The Northern Carnarvon Basin is the richest petroleum province in Australia. About 50 gas/condensate and oil fields, associated mainly with Jurassic source rocks, have been discovered in the sub-basins and on the Rankin Platform since 1964. The basin is located at the southern end of the North West Shelf of Australia. It can be mainly subdivided into the Exmouth, Barrow, Dampier and Beagle Sub-basins, the Rankin Platform and Exmouth Plateau. The sub-basins are rift-related grabens and half-grabens developed during the Jurassic to the earliest Cretaceous and contain over 10 kilometres of Mesozoic and Cainozoic sedimentary rocks, among which are several thousand meters of Jurassic rocks. The formations of the Jurassic and the lower part of the Barrow Group of Early Cretaceous age in the sub-basins of the Northern Carnarvon Basin were found to be overpressured with excess pressures of 5-29 MPa at depths of 2900-3600 m indicated by repeat formation tests (RFTs) and drill stem tests (DSTs). The characteristics of organic matter, thermal history and thermal maturity, pressure seal and overpressure evolution in the sub-basins are crucial to a proper understanding of the nature and dynamic processes of hydrocarbon generation and migration in the basin. Based on organic geochemical data, the important source rocks in the basin are Jurassic organic-rich fine-grained rocks including the Murat Siltstone, the rift-related Athol Formation and Dingo Claystone. The Mungaroo Formation of the Middle-Upper Triassic contains gas-generating source rocks. These formations recognised to be organic rich based on 1256 values of the total organic carbon content (TOC, %) from 17 wells. Average TOC values (calculated from samples with TOC < 15 %) are about 2.19 % in the Mungaroo Formation, about 2.09 % in the Murat Siltstone and about 1.74 % in the Athol Formation and Dingo Claystone. / Data from kerogen element analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, visual kerogen composition and some biomarkers have been used to evaluate the kerogen type in the basin. It appears that type III kerogen is the dominant organic-matter type in the Triassic and Jurassic source rocks, while the Dingo Claystone may contain some oil-prone organic matter. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro) data in some wells of the Northern Carnarvon Basin are anomalously low. As a major thermal maturity indicator, the anomalously low Ro data seriously hinder the assessment of thermal maturity in the basin. This study differs from other studies in that it has paid more attention to Rock-Eval Tmax data. Therefore, problems affecting Tmax data in evaluating thermal maturity were investigated. A case study of contaminated Rock-Eval data in Bambra-2 and thermal modelling using Tmax data in 16 wells from different tectonic subdivisions were carried out. The major problems for using Tmax data were found to be contamination by drilling-mud additives, natural bitumen and suppression due to hydrogen index (HI) > 150 in some wells. Although the data reveal uncertainties and there is about ±3-10 % error for thermal modelling by using the proposed relationship of Ro and Tmax, the "reliable" Tmax data are found to be important, and useful to assess thermal maturity and reduce the influence of unexpectedly low Ro data. / This study analyzed the characteristics of deep overpressured zones and top pressure seals, in detail, in 7 wells based on the observed fluid pressure data and petrophysical data. The deep overpressured system (depth greater than 2650-3000 m) in the Jurassic formations and the lower part of the Barrow Group is shown by the measured fluid pressure data including RFTs, DSTs and mud weights. The highly overpressured Jurassic fine-grained rocks also exhibit well-log responses of high sonic transit times and low formation resistivities. The deep overpressured zone, however, may not necessarily be caused by anomalously high porosities due to undercompaction. The porosities in the deep overpressured Jurassic rocks may be significantly less than the well-log derived porosities, which may indicate that the sonic-log and resistivity-log also directly respond to the overpressuring in the deep overpressured fine-grained rocks of the sub-basins. Based on the profiles of fluid pressure and well-log data in 5 wells of the Barrow Sub-basin, a top pressure seal was interpreted to be consistent with the transitional pressure zone in the Barrow Sub-basin. This top pressure seal was observed to consist of a rock layer of 60-80 % claystone and siltstone. The depths of the rock layer range from 2650 m to 3300 m with thicknesses of 300-500 m and temperatures of 110-135 °C. Based on the well-log data, measured porosity and sandstone diagenesis, the rock layer seems to be well compacted and cemented with a porosity range of about 2-5 % and calculated permeabilities of about 10-19 to 10-22 M2. / This study performed thermal history and maturity modelling in 14 wells using the BasinMod 1D software. It was found that the thermal maturity data in 4 wells are consistent with the maturity curves predicted by the rifting heat flow history associated with the tectonic regime of this basin. The maximum heat flows during the rift event of the Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous possibly ranged from 60-70 mW/m2 along the sub-basins and 70-80 mW/m2 on the southern and central Exmouth Plateau. This study also carried out two case studies of thermal maturity and thermal modelling within the deep overpressured system in the Barrow and Bambra wells of the Barrow Sub-basin. These case studies were aimed at understanding whether overpressure has a determinable influence on thermal maturation in this