A revolution is taking place in education today at all levels from kindergarten through college, in virtually all subject matter areas. This revolution is due, in part, to research in learning theory and technological advances. Changes in attitudes have led to the concept of "accountability"--that educators must perform and produce educational programs that are meaningful and interesting as well as informative. The fact that private industry has had satisfactory results in the academic marketplace has also provided impetus for the current educational revolution which has resulted in several innovations.A general education biology course, Man and the Life Sciences, has been taught with an audiotutorial component at Ball State University since 1965. Quarterly evaluations by the students provided the staff with evidence that three of the units should be redesigned 1) to have more appeal to the students; 2) to meet their expectancy of relevance; and 3) to have a higher level of academic quality.The problem for the present research investigation was twofold: 1) to design three audiotutorial units for a college general education biology course titled Aggression, Territoriality and Survival; Time, Adaptation and Change; and Man, Communication and Behavior, with innovative approaches and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly developed materials.In designing these three units, specific goals of the research undertaking were 1) to integrate the three units in such a way that concepts of organismal biology, evolution and behavior are pervasive throughout all three units; 2) to develop a list of performance objectives for each of the three units; 3) to determine learning strategies which will help the students achieve each of these objectives; and 4) to determine learning strategies which will help make these objectives interesting and relevant to the students.In order to meet these criteria, the principles of systems management were employed bys 1) specifying goals, 2) specifying desired outcomes for students, 3) planning instruction, 4) evaluating student achievement, and 5) revising instructional procedure in light of experience. In planning the instruction, the method used to facilitate the accomplishment of the desired outcomes was the audiotutorial approach which allowed the student to learn at his own pace. Each unit actively involved the student in sequential multimedia learning activities. A learning guide was designed for the student to use in responding to questions posed as he progressed through the audiotutorial learning activities.After development, the unit materials were first tested with a group of ten students. Feedback on the basis of achievement tests and individual interviews provided the rationale for revisions in preparation for field testing. After completion of the field testing, which involved approximately 650 students, additional revisions were made, resulting in the final version which was evaluated to determine the overall effectiveness of the learning materials.Final measurement of student accomplishment was effected by the use of pre-tests and post-tests consisting of parallel quiz items which had been validated in preliminary testing. Forty-five objectives were final tested; difficulty levels from the pre-test indicated that twenty-four of the objectives were achieved by seventy percent or more of the students. Chi square applied to the results of the remaining items indicated that seven additional objectives probably were also achieved at this same level; fourteen of the objectives were not achieved during the final evaluation. Standard item analysis was used to assist in determining why these objectives were not accomplished; this information can be used in making future revisions.Student opinions were solicited in the form of a student unit evaluation. At least forty percent of the students rated each unit's interest level as high and fifty percent rated each as average; thus, the units accomplished what was expected.A program of instruction should evolve with new ideas and innovations with an effort toward continual improvement. Data collected from this research investigation can be used to pinpoint specific areas where additional research would be beneficial.

abstract: Understanding how interpersonal relationships, such as parenting and sibling relationships, may contribute to early sleep development is important, as early sleep dysregulation has been shown to impact later sleep behavior (Sadeh & Anders, 1993), as well as cognitive and behavioral functioning (Gregory et al., 2006; Soffer-Dudek et al., 2011). In addition, twin studies provide an optimal opportunity to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to parenting, sibling relationships and child sleep, as they are influenced by both genetic and contextual factors. As such, the current thesis examined whether parental punitive discipline and sibling conflict were associated with child sleep duration, dysregulation and daytime sleepiness at 12 months, 30 months, and five years in a longitudinal sample of young twins recruited through birth records (Lemery-Chalfant et al., 2013). Mixed model regression analyses and quantitative behavioral genetic models (univariate and bivariate) were conducted to explore bidirectional relations and estimate genetic and environmental contributions to parental punitive punishment, sibling conflict and child sleep parameters. Sleep duration and dysregulation showed stability over time. Parental punitive discipline did not predict concurrent or future sleep parameters, nor were there bidirectional relations between punitive discipline and child sleep behaviors. Greater sibling conflict at five years was associated with shorter concurrent child sleep duration and greater daytime sleepiness, suggesting that sibling conflict may be a critical interpersonal stressor that negatively impacts child sleep. Shared environmental factors also accounted for the greatest proportion of the covariance between sibling conflict and sleep duration and daytime sleepiness at five years. These findings hold promise for sleep and sibling interaction interventions, including educating parents about fostering positive sibling relations and teaching caregivers to utilize specific parenting behaviors that may encourage better child sleep behaviors (e.g., establishing bedtime routines). Future studies should aim to understand the nuances of associations between family relationships (like punitive discipline and sibling conflict) and child sleep, as well as other explore person- and family-level factors, such as child negative emotions and parenting, that may influence associations between family relationships and child sleep. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2015

