Making electricity grids smarter and facilitating them with integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage are fairly accepted as the necessary steps to achieve a sustainable and secure power industry. To enable Net-zero energy and optimize power management for future homes or buildings, DC electric distribution systems (DC Nano-grid) find feasibility and simplicity for integrating renewable energy sources and energy storage. However, integrating the sources and loads in a simple, robust and smart way is still challenging. High voltage lithium-ion battery should be seriously considered concerning the overcharge/over-discharge risk. Dissipative cell equalization and its performance are studied. Non-dissipative equalization methods are reviewed using an energy flow chart. Typical charging schemes and the related over-charge risk are illustrated. A Lithium-ion battery charging profile based on VCell_Max/Min monitoring is proposed and validated with experimental results in an 8.4kW bidirectional battery charger for DC future home. For the DC future home emulator testbed, a grid interface converter, i.e. energy control center (ECC) converter, is reviewed with functions identification. A PV system with different configurations is compared to further expand the common MPPT region, and a DC-DC converter is designed as the interface between PV panels and DC bus, facilitating maximum power point tracking (MPPT) as well as fulfill the system energy management requirement. An 8.4kW multi-phase bidirectional battery charger with Si IGBT in DCM operation is designed to achieve high efficiency and to be the interface converter between lithium-ion battery and DC bus, enhancing the battery system management as well as increasing the system reliability. To integrate all the sources and loads in a simple, reliable and smart way, this thesis proposes a distributed droop control method and smart energy management strategy to enhance the Net-zero electric energy cost. All of the control strategies are applied to the DC future home with interactions among the energy control center (ECC), renewable energy sources, energy storage and load within a day/24 hours. System level energy management control strategies for Net-zero electric energy cost are examined and illustrated. A 10kW future home emulator testbed is built and introduced for concepts validation. / Master of Science

Black coatings essentially absorb incident light at all wavelengths from all directions. They are used when minimal reflection or maximum absorption is desired and therefore are effective in applications that require control of stray light. Our motivation stems from the use of black coating Lord Aeroglaze® Z302 in aerospace and remote sensing applications and the desire to support the development of bidirectional spectral models that can be used successfully to predict the performance of optical instruments such as telescopes. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is an indispensable parameter in the optical characterization of such coatings. The current effort involves investigation of the BRDF of the commercial black coating Aeroglaze® Z302. An automated goniometer reflectometer has been designed, fabricated and successfully used for performing the BRDF measurements of Z302 at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths and at both polarizations. The current contribution involves study of Z302 samples prepared at different thicknesses and by different methods, which provides insight about influence of surface roughness on BRDF of Z302. / Master of Science / When light falls on different materials it undergoes various phenomenon such as reflection, refraction, absorption and scattering. The amount of each phenomenon varies with the optical nature of a material as well as the wavelength and direction of the light. Therefore, understanding the optical properties of materials at various wavelengths of light is necessary for effectively using those materialsin specific applications which require light to be efficiently reflected or absorbed. This research studies an optical property known as Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of a black coating called Lord Aeroglaze Z302. Black coatings are materials that ideally absorb almost all light that falls on them irrespective of the light’s direction and wavelength. They are used in applications where maximum absorption of light is required. One such application which relates to the motivation for this research is absorbing unwanted light in instruments used in space such as telescopes and radiometers. Z302 is used in the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments developed by NASA. BRDF is an important parameter which gives information about all other optical properties of a surface and can be used to know optical performance of that surface. The current work describes the experiments and an automated device developed, called reflectometer, to measure the BRDF of Z302 at different angles and wavelengths of light. The results are reported for different thickness samples of Z302 coating, and two different wavelengths of light that belong to the visible and ultraviolet spectrum of light.

