This study uses the PIC (particle-in-cell) method to simulate unsteady three-dimensional behavior in argon plasma under low pressure , low density between two plates. Plasma has been widely used in materials processing, film manufacturing, nuclear fusion , light source , etc. It is therefore important to study Plasma behavior . This model ignores secondary electron emission , recombination between ions and electrons and assumes a uniform distribution of the neutrals having velocity of a Maxwellian distribution. The lower plate in subject to a biased voltage and magnetic field. The result show the effects of a biased voltage in density and velocity of the ion and electron with the low plate.

L'objet se place en opposition. Il est une ponctuation déroutante, un point de diffraction dans notre monde. Il induit un éclatement du réel entre plusieurs alternatives.L'apparition de l'objet constituerait un "entre-deux" : un point singulier dédoublant notre monde entre plusieurs lignes de fuites possibles. Cet entre-deux est un embranchement où émergent des lignes tangentes et insoupçonnées au quotidien. L'objet s'inscrit dans un processus interférant extrayant l'ordinaire de son ordinarité, le propulsant vers sa singularité.Au cours de notre thèse, nous cherchons à répondre à cette question: Comment l'objet et le design font-ils du quotidien un événement ? Nous interrogeons les modalités de ce passage de la banalité à l'événementialité du réel.Entre-deux, le design n'impose pas une réalité totalement autre, il propose des chemins un peu décalés, des itinéraires "bis" à notre monde. Des procédures rhizomiques sont initiatrices de percées entre ce réel-ci et des versions inédites. Le design constitue une zone schizophrène : une localité de bascule vers une variante inattendue du réel, mais envisageable de lui-même. Les entre-deux, creusés par le designer sont des accès à des mondes possibles, la révélation d'un envers utopique de ce monde-ci. Le design et l'objet ont pour dessein de dévoiler ce qu'on ne saurait voir autrement. Ils discutent les frontières du réel. Ils projettent d'explorer des prolongations éventuelles, d'ouvrir des perspectives nouvelles à notre monde commun. Ils font apparaître un mi-lieu prospectif au sein duquel des alternatives permettraient d'engager un débat, et d'opérer des choix sur le monde dans lequel nous souhaitons vivre. / The object places itself in opposition. It is a diverting punctuation, a point of diffraction within our world. It introduces a bursting of the reality between several alternatives.The object's appearance constitutes a "between-two" : a singular point where our world duplicate between several possible lines of flight. This between-two is a junction where emerge tangent and unsuspected lines to everyday life. The object is inscribed in an interfering process extracting the ordinary from its ordinarity, propelling it towards its singularity.We seek to answer to this essential question : "How the design and the object do they make of the everyday an event ?". From the analysis of our practice of the design and contemporary designer's ones, we question the modalities of this passage from reel's commonness to its evenementiality.Between-two, the design doesn't impose a completely different reality but, it proposes little-shifted ways, alternative ways in our world. The rhizomic procedures we set-up are initiating passages or breakthroughs between this reality and unheard versions. The design constitutes a schizophrenic zone : a tip-over locality to a reality's unexpected variant, but conceivable of itself. The between-two, dug by the designer whom we are, are accesses to possible worlds, perhaps even, the revelation of this world's utopian other-side.The design and the object have the intention to reveal what we couldn't see otherwise. They unceasingly discuss the reality's boundaries. They seem to plan to investigate possible extensions, to open new perspectives in our common world. They aim to make appear a prospective mid-place within which proposed alternatives should engage a debate, and to make choices about the world in which we wish to live.