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This dissertation takes as its starting point some curious historical parallels in research on the heritability of alcoholism from opposite ends of the 20th century, and the underlying continuity in assumptions implicated by these parallels. Rather than review mainstream historical narratives on the origins of genetic research and alcoholism studies, I examine evidence and developments as yet unexplored by scholars. First I examine the origins of recent research models and diagnostic criteria that provide evidence for the hereditary nature of alcoholism. Then I consider the assumption of genetic determinism and its relationship to strategies of propaganda employed by the Eugenics movement early in the century. Using these historical "snapshots" I draw out conceptual and philosophical problems with the genetic explanation of alcoholism that continue to confront researchers today. These limitations suggest two possible avenues of resolution: either we develop finer-grained strategies for distinguishing social deviance from physical disorders, or we develop an integrated understanding of the complex interplay of human biological and cultural systems by extending the approach known as Developmental Systems Theory. In the conclusion, I explore these options and their potential ramifications for our understanding of alcoholism in hereditary and human contexts. / Ph. D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2002. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 9, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of alcohol (ethanol) is thought to be a heritable risk factor for the development of alcoholism that reflects progressive increases in the positive motivational effects of this substance. However, very little is known about the genetic influences involved in this phenomenon or the extent to which ethanol’s positive motivational effects are altered in parallel to its development. The first goal of this work was to determine the heritability of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in mice using short-term behavioral selection. Genetically heterogeneous C57BL/6J (B6) x DBA/2J (D2) F2 mice were generated from B6D2F1 progenitors, phenotyped for the expression of locomotor sensitization, and bred for high (HLS) and low (LLS) expression of this behavior. A secondary goal was to characterize possible line differences in ethanol’s positive motivational effects using a conditioned place preference assay. There were large and significant differences in locomotor sensitization between HLS and LLS lines by the fourth generation. Twenty-two percent of the observed line difference(s) were attributable to genes (h2=.22). However, there were no significant differences in conditioned place preference between lines despite significant line differences in ethanol-stimulated locomotion following repeated exposures. The results of this work have several implications. First, that changes in ethanol sensitivity following repeated exposures are in part genetically regulated highlights the relevance of studies aimed at determining how genes regulate susceptibility to ethanol-induced behavioral and neural adaptations. Additionally, the lack of line differences in ethanol-induced CPP, and the observation that CPP and ethanol sensitization are dissociable, suggests that 1) different genes regulate these two behaviors and 2) the utility of locomotor sensitization as a model of alterations in ethanol’s positive motivational effects is, at best, still unclear. Together these studies provide evidence that genes are capable of regulating alterations in ethanol-induced locomotor behavior but provide little support for ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization as a model for increases in ethanol’s positive subjective effects in mice.

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Obesity is a serious public health crisis and recent estimates of its incidence are the highest in United States history, with 35% and 17% of American adults and children affected, respectively. The clinical definition of adult obesity is operationalized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. Although the prevalence of common obesity has increased dramatically over the past 30 years–largely thought to be due to changes in the environment, such as high calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles—twin and family studies have shown consistently that relative body weight is under considerable genetic influence in both children and adults, with heritability estimates ranging from 40% to 90%. Elucidating the genetic and environmental liability to relative body weight is an important public health endeavor. To further our understanding of the genetics of BMI and common complex obesity, several studies are described that integrate clinical, twin, and genome-wide association (GWAS) methodology in the context of genetic risk scores, clinical risk prediction, development across adolescence into adulthood, and comorbidity with depression symptoms and smoking behavior. First, in two cross-sectional genetic association studies, the utility of genetic risk sum scores (GRSS) were assessed, which summarize the total number of risk alleles, as an alternative form of replication and for potential clinical utility for obesity risk prediction. Next, since there has been only limited research on when during development BMI-associated variants begin influencing BMI, a longitudinal twin study was utilized to assess the effects of adult-validated BMI-SNPs across adolescence into adulthood. In addition, obesity is comorbid with numerous medical conditions including cardiovascular disease, insulin-resistance and some forms of cancer, as well as, various psychiatric disorders including eating disorders, mood disorders, and substance use. The next series of studies aimed to understand phenotypic and genetic associations between BMI/obesity and binge eating disorder (BED), depression symptoms and smoking behavior. Using a clinical sample of overweight and obese women with and without BED, the relationship of BED, food intake and internalizing symptoms of depression and anxiety was examined. Next, twin study methodology was used to investigate if shared genetic and/or environmental liability was responsible for phenotypic associations found between BMI, depression symptoms, and impulsivity. Finally, a genetic association study aimed at investigating whether genetic variants were associated with multiple behaviors, body composition and smoking behavior, or were trait-specific is presented. By utilizing several samples and methodologies and by pursuing methods development, a comprehensive approach is presented that is hoped to represent a more powerful evidence-based strategy to understanding the genetic and environmental determinants of BMI and common complex obesity, along with associated depression symptoms and smoking behavior.