region. It was found that there is no evidence for overpressure-related retardation of thermal maturity in the deep overpressured system, based on the measured maturity, biomarker maturity parameters and 1D thermal modelling. Therefore, based on the data analysed, overpressure is an insignificant factor in thermal maturity and h hydrocarbon generation in this basin. / Three seismic lines in the Exmouth, Barrow and Dampier Sub-basins were selected and converted to depth cross-sections, and then 2D geological models were created for overpressure evolution modelling. A major object of these 2D geological models was to define the critical faults. A top pressure seal was also detected based on the 2D model of the Barrow Sub-basin. Two-dimensional overpressure modelling was performed using the BasinMod 2D software. The mathematical 2D model takes into consideration compaction, fluid thermal expansion, pressure produced by hydrocarbon generation and quartz cementation. The sealed overpressured conditions can be modelled with fault sealing, bottom pressure seal (permeabilities of 10-23 to 10-25 M2 ) and top pressure seal (permeabilities of 10-19 to 10-22 m2). The modelling supports the development of a top pressure seal with quartz cementation. The 2D modelling suggests the rapid sedimentation rates can cause compaction disequilibrium in the fine-grained rocks, which may be a mechanism for overpressure generation during the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. The data suggest that the present-day deep overpressure is not associated with the porosity anomaly due to compaction disequilibrium and that compaction may be much less important than recurrent pressure charges because most of the porosity in the Jurassic source rocks has been lost through compaction and deposition rates have been very slow since the beginning of the Cainozoic. / Three simple 1D models were developed and applied to estimate how rapidly the overpressure dissipates. The results suggest that the present day overpressure would be almost dissipated after 2 million years with a pressure seal with an average permeability of 10-22 M2 (10-7 md). On the basis of numerous accumulations of oil and gas to be expelled from the overpressured Jurassic source rocks in the basin and the pressure seal modelling, it seems that the top pressure seal with permeabilities of 10-19 to 10-22 M2 (10-4 to 10-7 md) is not enough to retain the deep overpressure for tens of millions of years without pressure recharging. Only if the permeabilities were 10-23 m2 (10-8 md) or less, would a long-lived overpressured system be preserved. This study suggests that hydrocarbon generation, especially gas generation and thermal expansion, within sealed conditions of low-permeability is a likely major cause for maintaining the deep overpressure over the past tens of millions of years. Keywords: Thermal history; Deep overpressure; Type III kerogen; Rock-Eval Tmax; Thermal maturity; Palaeoheatflow modelling; Pressure seal; 2D deep overpressure modelling; Pressure behaviour modelling; Overpressure generation; Northern Carnarvon Basin.

Auf vielen hochbelasteten Autobahnabschnitten kommen Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen (SBA) zum Einsatz, um die Verkehrssicherheit und den Verkehrsfluss zu verbessern. Hierbei werden Maßnahmen wie Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkungen und Warnungen weitestgehend automatisiert aufgrund der vorherrschenden Verkehrs- und Wetterbedingungen abgeleitet und über Wechselverkehrszeichen an die Verkehrsteilnehmer ausgegeben. Diese bewährte Form der Verkehrsbeeinflussung trifft auf sich verändernde Randbedingungen: Durch zunehmende Fahrzeugkonnektivität und -automatisierung sind signifikante Veränderungen im Fahrverhalten und somit auch in den Wirkungen einer SBA zu erwarten. Auch unabhängig davon stellt in der Praxis die Qualitätssicherung der komplexen automatisierten Steuerung einer SBA und die hierbei erforderliche Bewertung von Verbesserungsmaßnahmen eine große Herausforderung dar. Die mikroskopische Verkehrsflusssimulation bietet Potenziale, um Wirkungen kollektiver Verkehrsbeeinflussung zu untersuchen und Veränderungen am Verkehrssystem a-priori zu bewerten. Jedoch wird mikroskopische Verkehrsflusssimulation bislang kaum in Untersuchungen zu SBA eingesetzt. Dies ist unter anderem auf die Vielfalt zu berücksichtigender Situationen und Einflüsse auf das Fahrverhalten zurückzuführen: Anzeigezustände der SBA können sich in kurzen Zyklen ändern und zugrunde liegende Beeinflussungsstrategien sich überlagern; zugleich wirken sich auch die Verkehrs- und Wetterbedingungen auf das Fahrverhalten aus. Bislang ist kein Modellierungsansatz bekannt, um derart vielfältige Einflüsse auf das Fahrverhalten in der mikroskopischen Verkehrsflusssimulation zu berücksichtigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein neuartiges Verfahren entwickelt, das erstmals eine differenzierte Modellierung des Fahrverhaltens in der mikroskopischen Verkehrsflusssimulation in einem sich dynamisch verändernden Situationskontext ermöglicht. Hierbei werden ausgewählte Parameter fahrzeugbezogener Verhaltensmodelle während der Simulation nachgeführt. Verschiedene Einflussfaktoren, Verhaltenskenngrößen und Modellparameter wurden dabei als Zustandsknoten eines hybriden Bayesschen Netzes modelliert, das anhand empirischer Daten mehrerer realer SBA sowie verschiedener simulativer Untersuchungen kalibriert wurde. Die Eignung des Verfahrens konnte im Rahmen einer Validierung bestätigt werden. In einem Forschungsprojekt im Auftrag der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) wurde das Verfahren pilothaft zur Untersuchung der Einflüsse automatisierten Fahrens auf SBA eingesetzt.