Fuel cells have the potential to provide clean power for a variety of uses including stand-alone residential power. But to increase the acceptance of fuel cells for off-grid generation, the cost of the energy management system must be greatly reduced. Of the many ways to accomplish this, this paper looks at reducing cost through topology changes and elimination of current sensors. A dual 2.5kW non-isolated bidirectional boost converter is designed and analyzed. The various bidirectional boost topologies are compared on cost and ability to meet the specifications. A sensorless average current mode is designed, implemented and verified through testing in a low-cost fixed-point DSP. Both boost and buck modes are accurately modeled and voltage and current controllers are designed for good closed-loop response. The accuracy of the sensorless average current measurement is investigated in both modes of operation. A classical dual-loop controller is implemented in boost mode with the sensorless average current and in buck mode, a dual controller operating in either current or voltage mode is implemented. The design is verified through testing in boost and buck mode and it is shown that the results are acceptable. / Master of Science

Background. Decades of research have found alcohol and negative affect (NA) are global and proximal risk factors for psychological and physical intimate partner violence (IPV), especially among college students. Despite recognition as the most common form of IPV, bidirectional psychological and physical IPV (i.e., instances where both partners are perpetrating and experiencing victimization) remains an understudied topic. Clarifying alcohol and NA’s influences on bidirectional IPV may inform the development of intervention programs. We hypothesized that the association between alcohol use (number of daily drinks and Heavy Episodic Drinking [HED]) and IPV would vary as a function of NA. Methods. Dating college students (N = 232; 67.7% women; 83.89% white) who drink alcohol completed daily surveys for 60 consecutive days assessing daily alcohol use, NA, and IPV perpetration and victimization. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) tested the within- and between-person associations and interactions between alcohol use, NA, and psychological and physical unidirectional and bidirectional IPV. Results. A significant interaction between NA and the number of drinks before unidirectional psychological IPV perpetration emerged, such that the alcohol-IPV association was weaker at lower levels of NA. A main effect of NA emerged as a proximal antecedent of unidirectional psychological victimization and bidirectional psychological IPV. Main effects of within- and between-person alcohol use were insignificant across other models. Conclusion. On days of low NA, college students were less likely to perpetrate psychological IPV after drinking. Future research should clarify whether positive affect weakens the alcohol-IPV association and assess additional moderators of this link. / These data were collected by the author’s advisor (Dr. Meagan J. Brem) and was supported by a Visionary Grant from the American Psychological Foundation (APF) and by grant F31AA026489 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) awarded to Dr. Brem. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the APF, NIAAA, or the National Institutes of Health. / Master of Science

In this work, we study two problems in information-theoretic security. Firstly, we study a wireless network where two nodes want to securely exchange messages via an honest-but-curious bidirectional relay. There is no direct link between the user nodes, and all communication must take place through the relay. The relay behaves like a passive eavesdropper, but otherwise follows the protocol it is assigned. Our objective is to design a scheme where the user nodes can reliably exchange messages such that the relay gets no information about the individual messages. We first describe a perfectly secure scheme using nested lattices, and show that our scheme achieves secrecy regardless of the distribution of the additive noise, and even if this distribution is unknown to the user nodes. Our scheme is explicit, in the sense that for any pair of nested lattices, we give the distribution used for randomization at the encoders to guarantee security. We then give a strongly secure lattice coding scheme, and we characterize the performance of both these schemes in the presence of Gaussian noise. We then extend our perfectly-secure and strongly-secure schemes to obtain a protocol that guarantees end-to-end secrecy in a multichip line network. We also briefly study the robustness of our bidirectional relaying schemes to channel imperfections. In the second problem, we consider the scenario where multiple terminals have access to private correlated Gaussian sources and a public noiseless communication channel. The objective is to generate a group secret key using their sources and public communication in a way that an eavesdropper having access to the public communication can obtain no information about the key. We give a nested lattice-based protocol for generating strongly secure secret keys from independent and identically distributed copies of the correlated random variables. Under certain assumptions on the joint distribution of the sources, we derive achievable secret key rates. The tools used in designing protocols for both these problems are nested lattice codes, which have been widely used in several problems of communication and security. In this thesis, we also study lattice constructions that permit polynomial-time encoding and decoding. In this regard, we first look at a class of lattices obtained from low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, called Low-density Construction-A (LDA) lattices. We show that high-dimensional LDA lattices have several “goodness” properties that are desirable in many problems of communication and security. We also present a new class of low-complexity lattice coding schemes that achieve the capacity of the AWGN channel. Codes in this class are obtained by concatenating an inner Construction-A lattice code with an outer Reed-Solomon code or an expander code. We show that this class of codes can achieve the capacity of the AWGN channel with polynomial encoding and decoding complexities. Furthermore, the probability of error decays exponentially in the block length for a fixed transmission rate R that is strictly less than the capacity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first capacity-achieving coding scheme for the AWGN channel which has an exponentially decaying probability of error and polynomial encoding/decoding complexities.