Submitted by Amanda Silva (amanda.osilva2@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-05T13:59:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Fábia de Oliveira Luna.pdf: 6070926 bytes, checksum: 5c0233b17f6af6c3a2f420f1d6eb3248 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T13:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Fábia de Oliveira Luna.pdf: 6070926 bytes, checksum: 5c0233b17f6af6c3a2f420f1d6eb3248 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) and the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) belong to the mammalian Order Sirenia, classified respectively as critically endangered and as vulnerable in Brazil. Both species have been hunted commercially since the sixteenth century, resulting in a drastic reduction or elimination of manatees in some places. This hunting pressure may have caused isolation of the populations resulting in geographic genetic isolation, with a reduction of their genetic diversity. The objective of this study is to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of the West Indian manatee (T. manatus) in Brazil; verify the existence of hybridization between the manatees T. manatus and T. inungus; define the degree of relatedness of individuals in captivity; and provide strategies for the conservation of the species. In northeastern Brazil, a large number of dependent calves strand on beaches. Many of these calves have been rescued alive and rehabilitated for future release. Previously, the identification of release sites did not take into account the genetic issues. Through this study, it has been possible to identify suitable release sites based on phylogenetic traits of the manatees. The genetic structure of the population was studied using nuclear DNA in the program STRUCTURE, and comparing FST and RST values. On the Northeast coast one population was identified, which is subdivided in two subpopulations. A different genetic population was found in the Northwest of the Amazon River estuary (extreme north of Brazil, Guyana and Venezuelan). Manatees from the Estuary of the Amazon River grouped with Amazonian manatees from the Santarém region to form a third population. A total of four manatee Management Units were identified along the Brazilian coast, which should be treated separately for management and conservation needs. Using a combination of molecular markers (mtDNA and nDNA) and cytogenetic analyses the existence of hybridization between T. manatus and T inunguis was confirmed, although this does not appear to be a frequent occurrence. Some of the dependent calves rescued, and other individuals transferred from irregular captive conditions to the CMA/ICMBio, were kept together and breeding occurred. Maintaining related manatees together can lead to inbreeding. It was possible 29 to establish the degree of relatedness between individuals kept at CMA/ICMBio and verify the extistence of inbreeding. To avoid inbreeding, hybridization, and overpopulation in captivity, it is necessary that males and females be separated immediately, thereby preventing reproduction ex-situ. The present study allows us to establish actions for the conservation of the West Indian manatee. Actions that should be prioritized include: protection and restoration of habitat with the creation and implementation of specific protected areas; creation and maintenance of travel corridors that allow gene flow; reduction and elimination of anthropogenic pressures on the species; stopping pointless reproduction in captivity; designing further studies in the north of Brazil to better understand the hybridization and implement the action plan.

A la fin du XVIe siècle, Toulon, port de pêche et de commerce sur la Méditerranée, n’est qu’une bourgade de quelques milliers d’habitants ; Charles VIII et Henri IV le transforment en une ville tournée maintenant vers l’abri et la réparation des galères, puis, avec un rudiment d’arsenal, vers la construction navale. La ville s’agrandie pour accueillir une population nouvelle venant participer à son essor aux côtés de ses habitants. Sous Louis XIV, Vauban et Colbert dotent la ville d’un arsenal, et transforment Toulon en place-forte en l’entourant, de puissantes fortifications. Les habitants sont confrontés à des habitudes héritées du passé, et d’autres venant de l’extérieur. L’étude démographique de cette population, dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle et au début du XVIIIe, est l’occasion de proposer une approche méthodique originale, séquencée, des paramètres de la fécondité des couples, fondée sur l’étude statistique des intervalles entre deux naissances consécutives. Les résultats cités montrent une population urbaine dynamique, participant pleinement à l’essor démographique de la ville, avec une forte natalité et une fécondité relativement faible freinée par l’adoption quasi unanime de l’allaitement maternel. / At the end of the 16th century, Toulon a fishing and trading port on the Mediterranean sea is only a small town of a thousand inhabitants, Charles VIII and Henri IV have the city centered on shelter and repair of galleys, then with a rudimentary arsenal, toward the shipbuilding industry. The city grows to welcome a new population coming to participate to its rise together with its inhabitant. Under the reign of Louis XIV, Vauban and Colbert grant the city an arsenal, and transform Toulon into a stronghold by surrounding it with solid fortification. The inhabitant are used to custom coming from the past and from the outside. The demographic study of this population, in the second half of the 17th century and the biginning of the 18th, is the occasion to propose a genuine methodical approach-sequenced- of conjugal fertility’s settings, based on the statistical study of intervals between two consecutive births. The results are revealing a dynamical urban population, taking fully part in demographical rise of the city, with a strong natality and a fertility relatively low slowed down by the almost unanimos choise of the maternal breasteeding.