La gestion en temps réel (GTR) est considérée comme une solution économiquement efficace pour réduire les déversements par temps de pluie car elle optimise la capacité disponible des réseaux d'assainissement. La GTR permet d'éviter la construction de volumes de rétention supplémentaires, d'augmenter l'adaptabilité du réseau aux changements de politiques de gestion de l'eau et surtout d'atténuer l'impact environnemental des déversoirs d'orage. À la suite de l'intérêt croissant pour la GTR fondée sur la qualité de l'eau (QBR), cette thèse démontre une stratégie simple et efficace pour les charges polluantes déversées par temps de pluie. La performance de la stratégie QBR, basée sur la prédiction des courbes masse-volume (MV), est évaluée par comparaison avec une stratégie typique de GTR à base hydraulique (HBR). Une étude de validation de principe est d'abord réalisée sur un petit bassin versant de 205 ha pour tester le nouveau concept de QBR en utilisant 31 événements pluvieux sur une période de deux ans. Par rapport à HBR, QBR offre une réduction des charges déversées pour plus d'un tiers des événements, avec des réductions de 3 à 43 %. La stratégie QBR est ensuite mise en oeuvre sur le bassin versant de Louis Fargue (7700 ha) à Bordeaux, France et comparée à nouveau à la stratégie HBR. En implémentant QBR sur 19 événements pluvieux sur 15 mois, ses performances sont constantes et apportent des avantages précieux par rapport à HBR, 17 des 19 événements ayant une réduction de charge variant entre 6 et 28.8 %. La thèse évalue en outre l'impact de l'incertitude de prédiction de la courbe MV (due à l'incertitude de prédiction du modèle) sur la performance de la stratégie QBR, en utilisant un événement pluvieux représentatif. La marge d'incertitude qui en résulte est faible. En outre, l'étude de sensibilité montre que le choix de la stratégie QBR ou HBR doit tenir compte des dimensions réelles des bassins et de leur emplacement sur le bassin versant. / Real time control (RTC) is considered as a cost-efficient solution for combined sewer overflow (CSO) reduction as it optimises the available capacity of sewer networks. RTC helps to prevent the need for construction of additional retention volumes, increases the network adaptability to changes in water management policies, and above all alleviates the environmental impact of CSOs. Following increasing interest in water quality-based RTC (QBR), this thesis demonstrates a simple and nothing-to-lose QBR strategy to reduce the amount of CSO loads during storm events. The performance of the QBR strategy, based on Mass-Volume (MV) curves prediction, is evaluated by comparison to a typical hydraulics-based RTC (HBR) strategy. A proof-of-concept study is first performed on a small catchment of 205 ha to test the new QBR concept using 31 storm events during a two-year period. Compared to HBR, QBR delivers CSO load reduction for more than one third of the events, with reduction values from 3 to 43 %. The QBR strategy is then implemented on the Louis Fargue catchment (7700 ha) in Bordeaux, France and similarly compared with the HBR strategy. By implementing QBR on 19 storm events over 15 months, its performance is consistent, bringing valuable benefits over HBR, with 17 out of 19 events having load reduction varying between 6 and 28.8 %. The thesis further evaluates the impact of MV curve prediction uncertainty (due to model prediction uncertainty) on the performance of the QBR strategy, using a representative storm event. The resulting range of uncertainty is limited. Besides, results of the sensitivity study show that the choice of the QBR or HBR strategy should take into account the current tank volumes and their locations within the catchment.

