Santrauka Dievas elgeta: elgetos vaizdinys lietuvių papročiuose ir mitologijoje Elgetavimas lietuvių tradicijoje atsiskleidžia kaip ypatingas, ikikrikščioniškosios kultūros bruožų išlaikęs reiškinys. Šiame darbe, pasitelkus istorinius, paprotinius bei pasakojamosios lietuvių tautosakos duomenis, bandoma ištirti šio reiškinio savitumą ir ištakas. Darbe nagrinėjami XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. Lietuvos kaime vyravę, su elgetomis susiję, kasdienybės ir švenčių papročiai. Juose atsiskleidžia elgetų svarba ir reikšmė to meto kaimo visuomenėje. Nors elgetos suvokiami kaip tam tikrame socialiniame užribyje esantys asmenys, jie sulaukia daug dėmesio ir pagarbos. Tai ypatingai ryšku su šventėmis susijusiuose papročiuose. Toks savitas elgesys su elgetomis gali būti pagrįstas tiek socialiniu, tiek mitologiniu aspektu. Socialinį aspektą darbe bandoma pagrįsti, duomenų (istorinių šaltinių, tautosakos), susijusių su senosios baltų tradicijos žyniais analize. Ja remiantis, elgetavimas gali būti ta niša, kurioje, tam tikru būdu, galėjo išlikti senosios baltų religinės tradicijos žynių institutas. Mitologinis aspektas grindžiamas elgetos vaizdinio nagrinėjimu lietuvių pasakose ir sakmėse. Jose elgetos vaizdinys neatsiejamas nuo pasakose pasirodančio Dievo Senelio vaizdinio. Nors Dievo Senelio pavidalu pasirodo trys populiarios lietuvių mitologinės dievybės – Perkūnas, Velnias ir Dievas, tačiau su elgetos vaizdiniu daugiausia susijusių duomenų galima aptikti toje pasakų grupėje, kurioje pasirodo po... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary God the Beggar: the Image of Beggar in Lithuanian Customs and Mythology Begging in the Lithuanian tradition manifests itself as a special phenomenon that has retained the features of pre-Christian culture. This paper attempts to research the peculiarity and origins of this phenomenon by means of historical data as well as data on Lithuanian customs and narrative folklore. The present paper analyses beggar-related daily and festive customs that prevailed in rural Lithuanian during the period between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis of customs reveals the significance and the importance of beggars to the rural society of that time. Whilst beggars are perceived as certain social outcasts they are treated with much consideration and respect. This is particularly evident in festive customs. Such special behaviour towards beggars may be accounted for by the social and the mythological aspects. The social aspect is underpinned by the analysis of data, such as historical sources and folklore data, which are concerned with magi of the old Baltic tradition. This analysis suggests that begging can be the niche, which in some way could have conserved the “institution” of magi of the old Baltic religious tradition. The mythological aspect is based on researching the image of the beggar in Lithuanian tales and sagas. The image of the beggar is inseparably linked with the image of God the Old Man, which appears in tales. Even though... [to full text]

This dissertation examines beggars, gypsies, rogues, and vagrants presented in early modern English drama, with the discussion of how these peripatetic characters represent the discourses of vagrancy of the period. The first chapter introduces Tudor and early Stuart governments' legislation and proclamations on vagabondage and discusses these governmental policies in their social and economic contexts. The chapter also deals with the literature of roguery to point out that the literature (especially in the Elizabethan era) disseminated such a negative image of beggars as impostors and established the antagonistic atmosphere against the wandering poor. The second chapter explores the anti-theatrical aspect of the discourses of vagrancy. Along with the discussion of early playing companies' traveling convention, this chapter investigates how the long-held association of players with beggars is addressed in the plays that are dated from the early 1570s to the closing of the playhouses in 1642. In the third chapter I read Shakespeare's King Lear with the focus on its critical allusions to the discourses of vagrancy and interpret King Lear's symbolic experience of vagrancy in that context. The chapter demonstrates that King Lear represents the spatial politics embedded in the discourses of vagrancy and evokes a sympathetic understanding of the wandering poor. Chapter IV focuses on Beggars' Bush and analyzes the beggars' utopian community in the play. By juxtaposing the play with a variety of documents relating to the vagrancy issue in the early seventeen century, I contend that Beggars' Bush reflects the cultural aspirations for colonial enterprises in the early Stuart age. Chapter V examines John Taylor's conceptualization of vagrancy as a trope of travel and free mobility, and discusses the "wanderlust" represented in A Jovial Crew: Merry Beggars as an exemplary anecdote showing the mid seventeenth century's perceptions on vagrancy and spatial mobility. Thus, by exploring diverse associations and investments regarding vagrants, this study demonstrates that the early modern discourses of vagrancy have been informed and inflected by shifting economic, socio-historical, and national interests and demands.

