There are two labor insurance pension systems running in Taiwan at this moment in time; the labor insurance pension runs by the government, and the labor standards law pension system both old and new systems are the responsibility of the private companies. The labor insurance pension was introduced in 1950. Through the years due to the population ageing; people are living longer and having fewer children, the rapid changes of economy and etc. the original lump sum pension is no longer enough to sustain a standard of living for the worker-retirees. Moreover, the rate of the labor turnover is high for the reason that the majority of Taiwanese private companies are small to medium enterprises with the average life expectancy of around 13 years only. Therefore most of the workers who work for the private companies are not qualified to claim pensions after their retirements although they are covered by the labor standards law pension scheme. The pension provision intends to prevent poverty in old age but under this circumstance those retirees are not having their financial security in the old age and are creating social issues. To reinstate this issue, the labor insurance pension system has carried out by the government in January 2009, after a major update of the labor standards law pension system in July 2005, the method of repayment has changed from the defined benefit plan to the defined contribution plan in addition to allowing the qualifying years carry forward to the new employers when the workers change jobs. Furthermore, the pension repayment is revolutionized from a single lump sum payment to an individual retirement account system complemented by monthly repayments. All of these changes are to secure the worker-retirees financially in their old age. The objectives of this study disclose the transformations of the labor retirement insurance pension systems in Taiwan and the existing modification of the Labor Insurance Act, the benefits of the Labor Standards Act pension system along with the revised Labor Pension Act. A few important factors below have been concluded in this study after analysed the revise of pension benefits systems: First of all, the repayment has changed from a single lump sum payment to monthly repayments. Secondly, the method of repayment has changed from the defined benefit plan to the defined contribution plan. Finally is to determine who are safeguarded? The protection of the social insurance is not only for the small specific groups of people but the majority of individuals. As a result, nowadays the labor pension benefits systems in Taiwan have achieved the task of securing a standard living for the retired workers. The concept of this study is to learn the affect of the changing of the economic climate and increased life expectancy on the possible forthcoming pension¡¦s crisis followed by constructive proposals to anticipate the existing labor insurance pension systems meet the needs of the worker-retirees and achieve the objectives of sustainable management of the pension systems and maintain a secured society in Taiwan.

Shadow economy is affecting economic behavior of human beings in almost the same mode as mainstream economy, yet it is difficult to evaluate in same economic mode and it has heavy impact on the regulation of a government. Gaming is one of the most possible shadow economic activities. The regulation of government over gaming is in one way in paternalism, telling its subjects that gaming is not a good behavior and gambling is forbidden. But on the other way, in the name of social welfare, the government is playing as banker and make it public to promote. The conflict and contradiction are generated in different systems. Taking the overseas successful development of the gaming policy and studying and discussing the provisions governing the gaming and entertainment of tourist casinos, the government has gone through years of debates. Although it allows the off-shore areas to develop gaming industry, the gaming industry areas will be allowed to run only on condition that they pass the referendum. However, there are a lot of counties and cities in Taiwan also bent on gaining the benefit of gaming industry and actively striving to set up tourist casinos. Bound by the institution and the subjective values of different stakeholders, resulting in differences in cognition and leading to conflict, the government is still wavering between regulation and deregulation. This study combines th institutional analysis and development with the cross-border analysis of the public affairs management framework, exploring and analyzing the institution and condition of gaming governance. Besides, from the angle of cognition, take the regulation and deregulation of tourist casinos of Kaohsiung city to question a number of people as a variable, also to explore the government employees, policemen and city people of different interests, asking them what they think about the benefit and cost of different gaming policies, including their information, cognitive algebra confirmation and the social welfare standard of the system. Moreover, use three strategic decisions such as economic industry, social culture, and the facilities of environment as reference to explore the cognitive conflicts of different interest groups. The results of this study are as follows: I. Cognitive algebra confirmation. i. With regard to the regulated tourist casinos situation, the city government employees use equal-weight averaging model to integrate benefit and cost information in whole analysis, and with regard to the deregulated tourist casinos situation, they use different-weight averaging model to integrate information in whole analysis. ii. With regard to the regulated and deregulated tourist casinos situation, policemen use unequal right and weight average model to integrate benefit and cost information in whole analysis. iii. With regard to the regulated and deregulated tourist casinos situation, city people use equal right and weight average model to integrate information. iv. When city government employees compare the right and weight of the deregulated tourist casinos situation, the right and weight of benefit are greater than those of cost. v. When policemen compare the right and weight of the regulated and deregulated tourist casinos situation, the right and weight of benefit are greater than those of cost. II. Social welfare standard. i. With regard to the social welfare standard of the regulated tourist casinos situation, city people have the highestr social benefit standard, then city government employees, and policemen are the lowest. There are noticeable differences between policemen and city people. ii. With regard to the social welfare standard of the deregulated tourist casinos situation, policemen have the highest social welfare standard, then the city government employees, and city people are the lowest. However, there is little noticeable difference among the three groups. iii. With regard to the social welfare standard of the deregulated tourist casinos situation, the three groups have higher standard than that of the regulated one. III. Clarification of cognitive conflict. i. Three variables such as economic industry, social culture, and the facilities of environment are useful variables for exploring the effective strategic decisions of the regulated or deregulated tourist casinos situation ii. In the judgment in the regulated tourist casinos situation, the priority order of the relative right and weight of three variables such as economic industry, social culture, and the facilities of environment is as follows: with city government employees: the highest is social culture; then comes the economic industry, the lowest is the facilities of environment; with policemen, the highest is social culture, then economic industry, and the lowest is the facilities of environment; with city people, the highest is economic industry, then social culture, and the lowest is the facilities of environment. iii. In the judgment in the deregulated tourist casinos situation, the priority order of the relative right and weight of three variables such as economic industry, social culture and the facilities of environment is as follows: with city government employees , the highest is economic industry, then social culture, and the lowest is the facilities of environment: with policemen, the highest is social culture, then economic industry and the lowest is the facilities of environment: with city people, the highest is economic industry, then social culture, and the lowest is the facilities of environment. iv. Three variables as reference for strategic decisions such as economic industry, social culture, and the facilities of environment are all related to the acceptable judgment of the regulated or deregulated tourist casinos situation.