Les pieds d’aubes de soufflantes de turboréacteurs étant soumis à des sollicitations de type fretting, l’introduction de matériaux composites dans la nouvelle génération de moteur d’avion a rendu nécessaire le développement d’outils permettant de modéliser le contact entre des matériaux hétérogènes. En particulier, le comportement tribologique et l’endommagement de ces matériaux est encore mal compris. La mise en place de méthodes numériques capable de prédire les endommagements dans le contact permettrait de mieux prédire la durée de vie des pièces en service et de garantir la sécurité des passagers. Cette thèse porte sur le développement de méthodes semi-analytiques pour la modélisation de l’endommagement dans des conditions de fretting et de roulement. / The blade/disk interface in turbofan is subject to fretting loading. Fan blade of the new generation of aircraft engines are made of woven composite materials. The introduction of these new kind of materials create the need for a new numerical tool able to simulate the contact between heterogeneous materials. The tribological behavior and the damage mechanism associated with these kind of material are still not well understood. The developpment of new numerical tool able to model the damage in the contact area would allow to predict the life of engines parts and to guarantee the security of passengers. This PhD is about the developpment of semi-analytical methods for modeling the damage in fretting and rolling contact conditions with some applications to heterogeneous materials.

Die Identifikation von Sessions zum Verständnis des Benutzerverhaltens ist ein Forschungsgebiet des Web Usage Mining. Definitionen und Konzepte werden seit über 20 Jahren diskutiert. Die Forschung zeigt, dass Session-Identifizierung kein willkürlicher Prozess sein sollte. Es gibt eine fragwürdige Tendenz zu vereinfachten mechanischen Sessions anstelle logischer Segmentierungen. Ziel der Dissertation ist es zu beweisen, wie unterschiedliche Session-Ansätze zu abweichenden Ergebnissen und Interpretationen führen. Die übergreifende Forschungsfrage lautet: Werden sich verschiedene Ansätze zur Session-Identifizierung auf Analyseergebnisse und Machine-Learning-Probleme auswirken? Ein methodischer Rahmen für die Durchführung, den Vergleich und die Evaluation von Sessions wird gegeben. Die Dissertation implementiert 135 Session-Ansätze in einem Jahr (2018) Daten einer deutschen Preisvergleichs-E-Commerce-Plattform. Die Umsetzung umfasst mechanische Konzepte, logische Konstrukte und die Kombination mehrerer Mechaniken. Es wird gezeigt, wie logische Sessions durch Embedding-Algorithmen aus Benutzersequenzen konstruiert werden: mit einem neuartigen Ansatz zur Identifizierung logischer Sessions, bei dem die thematische Nähe von Interaktionen anstelle von Suchanfragen allein verwendet wird. Alle Ansätze werden verglichen und quantitativ beschrieben sowie in drei Machine-Learning-Problemen (wie Recommendation) angewendet. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Dissertation besteht darin, einen umfassenden Vergleich von Session-Identifikationsalgorithmen bereitzustellen. Die Arbeit bietet eine Methodik zum Implementieren, Analysieren und Evaluieren einer Auswahl von Mechaniken, die es ermöglichen, das Benutzerverhalten und die Auswirkungen von Session-Modellierung besser zu verstehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unterschiedlich strukturierte Eingabedaten die Ergebnisse von Algorithmen oder Analysen drastisch verändern können. / The identification of sessions as a means of understanding user behaviour is a common research area of web usage mining. Different definitions and concepts have been discussed for over 20 years: Research shows that session identification is not an arbitrary task. There is a tendency towards simplistic mechanical sessions instead of more complex logical segmentations, which is questionable. This dissertation aims to prove how the nature of differing session-identification approaches leads to diverging results and interpretations. The overarching research question asks: will different session-identification approaches impact analysis and machine learning tasks? A comprehensive methodological framework for implementing, comparing and evaluating sessions is given. The dissertation provides implementation guidelines for 135 session-identification approaches utilizing a complete year (2018) of traffic data from a German price-comparison e-commerce platform. The implementation includes mechanical concepts, logical constructs and the combination of multiple methods. It shows how logical sessions were constructed from user sequences by employing embedding algorithms on interaction logs; taking a novel approach to logical session identification by utilizing topical proximity of interactions instead of search queries alone. All approaches are compared and quantitatively described. The application in three machine-learning tasks (such as recommendation) is intended to show that using different sessions as input data has a marked impact on the outcome. The main contribution of this dissertation is to provide a comprehensive comparison of session-identification algorithms. The research provides a methodology to implement, analyse and compare a wide variety of mechanics, allowing to better understand user behaviour and the effects of session modelling. The main results show that differently structured input data may drastically change the results of algorithms or analysis.