Abstract Fishpond area of Sihcao, Tainan City, approximate 488 hectors, is a part of coastal wetlands of Taiwan. Fishponds can be found almost everywhere in the wetlands, readily forming a fragmented ecosystem. Previous studies on populations of small mammals in coastal wetlands of Taiwan are scarce. Disturbance types found in the study area include straying dogs, working farmers, tillaging of the fishponds, and typhoons, etc, which would probably reduce the abundance of small mammals. The resources such as shelter, vegetation coverage, insects and seeds would increase the abundance of small mammals. The seasonal changes of these environmental factors may in turn affect the population dynamics of small mammals. I monitored the monthly population fluctuation of small mammals and invertebrates in the fishpond habitats, 2008. Six species of small mammals and 106 species of invertebrates were found. The small mammal populations in the Hairy Beggar Ticks region were compared with those within the non-Hairy Beggar Ticks region. More small mammals were found in the Hairy Beggar Ticks region in the sampling period. The vegetation coverage of the former was higher than that of the latter. There was positive correlation between evenness of small mammals and temperature. No differences of the biodiversity of invertebrates were found between the regions in the year. Significant correlation existed between the sunshine duration and the richness of invertebrates. The correlation may be due to the change of photoperiod. There was no significant correlation between the richness of small mammals and that of invertebrates.

This dissertation examines beggars, gypsies, rogues, and vagrants presented in early modern English drama, with the discussion of how these peripatetic characters represent the discourses of vagrancy of the period. The first chapter introduces Tudor and early Stuart governments' legislation and proclamations on vagabondage and discusses these governmental policies in their social and economic contexts. The chapter also deals with the literature of roguery to point out that the literature (especially in the Elizabethan era) disseminated such a negative image of beggars as impostors and established the antagonistic atmosphere against the wandering poor. The second chapter explores the anti-theatrical aspect of the discourses of vagrancy. Along with the discussion of early playing companies' traveling convention, this chapter investigates how the long-held association of players with beggars is addressed in the plays that are dated from the early 1570s to the closing of the playhouses in 1642. In the third chapter I read Shakespeare's King Lear with the focus on its critical allusions to the discourses of vagrancy and interpret King Lear's symbolic experience of vagrancy in that context. The chapter demonstrates that King Lear represents the spatial politics embedded in the discourses of vagrancy and evokes a sympathetic understanding of the wandering poor. Chapter IV focuses on Beggars' Bush and analyzes the beggars' utopian community in the play. By juxtaposing the play with a variety of documents relating to the vagrancy issue in the early seventeen century, I contend that Beggars' Bush reflects the cultural aspirations for colonial enterprises in the early Stuart age. Chapter V examines John Taylor's conceptualization of vagrancy as a trope of travel and free mobility, and discusses the "wanderlust" represented in A Jovial Crew: Merry Beggars as an exemplary anecdote showing the mid seventeenth century's perceptions on vagrancy and spatial mobility. Thus, by exploring diverse associations and investments regarding vagrants, this study demonstrates that the early modern discourses of vagrancy have been informed and inflected by shifting economic, socio-historical, and national interests and demands.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad ett antal människor har för åsikter och tankar kring fenomenet tiggeri. Syftet är uppdelat i fyra huvudfrågor: Vem tror informanterna är de som tigger? Hur tror informanterna att tiggarnas livssituation ser ut? Vad tror informanterna är orsakerna till tiggeri? Anser informanterna att tiggeri är ett problem? Det empiriska materialet består information av fyra öppna kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra olika människor i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det finns en slags spänning då informanterna beskrev tiggeri som en känsla av sympati för de som tigger men också att de beskrev egna känslor som kom upp hos dem när de pratar om tiggeri. När informanterna beskrev sin känslor om tiggeri och tiggare, uppdagades kategoriseringar och beskrivningar om vad de tyckte och tänkte. Vidare hade de flesta liknade tankar. Jag upptäckte ett tema av begrepp som kom upp under intervjuerna så som EU-migranter och romer. Informanterna beskrev deras livssituation som jobbig, deprimerande och förnedrande och att de som tigger oftast bor i tält i parker eller i baracker. När de beskrev orsakerna till tiggeri, ansåg samtliga informanter att det hade och göra med det svenska samhället och att tiggeri bör åtgärdas. Informanterna ansåg även att tiggeri är ett fenomen som alltid kommer att finnas. Resultaten av denna studie är gjord i samband med tidigare forskning, och med syfte att väcka nya frågor och tankar om tiggeri relaterat till socialt arbete och människors utsatthet i samhället. / The purpose of this study is to analyse what a number of people think and believe about the phenomenon begging. The purpose is broken down into four main questions: Who are the beggars in the opinion of the informants? What do the informants think the circumstance of life of the beggars looks like? What do the informants think is the cause of begging? Do the informants think that begging is a problem? The empirical material consists of four open qualitative interviews with four different people in Sweden. The results show that there is a kind of tension since the informants described begging as feeling sympathy for the beggars but also that them described feelings arising when talking about begging. When the informants described their thoughts about begging and beggars, the informants categorized and described what they believed. Further on, they had almost similar thoughts. I discovered a theme of conceptions that came up during the interviews like EU-migrants and Romani people. The informants described the circumstance of life of the beggars as troublesome, depressing, and degrading and that the beggars often live in tents in parks or in barracks. When describing the causes of begging the informants agreed on that it had to do with the society in Sweden, and also with the society in the home countries where the beggars come from. The informants think that begging is a problem for the beggars specific but also for the society and begging should be adjusted. However the informants did think that begging is a phenomenon that always is going to exist. I can conclude that the results of this study is done with previous research, and with the purpose to arouse new questions and thoughts about begging related to social work and humans’ vulnerability in the society.