Under the global background, more and more companies realize that if want to acquire outstanding talent, must set up unique employer brand in the specific area of the human resources market to be able to effectively attract, motivate and retain talented and obtain sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, raise ¡§employer brand concept¡¨ for the potential job applicant to attractiveness and employee stay. It is meaning the employer brand to attract, motivate and retain of competency of employee. To combine of human resource management system to explore of the establishment and implement of human resource management system for enterprises to retained sustainable competitive advantage of the impact.

The 50% reduction of land value increment tax policy was implemented since 1st February 2002 and ended at 31st January 2004. The policy was enforced among every local government in Taiwan for two full years. For every local government, the degree of prosperity and the societal type of its city differs from each other. As for the policy itself, every county and city has different amount of lands to meet the qualification of the policy and different announced land current value. For example, Pingtung(«ÌªF) County is famous for agricultural production. In Pingtung County, although the policy uses half reduction of progressive tax rate to tax the land value nominally, the true origin of the tax is a ¡§public policy¡¨ that could affect the whole society. What has been affected or what has affected the policy on its implementation? Whether the prediction of real estate market boost and two times tax income of the Economic Development Advisory Conference are correct? This research is going to make a benefit evaluation of the policy¡¦s implementation. The research method of this research consists of survey, in-depth interview, and collection of governmental information and the research concentrated on presenting both objective and subjective perspectives, which will be showed in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 for mutual proof of the policy¡¦s benefits. In terms of subjective evaluation, the land value increment tax policy benefited less then 20% for boosting the real estate market. On the contrary, according to our research result, 57.9% consider the policy as low interest loan, 70.6% thinks the policy is good for tax reduction, 76.6% thinks the policy is good for bankers, 52.4% thinks the real estate value never increased, 76% thinks the policy increases cases of ¡§faking trade but bestow in real,¡¨48.4% thinks the policy increase case of legal auction, 47.1% thinks it qualify for fair and justice, 44.3% thinks only consortium benefited from the policy, and 41.9% thinks the policy affected the social security. Among the objective governmental statistical information, it was found that the cases of legal auction indeed grew twice more. Before the implement of the policy, in 2001, there were 1890 cases. Since the implement in 2002, there were 3882 cases and 5839 cases in 2003.Furthermore, the issue of construction license and exercising of new house building also increased. In 2001, there were 1171 cases. In 2002, there were 1693 cases. In 2003, there were 2213 cases. However, during our in-depth interview, it was found that previous demonstrated growth of licenses was not due to the policy. The income of land value increment tax was 967805000NTD in 2001, 1160959000NDB in 2003. To sum up, the increment of real estate shifting cases and new built houses does not represent increment of tax income. Nonetheless, from both the subjective and objective evaluation, it is found that the policy is a good opportunity for tax reduction but not the primary reason for boosting land trading. It actually fastens the cases of legal auction, lower the bad debts and exceeding release ratio of banks, benefits only the consortium but shrink the budget of social security, and there might be no land tax in the incoming years. The policy does not meet the ¡§mark-up goes to the public¡¨ concept of the equal land right policy.

