Orientador: Domingos da Silva Leite / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:21:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Domingos_DanielaFerreira_M.pdf: 1627311 bytes, checksum: ba7a6545a75d72a741bfe8d1cda234f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O número de animais de companhia tem crescido substancialmente na sociedade atual, com estimativas de 48 milhões de cães e gatos no Brasil. A relação entre animais de companhia e os humanos mudou radicalmente nos últimos anos, esses estão em contato mais próximo com humanos. Como consequência dessas mudanças, agentes antimicrobianos, incluindo antibióticos usados no tratamento de infecções humanas, tem sido utilizados em cães. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar fenotipicamente a ocorrência de ß-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) em amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de cães e identificar os genes de resistência nestas amostras. A presença e variedade de integrons nas amostras de E. coli foi analisada. A classificação das amostras nos grupos filogenéticos A, B1, B2 e D também foram investigadas. Dentre 158 amostras de E. coli isoladas de cães sendo 51 de ITU (infecção do trato urinário), 52 de piometra e 55 de fezes de cães sadios, foram selecionadas 67 amostras que apresentavam pelo menos uma marca de resistência aos ß-lactâmicos. As amostras selecionadas: 41 isoladas de ITU, 20 isoladas de piometra e seis isoladas de fezes de animais sadios, foram submetidas a testes de sensibilidade microbiana pelo método de difusão de disco. A produção de ESBL foi verificada pelo método de aproximação de disco. A identificação dos genes das ß-lactamases foi realizada em ensaios de PCR (Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase) com primers específicos para os genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaGES-1, blaOXA-10, ampC e cmy. A classificação filogenética (chuA, yjaA, TspE4.C2), bem como a detecção de integrons das classes 1 e 2 (intI1 e intI2) também foram realizadas por PCR. Os resultados dos antibiogramas mostraram elevada resistência aos ß-lactâmicos de 1ª geração, ampicilina (82,0%) e cefalexina (62,7%) entre as amostras selecionadas. Resistência aos antimicrobianos ß-lactâmicos de 3ª e 4ª geração e ao monobactam foi observada em 7,5% das amostras. As amostras também apresentaram resistência aos antimicrobianos tetraciclina (82,0%), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (62,7%), enrofloxacina (35,8%), florfenicol (34,3%) e ciprofloxacina (32,3%). A expressão fenotípica de ESBL foi observada em duas amostras (3,3%), ambas isoladas de animais sadios. Na análise genotípica, foram identificados os genes blaTEM, (98,5%), ampC (95,5%), blaCTX-M (35,8%), blaSHV (6%) e cmy (2,9%) destacando que os genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV e cmy apresentaram-se associados ao blaTEM e ao ampC. Pelo sequenciamento foi possível identificar as ß-lactamases do tipo TEM-1 e CTX-M-2. Na classificação filogenética as amostras foram agrupadas nos grupos B2 (59,7%), B1 (25,4%) e A (14,9%). Dentre as 67 amostras com marcas de resistência aos ß-lactâmicos, o gene int foi detectado em 26,9% , das quais 71,4% da classe 1 e 28,6% da classe 2. Por outro lado, dentre as 91 amostras sem marcas de resistência a à ß-lactâmicos, somente 3,3% apresentaram integrons, sendo todos da classe 1. As amostras com integrons foram mais comumente alocadas nos grupos filogenéticos A e B1. A presença de ESBL, de genes de resistência e integrons em E. coli isoladas de cães é um achado importante, uma vez que o contato íntimo entre humanos e cães oferece condições para a transmissão das amostras e ainda, que estes animais podem servir de reservatórios de genes de resistência. Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de controle no uso de antimicrobianos em animais de companhia e bem como o papel dos animais domésticos como reservatório de genes de resistência bacteriana, precisa ser melhor investigado / Abstract: The number of cats and dogs has substantially increased in modern society, with an estimated population of above 48 million in Brazil. The relationship between companion animals and humans has radically changed throughout the years, and animals have become in closer contact with humans. As a consequence of these changes, antimicrobial agents, including antimicrobial preparations licensed for human use, are frequently used in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate, in Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs, the occurrence of ß-extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype and to identify resistance genes in these samples. The presence and diversity of integrons in strains of E. coli was analyzed. The classification of microorganisms in the phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2 and D was also determined. Among 158 E.coli strains isolated from dogs (51 from UTI [urinary tract infection], 52 from piometra and 55 from faeces of healthy dogs) 67 strains were selected that had at least one sign of resistance to ß-lactams. The strains selected: 41 isolated from UTI, 20 isolated from piometra and six isolated from the faeces of healthy dogs, were tested for antibiotic sensitivity by the disk diffusion method. ESBL production was screened by the double-disk synergy