Patent monitoring is about tracking the upcoming inventions in a particular field, predicting future trends, and specific intellectual property rights of interest. It is the process of finding relevant patents on a particular topic based on a specific query. With patent monitoring, one can keep them updated on the new technology in the market. Also, they can find potential licensing opportunities for their inventions. The outputs of patent monitoring are essential for companies, academics, and inventors looking forward to using the latest patents that can enhance further innovation. Nevertheless, there is no widely accepted best approach to patent monitoring. Usually, most patent monitoring systems are based on complex search and find, often leading to insignificant hit rates and highly human intervention. As the number of patents published each year increases massively and with patents being critical to accelerating innovation, the current approach to patent monitoring has two main drawbacks. Firstly, human-driven patent monitoring is time consuming and expensive process. In addition, there is a risk of overlooking interesting documents due to inadequate searching tools and processes, which could cost companies fortunes while at the same time hindering further innovation and creativity. This thesis presents a smart patent monitoring assistant tool that applies natural language processing. The use of several natural language processing methods is investigated to find, classify and rank relevant documents. The tool was trained on a dataset that contains the title, abstract, and claims of patent documents. Given a dataset of patent documents, the aim of this thesis is to create a tool that can classify patents into two classes relevant and not relevant. Furthermore, the tool can rank documents based on relevancy. The evaluation result of the tool gave satisfying results when it came to receiving the expected patents. In addition, there is a significant improvement in terms of performance for memory usage and the time it took to train the model and get results. / Patentövervakning handlar om att övervaka kommande uppfinningar, förutsäga framtida trender, eller specifika immateriella rättigheter och används för att hitta relevanta patent inom ett visst område. Med patentövervakning är det möjligt att hålla patent uppdaterade enligt den senaste tekniken på marknaden samt att hitta potentiella möjligheter att licensiera innehavda patent till tredje part. Målgruppen för patentövervakning är företag, akademiker, och uppfinnare som vill hitta de senaste patenten för att uppnå maximal innovation. Dock finns det ingen generell metod för att bedriva patentövervakning. Vanligtvis används komplexa sökmetoder som resulterar i undermåliga resultat och kräver manuellt ingripande. I och med att andelen patent ökar varje år har nuvarande metod två huvudsakliga nackdelar. Till att börja med är mänsklig patentövervakning en tidskrävande och dyr process. Vidare är det en betydande risk att missa viktiga eller på andra sätt intressanta dokument till följd av en bristande sökprocess. Detta kan möjligtvis resultera i att företag missar stora möjligheter samt utebliven innovation och kreativitet. Detta arbete presenterar ett smart verktyg för patentövervakning baserat på natural language processing. Vi analyserar användningen av ett flertal processer för att hitta, klassificera, och rangordna relevant dokument. Verktyget tränades på ett dataset som innehåller patentets titel, abstrakt, och vad patentet gör anspråk på. Givet ett godtyckligt dataset är målet med detta arbete att utveckla ett verktyg med förmågan att klassificera relevanta och icke-relevanta patent samt rangordna dessa utifrån relevans. Resultatet visar att verktyget gav tillfredsställande gällande att hitta önskvärda patent. Vidare uppnåddes en signifikant förbättring när det gäller prestanda för minnesanvändning och tiden som krävs för att träna modeller och erhålla resultat.