Konjunkcija – loginiai prasminiai ryšiai tarp dviejų sakinių, realizuojami formaliomis sakinių siejimo priemonėmis, išreiškiančiomis tam tikrus santykius. Konjunkcijos raiškos priemonių gretinimui pasirinkti dviejų skirtingų funkcinių stilių – meninio ir administracinio – tekstai. Konjunkcija skirstytina į du tipus: tipiškąją ir modalinę. Tipiškąja konjunkcija reiškiami santykiai yra grynieji, jais nenusakomas joks vertinimas ar santykis su tekstu. Pagal tai, kokias funkcijas tekste atlieka loginės semantinės (prasminės) sakinių siejimo priemonės, skiriami keturi tipiškosios konjunkcijos potipiai: sudėjimo, priežasties, priešinamoji ir laiko konjunkcija. Modalinės konjunkcijos siejimo priemonės ne tik susieja sakinius kokiu nors santykiu, bet taip pat nusako ir tam tikrą adresanto požiūrį į sakomą dalyką, turi subjektyvumo atspalvį; ją realizuojančios siejimo priemonės gali išreikšti abejojimą, įsitikinimą, pabrėžimą ar reikšti informacijos šaltinį. Tirtų konjunkcijos atvejų analizė leidžia daryti tokias išvadas: 1) Gausiausia tirtuose tekstuose – sudėjimo konjunkcija (45%). Dažniausias sudėjimo santykis – turinio papildymas – meninio stiliaus tekste reiškiamas sudedamuoju jungtuku ir, administracinio stiliaus tekste – jungtuku tačiau. 2) Pridūrimo konjunkcija būdinga tik meninio stiliaus tekstams, nes atlieka ekspresinę funkciją. 3) Administracinio stiliaus tekste labai dažnas iliustruojamasis santykis, realizuotas įterpiniu pavyzdžiui. Tai lemia analizuoto teksto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / A conjunction is a logical semantic link between two sentences, realized with the formal devices for connecting sentences, and expressing certain relations. Two different styles of texts were chosen for the comparison of the devices used to express a conjunction, which are literary texts and administrative texts. Conjunctions are divided into two types: typical and modal. A typical conjunction expressing relation are pure, and with them no judgement or link with the text is defined. There are four sub-types of typical conjunctions according to the functions the logical semantical devices for connecting sentences perform in the text, which are additive, causal, adversative and temporal conjunctions. The linking device for a modal conjuntion do not only link sentences by a relation, but also define a certain point of view by the addresser towards something that is said, and has a hint of subjectivity; the connecting tools realizing it can express doubt, certainty, emphasis or stand for an informational source. The analysis of the cases of the conjuntions studied allow one to make the following conclusions: 1. The most conjunctions found in the texts analysed were additive conjuntions (45 %). The most common building relationship – extension – in an literary text is expressed by using the building conjuntion ir (“and”), and in administrative texts with the conjunction tačiau (“however”). 2. Enhancement conjunctions are characteristic only for literary texts, because they... [to full text]

Natural convective heat transfer from flat plates and short cylinders inclined at an angle to the vertical in laminar and transition flow regions with isothermal or constant heat flux conditions have been numerically and experimentally studied. When the width of the plate is relatively small compared to its height, i.e., the plate is narrow, the heat transfer rate can be considerably greater than that predicted by these two-dimensional flow results. When the narrow plate is inclined to the vertical, pressure changes normal to the plate surface arise and these pressure changes can alter the nature and the magnitude of the edge effects. When two narrow inclined rectangular flat plates of the same size separated vertically or horizontally, the flow interaction between these heated plates can have a significant effect on the heat transfer. When relatively small square and circular cylinders with exposed top surfaces inclined to the vertical are used, the