method. The identification of ß-lactamases was performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using specific primers for blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaGES-1, blaOXA-10, ampC and cmy and, subsequently, sequencing of the PCR product of strains showing the ESBL phenotype was performed. The phylogenetic classification (chuA, yjaA, TspE4.C2), as well as the detection of class 1 and class 2 integrons, were also determined by PCR. The results of susceptibility tests showed high resistance to 1st generation ß lactams, ampicillin (82.0%) and cephalexin (62.7%), among the selected strains. Resistance to 3rd and 4th generation ß-lactam antibiotics and monobactam was observed in 7.5% of isolates. The strains also showed resistance to antimicrobial tetracycline (82%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.7%), enrofloxacin (35.8%), florfenicol (34.3%) and ciprofloxacin (32.3%). Phenotypic expression of ESBL was observed in 2 samples (3.3%), both isolated from healthy animals. In the genotypic analysis, were identified the genes, blaTEM, (98.5%), ampC (95.5%), blaCTX-M (35.8%), blaSHV (6%) and cmy (2.9%); the genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV and cmy were shown to be associated with blaTEM and ampC. By sequencing, it was possible to identify the TEM-1 and CTX-M-2 ß-lactamases. In the phylogenetic classification, strains were classified B2 (59.7%), B1 (25.4%) and A (14.9%) groups. Among the 67 strains with resistance markers to ß-lactams, the int gene was detected in 26.9% of the strains (71.4% of class 1 and 28.6% of Class 2). Moreover, among the 91 samples without a trace of resistance to ß-lactams, only 3.3% had integrons, all of class 1. Strains with integrons were more commonly housed in the phylogenetic groups A and B1. The presence of ESBL, resistance genes and integrons in E. coli isolated from dogs is an important finding, due to close contact between humans and dogs provides conditions for the transmission of microorganisms and these animals may also serve as reservoirs of isolates harboring resistance genes. These results emphasize the need to control the use of antimicrobials in companion animals and the role of livestock as a reservoir for genes of resistance should be further investigated / Mestrado / Microbiologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-18T16:42:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fleming, Maria Emília de Castro Kling [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 3850457 bytes, checksum: 76e7a64373d2898f956190ecd2aa26c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T16:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fleming, Maria Emília de Castro Kling [Dissertação, 2011].pdf: 3850457 bytes, checksum: 76e7a64373d2898f956190ecd2aa26c3 (MD5) / Introdução: As infecções de corrente sanguínea estão entre as mais graves infecções, principalmente se causadas por microrganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e o perfil de resistência de microrganismos isolados em hemoculturas em um hospital público e outro privado localizados em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido em um hospital geral de natureza pública com 227 leitos e um hospital geral, privado contendo 123 leitos, entre Agosto de 2009 a Agosto de 2010. Todas as amostras provenientes de pacientes maiores de 18 anos foram consecutivamente coletadas após identificação por métodos de rotina de cada laboratório de microbiologia. As cepas de E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca e P. mirabilis foram testadas quanto a produção de ESBL (Extended Spectrum Betalactamase) de acordo com as recomendações do CLSI. As enterobactérias foram testadas quanto a produção de carbapenemases pelo teste modificado de Hodge (CLSI). As amostras de P. aeruginosa foram testadas para a produção de MBLs pelo teste fenotípico de disco combinado. A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para a detecção dos genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM), relacionados com a produção de metalo-beta-lactamases (MBLs). A similaridade genética entre as cepas de P. aeruginosa foi avaliada pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). RESULTADOS: Foram coletadas 195 amostras de microrganismos isolados em hemoculturas no hospital público e 123 amostras no hospital privado. Os nãofermentadores foram a maior causa de bacteremias na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) da instituição pública. As enterobactérias foram os microrganismos mais prevalentes nas enfermarias da unidade privada. No hospital público foram detectadas amostras produtoras de ESBL, enquanto no hospital privado foram identificadas cepas produtoras de carbapenemases. Dentre as cepas de P. aeruginosa, 40 amostras foram testadas para a produção de MBLs. Treze cepas (32,5%) foram positivas no teste fenotípico e no PCR, todas positivas para o gene blaSPM-1, sendo que apenas uma foi proveniente da instituição pública e 12 do hospital particular. Nenhuma amostra carreadora dos genes blaIMP-1 e blaVIM-2 foram detectadas. Os resultados de PFGE mostraram que todas as cepas carreadoras do gene blaSPM-1, isoladas no hospital privado, foram geneticamente relacionadas (Pulsotipo A), o que pode indicar uma transmissão cruzada entre os pacientes e profissionais de saúde. CONCLUSÕES: As