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Doina Caragea / Recent work has shown that bidirectional genes (genes located on opposite strands of DNA, whose transcription start sites are not more than 1000 basepairs apart) are often co-expressed and have similar biological functions. Identification of such genes can be useful in the process of constructing gene regulatory networks. Furthermore, analysis of the intergenic regions corresponding to bidirectional genes can help to identify regulatory elements, such as transcription factor binding sites. Approximately 2500 bidirectional gene pairs have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and the corresponding intergenic regions have been shown to be rich in regulatory elements that are essential for the initiation of transcription. Identifying such elements is especially important, as simply searching for known transcription factor binding sites in the promoter of a gene can result in many hits that are not always important for transcription initiation. Encouraged by the findings about the presence of essential regulatory elements in the intergenic regions corresponding to bidirectional genes, in this thesis, we explore a motif-based machine learning approach to identify intergenic regulatory elements. More precisely, we consider the problem of predicting the transcription pattern for pairs of consecutive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana using motifs from AthaMap and PLACE. We use machine learning algorithms to learn models that can predict the direction of transcription for pairs of consecutive genes. To identify the most predictive motifs and, therefore, the most significant regulatory elements, we perform feature selection based on mutual information and feature abstraction based on family or sequence similarity. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.

Les expériences de séquençage à haut débit ont permis de démontrer que la transcription ne se limite pas aux régions codantes et qu’une grande partie du génome est transcrite en ARN non-codants (ARNnc). Parmi eux, les transcrits cryptiques sont initiés à l’intérieur des régions codantes. Des études faites chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ont pu identifier plusieurs facteurs qui répriment la transcription cryptique. Un de ces facteurs est Spt6, une chaperonne d’histones requise pour le maintien d’un bon niveau de nucléosomes le long des gènes transcrits. Lorsque Spt6 est muté, on observe une déplétion des nucléosomes conduisant à l’activation des promoteurs cryptiques. Cependant, le mécanisme par lequel ces transcrits cryptiques sont régulés n’est pas encore clair. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons un travail dans lequel nous avons développé une méthode probabiliste dans le but de caractériser les transcrits cryptiques à partir de données de RNA-Seq. Cette méthode est basée sur une cumulation des données et permet de tenir compte des variations dans l’expression et dans la longueur des gènes, grâce à une étape de randomisation des données. Les résultats démontrent que notre méthode est au moins aussi efficace que les méthodes précédemment décrites dans la littérature et offre un bon compromis entre le taux de faux positifs et de faux négatifs. Enfin, le plus important est que cette méthode permet de prédire les régions génomiques où les transcrits cryptiques sont initiés. Nous avons mis en évidence la présence de transcrits cryptiques sur les brins sens et antisens par rapport au gène. Nous avons également montré que les promoteurs cryptiques sens et antisens sont enrichis en motif TATA et que les transcrits cryptiques sont polyadénylés, ce qui suggère qu’ils peuvent être régulés par les mêmes mécanismes qui régulent les gènes. Alors que les transcrits cryptiques sur le brin sens se terminent à la même position que les gènes dont ils sont issus, les transcrits cryptiques sur le brin antisens terminent préférablement aux extrémités 3’ des gènes situés en amont. Nous proposons donc que les terminateurs chez S. cerevisiae ont évolué pour terminer la transcription de manière bidirectionnelle afin d’empêcher une transcription aberrante qui pourrait envahir les gènes voisins. / High throughout sequencing experiments have shown that transcription in not limited to coding regions and that most of the genome is transcribed into non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Among them, cryptic transcripts are aberrantly initiated from within the coding regions. Several studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified many factors that suppress cryptic transcription. One such factor is Spt6, a histone chaperone required for maintaining appropriate nucleosome levels on transcribed genes. In Spt6 mutant cells, nucleosomes are depleted, leading to activation of cryptic promoters. However, the mechanism by which these cryptic transcripts are regulated remains unclear. In this thesis, we present the development of a probabilistic method for the characterization of cryptic transcripts from RNA-Seq data. The method is used to characterize cryptic transcription in spt6-1004 cells. The method is based on a cumulative distribution function, thus taking into account variations in gene expression and gene length thanks to a data randomization step. Results show that our method is at least as good as previously published methods and provides a good compromise between false positives and false negatives. Importantly, this method allows for the prediction of genomic regions where cryptic transcripts are initiated. We have demonstrated the presence of cryptic transcripts running on the sense and antisense strands relative to genes. We also showed that, both sense and antisense cryptic promoters are enriched for TATA-like sequences and that cryptic transcripts are polyadenylated, suggesting that they may be regulated by the same mechanism that occurs on genes. While the cryptic transcripts on the sense strand terminate at the same position as the genes from which they are derived, cryptic transcripts on the antisense strand preferentially terminate at the 3’-end of upstream genes. We therefore propose that S. cerevisiae terminators have evolved to terminate transcription bidirectionally in order to prevent an aberrant transcription that could invade neighboring genes.