The diploma thesis deals with various genres which, at the turn of the century, depicted life of the Prague offscourings, i.e. socially excluded and frequently humiliated inhabitants of Prague. The main objective is to give a characteristic of a homeless character, the man on the street, also known as the "Prague vagabond", a character which regularly appears in literature of the period. The thesis discusses several specific Prague vagabonds whom it subsequently compares to the literary type of vagabond (the author used Daniela Hodrová's theoretical findings about the literary type) and shows the impact the city environment has on him. Besides that, the author follows the way the city itself is described as the vagabond of Prague is closely connected with and to a large extent determined by his home city. Primarily, the thesis works with fiction (although a few plays are included as well) and aims to focus on authors of the period who are not widely known today, e.g. R. J. Kronbauer, K. L. Kukla, V. Plaček, F. L. Šmíd, and J. Hais Týnecký. Keywords Prague, Prague offscourings, vagabond, beggar, social issues, literary character, environment

A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA Masters in Community-Based Counselling Psychology (Psychology) in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 15/03/2017. / This research examines the interaction between beggars and motorists at traffic light intersections in Johannesburg CBD. Drawing on approximately 80hrs of video recorded interactions, the research primarily demonstrates the ways in which beggars and motorists produce embodied actions in the management of their asymmetrical socioeconomic positions, and more so the inequalities consequent of which. The phenomenon in question takes place in everyday settings constituted by mundane practices and embodied actions. As such, an ethnomethodologically oriented means towards gathering data served best suited to this research. A qualitative Conversation Analysis approach serves an apt technique for analysing the kind of fine-grained focus of the interactional phenomena observed (both verbal and non-verbal). The analysis has been rooted in the analytic framework of the greeting, request and offer adjacency pair types The progression of the analysis, as it unfolds, lends an eye to a particular sequence organization that appears to have crystalized, and further been reproduced in all of the beggar-motorist cases that have been examined here. The discussion turns towards unpacking some of the socio-structural implications of the embodied practices highlighted in the interaction of interest; particularly converging some of the ideas presented regarding the way in which the beggar-motorist interactional practices contribute to and maintain what can be seen as an institutionalized form of inequality. / XL2018