características dos microrganismos isolados em hemoculturas variou entre as unidades de internação e entre os hospitais, demonstrando que os dados locais podem orientar a terapia antimicrobiana e as medidas de controle e prevenção das infecções. Devido ao impacto das infecções de corrente sanguínea e a presença de microrganismos resistentes no ambiente hospitalar, estudos adicionais e medidas de vigilância são necessárias / Introduction: Bloodstream infections are one of the most serious bacterial infections, especially if caused by resistant microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and resistance profile of pathogens isolated from blood cultures in a public and a private hospital of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: A case-series of patients with blood stream infection was conducted at a 227-bed public general hospital and at a 123-bed private general hospital from August 2009 to August 2010. All isolates were consecutively detected from patients minimum age of 18 years and identified by the routine methodology used at each laboratory. Every E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca and P. mirabilis isolates were tested for ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase) production using the CLSI guidelines. The Enterobacteriaceae was tested for carbapenemase production using the Modified Hodge test (CLSI). Every P. aeruginosa were tested for metallo-betalactamases (MBLs) producing by the phenotypic method of combined disk. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the MβLs genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM). The genetic similarity between the strains was evaluated in samples which were positive for MBLs using the pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique (PFGE). RESULTS: Were collected 195 samples of microorganisms isolated in blood cultures in the public hospital and 123 samples in the private hospital. The non-fermentatives were the major cause of bacteremia in the ICU of public hospital. The Enterobacteriaceae were the most prevalent in the the wards of private hospital. In the public hospital, we found strains producing ESBL and in the private hospital, strains producing carbapenemase. Forty samples of P. aeruginosa were tested for MBL producing. Thirteen strains (32,5%) were positive in phenotypic test and in PCR, every sample were positive for blaSPM-1, and only one was from the public institution and 12 of the particular hospital. No blaIMP-1 and blaVIM gene were detected. The PFGE analysis showed that all blaSPM-1 gene-carrying strains isolated in private hospital were genetically related (Pulsetype A), suggesting a cross transmission between patients and health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of the microorganisms isolated from blood culture varied from hospital to hospital and between inpatient units, showing that local data can help with therapeutic choices and with the prevention and control of infection. Due to the impact of bloodstream infections and the presence of resistant microorganisms in the hospitals, additional studies and monitoring measures are necessary

Entre as ß-lactamases, as enzimas CTX-M têm despertado atenção especial pela alta incidência e grande capacidade de propagação. Eventos como recombinação gênica, transferência plasmideal e multirresistência podem ser a razão da manutenção e da ampla disseminação dos genes blaCTX-M. Este é um trabalho retrospectivo que teve como objetivo caracterizar genes blaCTX-M presentes em Klebsiella spp. Foram estudadas 27 linhagens de Klebsiella pneumoniae e 8 linhagens de Klebsiella oxytoca, produtoras de ?-lactamase de espectro estendido, isoladas de pacientes hospitalizados no período de janeiro a junho de 2000. A detecção e identificação dos genes blaCTX-M, assim como dos elementos relacionados com a mobilização destes genes, foi realizada por PCR e seqüenciamento. A localização genética e a mobilidade dos genes blaCTX-M foram pesquisadas por análise plasmideal e hibridação e por conjugação. Os perfis de sensibilidade das linhagens estudadas e das linhagens transconjugantes foram comparados pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima de antibióticos das classes das cefalosporinas, cefamicinas, aminoglicosídeos e quinolonas. Foram encontrados genes blaCTX-M em plasmídeos conjugativos em 13 (37%) linhagens estudadas: blaCTX-M-9 em 4 K. oxytoca, e blaCTX-M-2 em 9 K. pneumoniae. Os genes blaCTX-M-9 estavam associados ao elemento de inserção ISEcp1, enquanto os genes blaCTX-M-2 estavam associados a integrons de classe I contendo ISCR1. O genes blaCTX-M-2, carreado por plasmídeo, pode estar relacionado com disseminação horizontal entre vários clones de K. pneumoniae, enquanto o gene blaCTX-M-9 foi encontrado sendo carreado por um único clone de K. oxytoca. Este estudo determinou a incidência e a diversidade de enzimas CTX-M no período estudado, além de fornecer dados epidemiológicos que podem explicar a sua prevalência no mundo e contribuir para o entendimento e controle da disseminação deste tipo de resistência. / CTX-M enzymes, the world\'s most prevalent ß-lactamases disseminate very easily. Genetic recombination, plasmid transference and multiresistance could be responsible for the wide spread of blaCTM-X genes. This retrospective study aims to characterize blaCTX-M genes found in Klebsiella spp. The strains were isolated in hospital patients from January to June 2000 and consisted of 27 ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and 8 ESBL-producing Klebsiella oxytoca. PCR and sequencing were used in the detection and identification of blaCTX-M genes and genetic elements associated with their mobilization. Determination of genetic localization and mobility of blaCTX-M genes was by plasmid analyses, hybridization and transfer assays. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cephalosporins, cefamicins, aminoglycosides and quinolone antimicrobials evaluated the antibiotic susceptibility profile of transconjugants and strains in the study. The blaCTX-M genes were found in 13 strains (37%): blaCTX-M-9 in 4 K. oxytoca and blaCTX-M-2 in 9 K. pneumoniae. The insertion sequence ISEcp1 was associated with blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-2 was found in a class I integron bearing ISCR1. Plasmid blaCTX-M-2 genes dissemination was due to horizontal transfer among many K. pneumoniae clones, while blaCTX-M-9 dissemination was associated with a particular clone of K. oxytoca. The study characterized incidence and diversity of CTX-M enzymes during the period studied. Moreover it showed epidemiological data, which may explain CTX-M prevalence worldwide and contribute for the understanding and control of the resistance spread.

No description available.

No description available.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assembled for isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis collected from the Mountain Home Veteran's Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) clinical laboratory in Johnson City, Tennessee. The goal of the study was to identify isolates for genetic characterization using comparisons of susceptibility profiles. Isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis collected from July 1984 through 1994 were analyzed for β-lactamase production using a Cefinase disk assay. A multi-drug profile consisting of 11 β-lactam antibiotics was performed on the 41 M. catarrhalis isolates. Kirby Bauer disk assays were performed for 7 cephalosporin and 4 non-cephalosporin antibiotics. In summary, 2 observations implicate more complex resistance determinants than the 2 known forms of the BRO β-lactamase. First, there was overlap in the ranges of inhibition zones. Second, several isolates had antibiotic-specific deviations from typical profiles. These data suggest either more variation in the M. catarrhalis BRO β-lactamase than described or contributions to resistance from undescribed determinants.

No description available.

No description available.

The emergence of CTX-M class-A extended-spectrum β-lactamases, which confer resistance to second and third-generation cephalosporins, poses a serious health threat to the public. CTX-M β-lactamases use a catalytic serine to hydrolyze the β-lactam ring. Specifically, the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by CTX-M β-lactamase proceeds through a pre-covalent complex, a high-energy tetrahedral acylation intermediate, a low-energy acyl-enzyme complex, a high-energy tetrahedral deacylation intermediate after attack via a catalytic water, and lastly, the hydrolyzed β-lactam ring product which is released from the enzyme complex. The crystallographic structure of CTX-M at sub-angstrom resolution has enabled us to study enzyme catalysis as well as perform computational molecular docking in our efforts to develop new inhibitors against CTX-M. The goal of this project was to determine the hydrogen bonding network and proton transfer process at different stages of the reaction pathway as well as develop novel inhibitors against CTX-M β-lactamases. The results I have obtained from the project have elucidated the catalytic mechanism of CTX-M β-lactamase in unprecedented detail and facilitated the development of novel inhibitors for antibiotic drug discovery. The first aim of the project focused on developing high affinity inhibitors against class A β-lactamase using a structure-based drug discovery approach, which ultimately led to the identification of CTX-M9 inhibitors with nanomolar affinity. Compound design was based on the initial use of computational molecular docking results along with x-ray crystal structures with known inhibitors bound in the active site. In addition, chemical synthesis was used to build and extend the existing inhibitor scaffold to improve affinity to CTX-M9 and related serine β-lactamases. Through a fragment-based screening approach, we recently identified a novel non-covalent tetrazole-containing inhibitor of CTX-M. Structure-based design was used to improve the potency of the original tetrazole lead compound more than 200-fold with the use of small, targeted structural modifications. A series of compounds were used to probe specific binding hotspots present in CTX-M. The designed compounds represent the first nM-affinity non-covalent inhibitors of a class A β-lactamase. The complex structures of these potent compounds have been solved using high resolution x-ray crystallography at ~ 1.2-1.4 Å, which provides valuable insight about ligand binding and future inhibitor design against class A β-lactamases. Specifically, the first aim of the project was to use ultra-high resolution x-ray crystallography to study β-lactamase