Les éditions critiques numériques sont des ressources patrimoniales annotées, sous une forme numérique. De telles éditions prennent la forme d'une transcription des ressources originales, augmentées d'un apparat critique, c'est-à-dire, la forme de données structurées. Dans un contexte collaboratif, a structure de ces données est définie explicitement par un schéma, document interprétable qui contraint la manière dont les éditeurs vont pouvoir annoter les ressources primaires et va de ce fait garantir une certaine homogénéité dans le respect de la politique éditoriale. Les projets d'édition critique numérique font classiquement face à deux problèmes techniques. Le premier a à voir avec l'expressivité des langages d'annotation, qui empêchent l'expression de certaines informations utiles. La seconde tient au fait que, par expérience, les schémas qui sous-tendent une édition critique vont être amenés à évoluer au cours de la réalisation de cette édition ; cependant, modifier le schéma implique qu'il faille mettre à jour l'intégralité des données structurées validées par ce schéma, ce qui est habituellement effectué à la main par les éditeurs, au moyen de scripts ad-hoc – si les éditeurs, faute de moyens ou de temps, ne renoncent pas à faire évoluer la structure de données. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous définissons les fondements théoriques pour l'établissement d'un système éditorial dédié à l'édition critique numérique. Nous définissons les eAG, un modèle d'annotation déporté basé sur un formalisme de graphes cycliques, autorisant a plus grande expressivité. Nous définissons un mécanisme de schéma innovant, SeAG, permettant la validation à la volée des eAG au cours de leur manufacture. Nous définissons également une syntaxe de balisage présentant des similarités avec les langages d'annotation classiques comme XML, tout en préservant l'expressivité des eAG. Enfin, nous proposons une algèbre bidirectionnelle pour les eAG de telle sorte que, si un SeAG S est transformé en un SeAG S', alors tout eAG I validé par S est traduit de manière semi-automatique sous la forme d'un eAG I', validé par S', et tel que toute mise à jour de I (respectivement I') soit propagé, de manière semi-automatique, sur I' (resp. I). / Digital Scholarly Editions are critically annotated patrimonial literary resources, in a digital form. Such editions roughly take the shape of a transcription of the original resources, augmented with critical information, that is, of structured data. In a collaborative setting, the structure of the data is explicitly defined in a schema, an interpretable document that governs the way editors annotate the original resources and guarantees they follow a common editorial policy. Digital editorial projects classically face two technical problems. The first has to do with the expressiveness of the annotation languages, that prevents from expressing some kinds of information. The second relies in the fact that, historically, schemas of long-running digital edition projects have to evolve during the lifespan of the project. However, amending a schema implies to update the structured data that has been produced, which is done either by hand, by means of ad-hoc scripts, or abandoned by lack of technical skills or human resources. In this work, we define the theoretical ground for an annotation system dedicated to scholarly edition. We define eAG, a stand-off annotation model based on a cyclic graph model, enabling the widest range of annotation. We define a novel schema language, SeAG, that permits to validate eAG documents on-the-fly, while they are being manufactured. We also define an inline markup syntax for eAG, reminiscent of the classic annotation languages like XML, but retaining the expressivity of eAG. Eventually, we propose a bidirectional algebra for eAG documents so that, when a SeAG S is amended, giving S', an eAG I validated by S is semi-automatically translated into an eAG I' validated by S', and so that any modification applied to I (resp. I') is semi-automatically propagated to I' (resp. I) – hence working as an assistance tool for the evolution of SeAG schemas and eAG annotations.