From the implementation of National Health Insurance on March 1, 1995 in Taiwan, the public has obtained it¡¦s benefit, and it¡¦s really a blessing for Taiwanese. Following the implementation of National Health Insurance Policy, the public began having demands for National Pension due to the aging of society from 1993. As a result the authorities including the Ministry of the Interior which is in charge of National Pension, the Council of Agriculture which plans Farmer Pension, and the Council of Labor Affairs which proposes reforming Labor Pension Payment all show their attitude to take charge then positively frame each kind of pension systems. In fact, the coming of National Pension which is a blessing for the public could be the shackles to future generations. Blessing or shackles, it all depends on whether the formation of National Pension is for the public¡¦s benefit or only for the political intention. Is it for the people¡¦s lifetime protection and peaceful old age or only to make good the commitment made during the campaign? Is it a long-term, integral and foresighted consideration about people¡¦s demand or merely a short-term, sectional and realistic payback? With the basis of economic development to measure the long-term burdens and take improving financial affairs as an important condition, or, there is only one-year budget thus the local government have to raise funds and rely on central government subsidies? National Pension and National Health Insurance are both the nation¡¦s social security business, in order to benefit the public and not to recommit the same error of the current insurance systems, the authorities and other related groups should find out people¡¦s true demands and consider whether the people could afford the insurance premium but also take advantage of other countries¡¦ experience as consultation. This article is to probe into the achievement of National Pension implementation in Japan¡Xan orient country which has similar cultural background and family social formations with Taiwan.¡Xand to understand the background, current status, and the achievement of the implementation then take their strong points as an example to us. The Taiwan government planned to carry out National Pension in 2000, which is a significant social welfare policy after the implementation of National Health Insurance; unfortunately it doesn¡¦t come into effect even to this day due to the political rivalries and the substitution of political party. National Pension is a kind of compulsory savings scheme; it¡¦s a kind of insurance program and also a project of wealth redistribution. Furthermore, National Pension can be taken as the rearrangement of economic resources to regulate individual¡¦s wealth and income in the society, the arrangement of pension system would influence the management of whole economic system. The performance of pension has its dual purpose, the positive is to undertake the horizontal integration to have a healthy aged pension system; the passive is to grasp the opportunity to keep political power and electoral factors from causing the allowance or welfare systems become disordered. Lastly, to compare the main difference of pension implementation and the feasibility analysis after performance between Taiwan and Japan. Whether the pension can be put into practice or not depends on if we can achieve the most effective resources allocation of social resources, then we can see the economic benefits of pension system.

The aim of the current study was to test the effectiveness of the written disclosure paradigm on psychological health, cognitive processing, dispositional and social factors and to improve the paradigm on the basis of the underlying mechanisms responsible for its benefits. Participants consisting of 73 Middle East Technical University students were randomly assigned to one of three groups to write during 30-min sessions on 3 consecutive days: (1) Guided Disclosure Group (GDG) / (2) Standard Disclosure Group (SDG) / (3) Control Group (CG). GDG wrote about their most upsetting life events according to exposure, cognitive reappraisal, and benefit-finding instructions, respectively. SDG wrote about their deepest thoughts and feelings related to their most upsetting life events. CG described familiar environments without including any emotion or opinion. All participants completed measures of psychological health (i.e., general psychological distress symptoms), cognitive processing (i.e., intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and appraisal of the event), dispositional (i.e., trait anxiety, alexithymia, coping styles) and social factors (i.e., perceived social support, and severity of negative life events) prior to the first writing session, following the third writing session, and a 1-month follow-up. It was expected that GDG would report more improvements in outcome measures, relative to SDG. In turn, SDG was expected to display greater improvements, relative to CG. All groups reported similar improvements in psychological distress symptoms, cognitive processing and alexithymia. The findings were discussed in terms of relevant literature.

The aims of the current study are to examine the relation of risk taking behaviors (RTBs) with perceived risk, perceived benefit, and impulsivity and also to investigate the moderator role of impulsivity on the relationships between engagement in RTBs and the predictors of the engagement in RTBs (i.e. perceived risk and benefit) after controlling the effects of age, gender, and self esteem. In order to measure engagement in RTBs, perceived risk, and perceived benefit, Modified Risk Involvement and Perception Scale (&Ouml / zmen, 2006) was adapted to Turkish culture in Study 1 by using Middle East Technical University (METU) students. The sample of Study 2 was composed of 234 METU students and a questionnaire set including demographic information sheet, Modified Risk Involvement and Perception Scale (M-RIPS) (&Ouml / zmen, 2006), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11) (G&uuml / le&ccedil / et al., 2008), and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965) was administered. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with perceived risk, perceived benefit, and impulsivity as independent variables and engagement in RTBs as the dependent variable. The findings suggested that perceived risk was negatively whereas perceived benefit and impulsivity was positively related to risk taking behaviors. Moreover, as compared to perceived risk, perceived benefit was a more powerful predictor of RTB. However, it was not found any moderator role of impulsivity on the relationships between engagement in RTBs and its predictors. The strengths and limitations, as well as implications of the findings were discussed.