catalysis. Through the use of ultra-high resolution x-ray crystallography with non-covalent and covalent inhibitors, I was able to structurally characterize the critical stages of the enzyme mechanism. Here we report a series of ultra-high resolution x-ray crystallographic structures that reveal the proton transfer process for the early stages of the class A β-lactamase catalytic mechanism. The structures obtained include an a 0.89 Å crystal structure of CTX-M β-lactamase in complex with a recently-developed 89 nM non-covalent inhibitor, and a 0.80 Å structure in complex with an acylation transition state boronic acid inhibitor. Nearly all the hydrogen atoms in the active site, including those on the ligand, polar protein side chains and catalytic water, can be identified in the unbiased difference electron density map. Most surprisingly, compared with a previously determined 0.88 Å apo structure determined under the same conditions, the hydrogen-bonding network has undergone a series of reshuffling upon the binding of the non-covalent ligand. Two key catalytic residues, Lys73 and Glu166, appear to have both changed from a charged state to being neutral. Interestingly, structural evidence suggests the presence of a low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) shared between Lys73 and Ser70. These unprecedented detailed snapshots offer direct evidence that ligand binding can alter the pKa's of polar protein side chains and their affinities for protons. Such effects can be a common mechanism utilized by enzymes to facilitate the proton transfer process of a reaction pathway. They also have important implications for computational modeling of protein-ligand interactions. Ultra-high resolution x-ray crystallography allowed us to determine the hydrogen atom positions for key active site residues involved in catalysis. As a result, the ability to characterize the hydrogen bonding network led to the determination of the specific proton transfer process that occurs during the reaction stages of the CTX-M β-lactamase mechanism. Overall, the results from this project demonstrate the effectiveness of using ultra high resolution x-ray crystallography as a useful tool to study enzyme catalysis as well as develop and discover novel inhibitors.

<p>Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common disease in childhood and is one of the most common causes for outpatient antibiotic treatment. The major aetiological agents of AOM have varied over the decades. Now the three most common pathogens are <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> and <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i>. The resistance patterns of these organisms have also varied from the beginning of the antibiotic era to the situation we have today with an increasing incidence of penicillin-resistant <i>S. pneumoniae</i> and a moderate to high frequency of beta-lactamase production in <i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>M. catarrhalis</i>. In Sweden we have continued to use the Scandinavian treatment policy of penicillins as the first-line antibiotic treatment of AOM, which has been implemented with good results in the past. The question is if this policy will continue to have acceptable treatment results.</p><p>In order to investigate aspects of treatment, protection and structural changes in AOM, an animal model was used.</p><p>Amoxicillin treatment of AOM caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> was studied. Amoxicillin treatment was shown to shorten the duration of the infection and to reduce the morphological changes normally observed after an untreated AOM. The influence of antibiotic treatment on recurrent AOM was evaluated. Amoxicillin treatment did not lead to less protection against reinfection. Abstaining from antibiotics did not improve the levels of serum IgG antibodies. The IgG levels were significantly higher in treated animals after rechallenge. AOM caused by <i>H</i>. <i>influenzae</i> with a non-beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to beta-lactams was investigated and it was observed that during amoxicillin treatment the chromosomal changes mediating resistance were possibly advantageous for the bacterium. In cultures from children with AOM, there is sometimes growth of several bacteria. The possibility of a sheltering effect of beta-lactamase-producing <i>H. influenzae</i> on a penicillin-sensitive <i>S. pneumoniae</i> in a mixed infection was investigated, and amoxicillin was shown to eradicate the pneumococci from the middle ear despite the presence of beta-lactamase. An increasingly cultured bacterium in nasopharynx and in AOM is <i>M. catarrhalis</i>. It is now beta-lactamase-producing in almost 100% of cases and is thus not eradicated by penicillins. An animal model of AOM caused by beta-lactamase-producing <i>M. catarrhalis</i> was established to study the course of this infection with the possibility of evaluating aspects of virulence between AOM pathogens. The AOM observed was a self-limiting disease.</p><p>The results obtained in this study in a rat model support the continuing use of penicillins as first-line drugs in the treatment of AOM. Penicillins are not sufficient to treat all causative agents, but the majority of pathogens including the most virulent bacteria are eradicated from the middle ear. </p>