumption for drying. In addition, it was found that they can be regenerated and successfully used several times. This opens up the possibility for their practical application.</p>

La filière betteravière française cherche à gagner en productivité afin d'obtenir des rendements en sucre économiquement satisfaisants. La fertilisation azotée est l'un des principaux facteurs influençant le rendement de la betterave sucrière. De nombreux modèles ont pour but de simuler le rendement en sucre de la betterave mais peu prennent en compte l'effet des conditions de nutrition azotée. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ce travail étaient: (i) de mener une réflexion conduisant au choix du type de modélisation, (ii) d'identifier les caractéristiques de la plante en réponse à la nutrition azotée pour le paramétrage du modèle, et (iii) d'évaluer notre modèle. La démarche de modélisation s'est concentrée sur l'intégration des effets de la nutrition azotée sur l'élaboration de la surface foliaire, et sur les relations source-puits au sein de la plante. Des expérimentations au champ sur deux années nous ont permis d'acquérir les données nécessaires à l'étude des réponses de la betterave à des conditions contrastées de nutrition azotée et au paramétrage du modèle. Un travail de compilation de données de validation disponibles à l'ITB a permis de prendre en compte la variabilité des paramètres. Nous avons constaté que la betterave répondait à la nutrition azotée comme les autres plantes en C3. Le modèle simule les différences de rendement en sucre en fonction de l'état de nutrition azotée comme annoncé dans la bibliographie. Le modèle permet de retrouver sans les imposer les stades de croissance de la betterave. Couplé au module de fourniture d'azote du modèle STICS, le modèle permet de simuler les grandes tendances des rendements depuis les trente dernières années. / The French sugar beet industry seeks to increase productivity in order to obtain sugar yields economically satisfactory. Nitrogen fertilization is one of the main factors influencing yield of sugar beet. Many models are designed to simulate the yield of sugar beet but few take into account the effect of nitrogen nutrition conditions. In this context, the objectives of this work were: (i) to reflect leading to the choice of the type of modeling, (ii) to identify the plant characteristics in response to nitrogen nutrition for parameterization of the model and (iii) evaluate our model.The modeling approach has focused on the integration of the nitrogen nutrition effects on the leaf area development, and source-sink relationships within the plant. Two years field experiments have enabled us to acquire data necessary for the study of the sugar beet responses under contrasting nitrogen nutrition conditions and parameterization of the model. A compilation of a data set validation at the ITB makes it possible to take into account parameters variability. We found that sugar beet responded to nitrogen nutrition as the other C3 plants. The model simulates the differences in sugar yield based on nitrogen nutrition status as reported in the literature. The model can find growth stages of sugar beet without force them. Coupled to the supply nitrogen module of the STICS crop model, the model simulates the major trends in yields over the past thirty years.

Le processus de production du sucre industriel génère de grandes quantités de déchets et sous-produits. Parmi ces sous produits, la pulpe de betterave à sucre présente une voie de valorisation importante puisqu’en France, elle représente environ 1,3 millions de tonnes de matière sèche par an et en particulier en Champagne-Ardenne qui a produit 23% du betterave français en 2010. Cette thèse vise à élaborer un agro-matériau à base de pulpe de betterave et d’amidon pour l’usage dans le bâtiment afin de réduire les consommations énergétiques et d’améliorer le confort hygrothermique des occupants. Pour cela il est nécessaire d’étudier de façon approfondie les propriétés physico-chimiques de la pulpe de betterave et de son interaction avec l’amidon pour différentes formulations. Des techniques d’analyse de surface et d’imagerie microscopique seront utilisées. Les domaines de recherche à explorer concernent les transferts et les propriétés hygrothermiques, les propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques. / The industrial sugar production process and generates large volumes of waste and byproducts. One such byproduct is sugar beet pulp, which in France represents approximately 1,300,000 tons of dry matter per year especially in the region of Champagne-Ardenne which produced 23% of French sugar beet in 2010. The aim of this work is to elaborate a green material made of sugar beet pulp and starch as binder to be used in buildings in order to reduce energy consumption and increase indoor hygrothermal comfort. For this purpose, physico-chemical properties of beet pulp and its interaction with starch will be studied deeply and for different binder formulations. Surface analysis and microscopic imagery processing techniques will be used. Physical properties such as hygrothermal, mechanical and acoustic properties will be evaluated also.