The overall objective of this thesis is to assess the financial, technical and social feasibility of investing in modern Automated People Movers (APM) transportation systems, generally known as monorails, in METU campus which presents a unique opportunity to fulfill the modern-day transportation needs of METU campus. This study complements the Presidency Office&rsquo / s long term goal to integrate environmental, social and economic sustainability into the policies, practices and culture of the university and ultimately reduce the consumption of all resources on campus and traffic congestion and accidents. In this context, the consequent cost-benefit effects of the proposed monorail system on campus life were quantified in monetary expressions and the corresponding multi-criteria feasibility assessment including: Break-even Analysis, Cost Effectiveness Assessments and Cost Benefit Analysis have been done successfully. According to these analyses the overall capital cost of system is $46.5 million which covers the 24 months project construction period, and an additional annual operating and maintenance cost of $2 million will span the 30 year project life time. Three different scenarios were proposed for financing the project and relevant break-even points were determined for each of the scenarios. Eventually, it appears that based on the evaluations, constructing such a transit system in METU campus will be cost effective and will certainly enhance the transportation, and will contribute to the institutional improvements and environmental preservation schemes of METU campus.

The main purpose of the study is to compare the differences of marketing strategies of the two-dimension classification, which classified by degree of customization and benefit duration period. And to explore the influences of the strategic selection of the services industries by different organization¡¦s features and different strategies maker¡¦s characters. The research takes eight industries as population to investigate their marketing strategies. After collected, the data is processed with frequency analysis, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. The key findings are: 1. The result indicates that two dimension classification method is more efficiently to reflect the differences of the marketing strategic between different taxonomies of service. 2. Service of ¡§high degree of customization and long benefit duration period¡¨ focuses on the marketing strategies such as ¡§public relationship strategy,¡¨ ¡§strategy of emphasizing the importance of employees,¡¨ and ¡§building the intangible quality image strategy, The strategies such as ¡§low price strategy,¡¨ ¡§advertisement strategy,¡¨ and ¡§non-personal promotion,¡¨ which only can bringing short-term effect, are hardly used. 3. Service of ¡§low degree of customization and short benefit duration period¡¨ is just the opposite, emphasizing the strategies which can bring the instant effect. 4. Service of ¡§high degree of customization and short benefit duration period¡¨ prefers the use of ¡§strategy under smoothing the unbalance of supply and demand.¡¨

Abstract In the development of the western leadership theories, transformational leadership, charisma leadership and leader-member exchange theory (to be called LMX theory) can give reasonable explanation to leadership. Owing to the differences of culture, the eastern Chinese society develop paternalistic leadership which depends on tradition of Chinese culture and family system. However, which one can respond with best member efficiency? In this research, the staff of Southern Taiwan Post Office is the object. The aforesaid four leadership styles are independent variable, and the staff¡¦s commitment to organization, loyalty to organization, behaviors that benefit organization, self-evaluation achievement, and superior-evaluation achievement to be dependent variable. control variable is the staff¡¦s background. The purpose of this research is to find out the forecast effect of leadership style to member efficency. Questionnaire survey is the way to collect data for this research. The compilation of questionnaire is according to the scale which is compiled by formerly researchers of the related field, and to repeat to verify concept construction in factor analysis. There are 249 pieces questionnaire being gathered. The main methods of analysis are to take hypothetic-verification by descriptive statistics, correlational analysis, and blocked regression analysis. The conclusions of this research shows that the staff¡¦s commitment to organization, loyalty to organization, and behaviors that benefit organization for Post Office is high. While the leaders of Post Office Lead members in LMX theory, the members¡¦ commitment to organization, loyalty to organization, self-evaluation achievement and superior-evaluation achievement are maximum forecast effects. While the leaders of Post Office lead members in charisma leadership style, the members¡¦ behaviors that benefit organization are maximum forecast effects. Furthermore, in this research we can find that the staff of Post Office which have higher educational background is negative forecast effect in commitment to organization and loyalty to organization. Finally, the concrete suggestions have been mode by conclusions of this research to leaders of Post Office and direction for future research in reference. Key words: Transformational Leadership, Charisma Leadership, LMX, Paternalistic Leadership, Commitment to Organization, Loyal to Organization, Behaviors that Benefit Organization