interaction of the flow over the surfaces that make up the cylinder and inclination angle have, in general, a considerable effect on the magnitude of the mean heat transfer rate and on the nature of the flow over the cylinder surfaces. In the present numerical studies it has been assumed that the fluid properties are constant except for the density change with temperature which gives rise to the buoyancy forces, this having been treated using the Boussinesq approach. The numerical solution was obtained by numerically solving the full three-dimensional form of the governing equations, these equations being written in dimensionless form. The solution was obtained using a commercial CFD code, FLUENT. Results were only obtained for a Prandtl number of 0.7; this being approximately the value of air. In the experimental studies, the average heat transfer rates from cylinders were determined by the transient method, which involves heating the model and then measuring its temperature-time variation while it cools. The average heat transfer rates from the flat plates were determined using a steady state method, which basically involved electrically heating the plate. The tests were carried out inside a large enclosure. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-06-27 19:27:45.724

The supply of cooling has increased significantly in recent years, the trend shows that the increase will continue one reason is that the standard of living has increased, but EU has also set a requirement that energy consumption must be better at the same time. With “better” means more efficient and environmentally friendly. District cooling today uses either chillers or naturally available cold sources such as deep sea water, lake water or cold air. Cold air is, of course, only available when the seasons permit it and the cold air is not available when comfort cooling is needed for e.g. offices. The only alternative for areas that do not have a cold water source nearby is to use chillers. The most common chillers today are compressor chillers and absorption chillers. The most interesting chiller for the energy and environmental company HEM in Halmstad, is the absorption chiller which is driven by heat. HEM has, during the summer, surplus heat produced in Kristinehed plant which they want to use, they also have an increased inventory of waste during the summer which they get from the municipality of Halland. This heat is, of course, qualified to be used in the making of cold. Absorption chillers is today, however, not as common as compressor chillers which are capable of dealing with most cooling capacities, from small to large, and simultaneously works more or less flawlessly. Most of today’s absorption chillers are of a few hundred kW and upwards while there are no absorption chillers for the smaller effects, they are also very expensive and can have problems with crystallization of the absorbent if the operation is handled incorrectly. But it’s also expensive when it comes to piping of district cooling networks depending on where the pipes are desired, for example if it is the middle of town or over a grass field. A fictional project of the area Sannarp is used for a case study in this thesis where one investment alternative was to extend the existing district cooling pipes and another alternative was to invest in absorption chillers to meet the company's cooling demand. The results were obviously much affected by the area's layout and the distance to the first company starting from the existing pipe. The company's cooling demand also affected the results and the first alternatives investment cost could only be competitive with alternative 2 because the distance was just of the right length. If the distance to the company had been shorter, then the cooling demand for the same company has had to be less. The conclusion of the project was still in the end that and expansion of the current district cooling network to the company was the most feasible and economically advantageous.