This study investigates whether financial globalization influences emerging markets by examining the correlation between a global market in relation to emerging markets. By constructing yearly correlation coefficients through collecting daily return from index markets, financial contagion can be detected. International trade serves as a measurement for financial globalization, in the context of the continuation of globalization in the world. Through the progress of creating the correlation coefficients, the significance of trade globalization has been identified along with the relationship the correlation coefficients have with it. Leading to the conclusion that financial globalization does impact the emerging markets and have done so throughout the timespan of 25 years.

Begging as a phenomenon has again become a hot topic of debate both in the public and the media. Actions have been discussed and motions have been given to social authorities in the country. During the last two years people from other parts of Europe who engage in street begging have been seen on the streets of Kristianstad. The purpose of this paper is to find out the individuals, certain authorities and other participants experiences of people begging in public places in Kristianstad. We have used a combination of qualitative, quantitative and literature review method and we have a social constructionist perspective as a basis. The participants and authorities we have included in the study are the police, the social services, security guards, a shop owner and two other assistance agencies. Interviews have been carried out with participants and authorities, and a survey has been done by individuals. A series of articles and history books have been reviewed since the begging is a historical phenomenon as well as a contemporary. The results show a clear division into two camps regarding experiences and opinions about street beggars and begging as a phenomenon. The majority expresses dissatisfaction and many propose measures and actions. Our final discussion is marked by our own thoughts and values ​​that emerged during the work, which we tried to moderate through the rest of the essay. / Tiggeri som fenomen har på nytt blivit ett hett ämne för debatt både för allmänhet och i media. Åtgärder har diskuterats och motioner om förbud lämnas till socialnämnder i landet. I Kristianstad har det under de senaste två åren kommit personer hit från andra delar av Europa som ägnar sig åt gatutiggeri. Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på privatpersoners, vissa myndigheters och andra aktörers uppfattning av personer som tigger på offentlig plats i Kristianstad. Vi har använt oss av en kombination av kvalitativ, kvantitativ och litteraturstudie som metod och vi har ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv som grund. De aktörer och myndigheter vi tagit med i undersökningen är polis, socialtjänst, vakter, butiksägare och två andra biståndsverksamheter. Intervjuer har gjorts med aktörerna och myndigheterna och en enkätundersökning har gjorts med privatpersoner. En rad artiklar och historieböcker har gåtts igenom då tiggeri ju är ett historiskt fenomen såväl som ett nutida. Resultatet visar på en klar uppdelning i två läger gällande uppfattningar och åsikter om gatutiggare och tiggeri som fenomen. Majoriteten uttrycker ett missnöje och många föreslår åtgärder och insatser. Vår slutdiskussion präglas av våra egna tankar och värderingar som framkommit under arbetets gång, vilka vi försökt tona ner i resten av uppsatsen.

Introduction The beggars are one the most vulnerable and stigmatized groups in the European society and are determined to live in substandard conditions, characterized by lack of sanitation and overcrowdings, and bare the harsh weather conditions to earn their living. Often, they have limited access to healthcare and their lifestyle has a great impact upon their health. However, little is known about their own perceptions of their health and their strategies to keep it. Aim The aim was to explore the Romanian beggars’ perceptions of their health prior to and during begging, the perceived consequences of begging on their health, and their coping strategies to maintain health while begging in Uppsala, Sweden. Method Data was collected from 8 semi-structured interviews in Uppsala, Sweden during March 2015. The collected data was then analysed using manifest qualitative content analysis. Findings The Romanian beggars in Uppsala perceived their health status to be affected through their activity. Physical consequences involved developing new illnesses and conditions, but also aggravating previous health conditions, and mental consequences included degrading and marginalizing effects of begging, but also harassment from passersby. Access to healthcare in Sweden was limited and determined the beggars to develop alternative strategies for health management or to return to Romania for treatment.     Conclusion The health status was found to be both negatively and positively affected through complex interactions between the individual and the surrounding levels: social network, community, institutions and society. More attention should be given to this group from all levels to improve their health status.