Longtemps marginalisée en criminologie, l’étude des facteurs biologiques du crime a connu une véritable renaissance aux États-Unis depuis les années 2000 sous le nom de « criminologie biosociale ». Le développement de ce courant, qui remonte aux années 1960, doit beaucoup à l’émancipation progressive de la discipline criminologique vis-à-vis de la sociologie, ainsi qu’à l’accès croissant des chercheurs en sciences sociales aux méthodes et données de la génétique comportementale. Si ce mouvement n’est pas homogène, la criminologie biosociale est l’oeuvre principale de chercheurs qui occupent une position dominée au sein du champ criminologique et qui font de l’étude génétique du crime un outil de subversion de la domination sociologique. Le développement de la criminologie biosociale est loin de faire l’unanimité auprès des criminologues états-uniens. Plutôt que de tenter de normaliser les controverses en convaincant leurs adversaires de la pertinence de leurs recherches, les représentants les plus subversifs de la criminologie biosociale adoptent un ton polémique et une attitude combative et jouent sur leur hétérodoxie afin d’acquérir une plus grande visibilité au sein du champ. D’autres tentent de se faire plus discrets en évitant de prendre part aux controverses. Cette prudence est particulièrement visible dans le traitement de la question raciale, nombre de chercheurs préférant éviter de lier la criminologie biosociale à un thème de recherche aussi politiquement sensible. En revanche, la minorité subversive se sert de l’aspect controversé de la question raciale pour en faire un exemple de la censure qui serait pratiquée par les sociologues qui dominent le champ / While it has long been marginalized in criminology, the investigation of biological factors of crime has known a renaissance in the United States since the 2000s under the name of “biosocial criminology”. The development of this movement, that goes back to the 1960s, owes much to the progressive emancipation of the criminological discipline vis-à-vis sociology, as well as to social scientists’ growing access to the methods and data of behavior genetics. Although biosocial criminology is not homogeneous, it is primarily produced by academics that occupya dominated position within the criminological field and that use the genetics of crime as a tool for subverting the sociological domination. The development of biosocial criminology is far from having gained consensus among US criminologists. Rather than trying to normalize controversies by convincing their opponents of their works’ relevance, the most subversive leaders of biosocial criminology adopt a polemical stance and a combative posture and use their heterodoxy to acquire a greater visibility within the field. Others, on the other hand, seek to keep a low profile and avoid engaging in controversies. This carefulness is particularly visible regarding the treatment of the racial question, for numerous researchers avoid tying biosocial criminology up with a research theme as politically sensitive. However, the subversive minority uses the controversial aspect of the racial question as an example of the censorship that dominant sociologists supposedly impose within the field

La présente étude porte sur les aspects Nature-Culture relatifs à l’émergence de variations interindividuelles quant à la capacité universelle de régulation d’une émotion primaire, la tristesse. Cette problématique représente un exemple du lien entre la conception évolutionniste d’une nature humaine universelle, innée et génétiquement prescrite, mais susceptible de variation dans son expression en fonction d’expériences individuelles liées aux processus de socialisation et d’enculturation. À l’aide du devis génétiquement informatif des jumeaux, nous nous sommes d’abord penchés sur l’étiologie gènes-environnement de la dépression à l’enfance, une dysfonction du système de régulation émotionnelle de la tristesse. Puis, nous nous sommes interrogés quant à l’influence du traitement et de l’état psychique maternels sur cet aspect du développement émotionnel de l’enfant. Nos analyses de la symptomatologie dépressive indiquent une absence d’influence génétique dans le développement de ce trouble de l’humeur. Les variations individuelles de la régulation de la tristesse reposent ainsi uniquement sur les effets de l’environnement. Nos résultats révèlent également l’existence d’une relation importante entre l’état psychique de la mère, évalué lorsque les jumeaux avaient cinq mois, et la présence de symptômes dépressifs chez ces derniers mesurés huit ans plus tard. L’état psychique de la mère est considéré comme l’un des meilleurs indicateurs de la qualité du traitement maternel en bas âge. Nos mesures directes des comportements maternels envers le nourrisson et le développement ultérieur du trouble de dépression indiquent également l’existence de tendances statistiques allant dans le sens de notre hypothèse d’un traitement maternel sous-optimal contribuant au développement de dysfonctions émotionnelles ultérieures. / The present study explores the Nature-Nurture aspects pertaining to the emergence of interindividual variation in the emotional regulation of a primary emotion, sadness. This question is an example of the more encompassing issue of a universal human nature, biologically evolved and genetically underwritten, being nevertheless variable in its expression depending on individual experiences linked to socialization and enculturation. Using a genetically informative twin design, we explored the genetic-environmental aetiology of child depression, which is understood to be a dysfunction in the emotional regulation system of sadness. We then assessed the influences of maternal behavior and mental state on the development of children’s depressive symptoms. Our analysis of child depression shows an absence of genetic influence in the emergence of this mood disorder. Thus, individual variation in sadness regulation appears to be solely generated by environmental influences. Our results also show a strong and significant relation between maternal psychological state, assessed when the twins were 5 months of age, and children’s depressive symptoms measured 8 years later. Maternal psychological state is considered to be one of the most reliable indicators of the quality of maternal treatment in childhood. Our direct measures of maternal behavior toward the infant and the subsequent development of depressive disorder also point to statistical trends supporting our hypothesis of suboptimal maternal treatment contributing to the development of later emotional dysfunction.