Prenant pour exemple la figure littéraire de l‟employé de bureau, notre étude se propose de saisir les particularités synchroniques et le cheminement diachronique d‟une esthétique de l‟impotence qui aurait notamment émergé avec la tentation flaubertienne du « livre sur rien », pour se développer ensuite dans une large part du roman français de la première moitié du XXe siècle et trouver, enfin, son aboutissement dans l‟oeuvre de Samuel Beckett. La figure du copiste permet en cela de dessiner un paysage littéraire dans lequel s‟inscrivent, à côté d‟écrivains célèbres, de nombreux auteurs oubliés malgré l‟importance qu‟ils eurent en leur temps / This thesis takes the typical character of the office worker as an example to try and show the synchronic particularities and the diachronic development of an aesthetics of impotence. The aesthetics of impotence may have more particularly emerged from the Flaubertian dream of the novel “about nothing” and developed afterward in a large part of the French literature in the first half of C20 to finally find its achievement in Samuel Beckett‟s work. The figure of the office worker allows to sketch a litterary landscape in which one can find many different authors : the most famous alongside the ones who have been long forgotten despite the importance they had in their days

Electrochemical methods have been used to study electron transfer reactions at the interface between an aqueous phase of less than 1 femto liters in volume and a bulk organic phase. The small aqueous phase is formed at the end of a slightly recessed platinum electrode. When a negative potential is applied between the Pt electrode and the aqueous phase, Ru(NH3)63+ in the aqueous phase could be reduced to Ru(NH3)62+. Because the volume of the aqueous phase is very small, the electrochemically formed Ru(NH3)62+ could instantly reach the interface between the aqueous phase and the organic phase which contains 7,7,8,8-Teteracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), and be oxidized to form Ru(NH3)63+ by giving electrons to TCNQ at the interface. Our results showed a positive shift in the E1/2 comparing the reaction undertaken in the recessed cavity and the bulk solution.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux différents comportements de fluides structurés (solutions aqueuses de polymères, suspensions), sous écoulements cisaillés. Dans la première partie, nous donnons une description globale des objets constituant le matériau en utilisant une modélisation structurelle, d'une part et en effectuant des mesures de biréfringence pour qualifier l'anisotropie des objets, d'autre part. A travers la loi tentio-optique, nous montrons que le comportement des objets ne dépend que de la contrainte appliquée. En outre, nous étudions les conditions de mesures objectives pour mener une caractérisation rigoureuse, en comparant des mesures de fluage et d'oscillations et en utilisant une approche analytique. Ce qui va permettre de développer une méthode d'identification des paramètres viscoélastiques et leurs évolutions sous cisaillement, dans le régime linéaire et non linéaire. La deuxième partie concerne les écoulements bidimensionnels de ces fluides dans une géométrie de cylindres coaxiaux centrés et excentrés, à grand entrefer. Le dispositif expérimental est validé par des mesures sur un fluide newtonien. L'objectif est d'étudier le comportement local de différents fluides en utilisant la technique de la PIV. Pour cela, nous réalisons un dispositif expérimental fiable et suffisamment précis pour accéder au champs de vitesse instantané dans tous l'entrefer. Les mesures nous permettent d'accéder à la loi de comportement locale de chaque matériau que nous comparons avec la loi de comportement globale donnée par le rhéomètre dans le cas de la géométrie centrée. De plus, des simulations numériques sur Fluent, ont été effectuées pour compléter notre étude. Les résultats obtenus pour des écoulements laminaires, de différents fluides: newtonien, peu rhéofluidifiant, très rhéofluidifiant, montrent qu'il est possible de décrire et prédire le comportement des fluides newtoniens et faiblement rhéofluidifiants mais les modèles classiques existants dans Fluent ne sont pas capables de décrire le comportement des fluides très rhéofluidifiant qui présentent une très forte hétérogénéité des gradients de vitesse dans l'entrefer / Under this thesis, we look at the different behaviors of structured fluids (aqueous solutions of polymers, suspensions) under sheared flow. In the first part, we give a comprehensive description of the items constituting the material using a structural modeling, on the one hand and carrying out birefringence measures to qualify anisotropy objects on the other. Through the tentio-law, we show that the behavior of objects depends only on the applied stress. In addition, we study the conditions of objective measures to conduct a rigorous characterization, comparing creep and oscillations measures, and using an analytical approach. This will help develop a method for identifying viscoelastic parameters and their developments under shear, in both a linear and a no linear regime. The second part concerns the two-dimensional flows of fluids in a coaxial cylinder geometry centered and eccentred, in a wide gap. The objective is to study the local behavior of different fluids using the PIV technic. To do this, we realize an experimental reliable and accurate enough, in all the gap. The experimental device is validated by measurements on a Newtonian fluid. The measures allow to access the local law behavior of each material that we compare with the overall behavior of law given by the rheometer in the case of centered geometry . In addition, digital simulations on Fluent, were made to complement our study. The results for laminar flow, for different fluids: newtonian, little rhéofluidifiant and very rhéofluidifiant, show that it is possible to describe and predict the behavior of some fluid but the existing model in Fluent can not describe the behavior of very rheofluidifiant fluids which have a very strong heterogeneity gradients speed in the gap.