A seleção genética de comportamentos relacionados a um componente emocional do tipo ansiedade, associada ao estudo das possíveis influências desse traço sobre outros componentes emocionais como o medo, impulsividade e tarefas de aprendizagem aversiva, podem contribuir para o entendimento da ansiedade, bem como, fornecer uma base sólida para investigações neurofisiológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares da mesma. Assim, o presente trabalho selecionou duas linhagens de ratos da linhagem Wistar: uma com característica de alta exploração dos braços abertos do labirinto em cruz-elevado (Filô-HE) e outra com baixa exploração desses braços (Filô-LE), e comparou os efeitos da seleção dessas duas linhagens sobre comportamentos associados à ansiedade, medo, impulsividade e aprendizagem aversiva. Para isso, um lote de animais fornecidos pelo Biotério Central da USP-RP foram distribuídos em dois grupos distintos: (1) os que apresentavam maior exploração dos braços abertos do Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE) - (Filô-HE) e (2) os com menor exploração desses braços (Filô-LE) ao longo de doze gerações (de S1 a S12, sem contar o grupo inicial do qual derivam as gerações). Na sexta, nona e décima segunda gerações, os animais foram submetidos aos seguintes testes comportamentais: LCE, Campo Aberto (somente na décima segunda), esquiva passiva, labirinto aquático de Morris (somente na décima segunda), sobressalto (que avalia a resposta de medo), e gradiente de aversão elevado (desenvolvido em nosso laboratório para medir impulsividade). Os dados indicaram a seleção de duas linhagens de ratos Wistar com características distintas para a exploração dos braços abertos do LCE. De um lado, foi selecionada a linhagem Filô-HE, que possui como principal característica, altos índices de exploração de ambientes que geralmente são evitados por outros animais. De outro, foi selecionada (até a oitava geração), a linhagem Filô-LE, que explorava muito pouco ambientes potencialmente aversivos. Tais resultados podem ser interpretados, respectivamente, como (a) baixa e alta frequência de comportamentos associados à ansiedade e medo, (b) baixa e alta frequência de comportamentos associados à impulsividade, (c) altos e baixos níveis de dificuldade na aprendizagem relacionada a memórias emocionais, ou (d) até mesmo o efeito conjunto de todas essas características comportamentais. Porém, para um conhecimento mais confiável, é necessário que os estudos supracitados passem a explorar aspectos neurofisiológicos, psicofarmacológicos, bioquímicos e genéticos, ampliando a investigação dos componentes emocionais selecionados. Bem como, promovendo um controle mais rígido dos traços selecionados e de suas relações com outros componentes que possam interferir na seleção / The genetic selection of behaviors related to an anxiety-like emotional component, associated to the study of the possible influences of this trait over other emotional components like fear, impulsivity and aversive learning, can contribute to the understanding of anxiety as well as supply a solid basis for its neurophysiological, biochemical and molecular investigation. Thus, the present work selected two strains of Wistar rats: one characterized by a high exploration of the open arms of an elevated plus-maze (Filô-HE) and another with a low exploration of these arms (Filô-LE), and compared the effects of such a selection on behaviors associated with anxiety, fear, impulsivity and aversive learning. For this, a batch of animals supplied by the animal house of the USP at Ribeirão Preto were distributed into two distinct groups: (1) one presenting more exploration of the open arms of an elevated plus-maze (EPM) Filô-HE and (2) one with less open arm exploration Filô-LE along twelve generations (from S1 to S12, not counting the initial group from which all generations derived). On the sixth, ninth and twelfth generations the animals were submitted to the following behavioral tests: LCE, open-field (only in the twelfth generation), passive avoidance, Morris aquatic maze (only in the twelfth generation), startle (which evaluates a fear response), and elevated aversion gradient (developed in our laboratory to measure impulsivity). The data indicated a selection of two Wistar rats strains with distinct characteristics concerning the exploration of the open arms of and EPM. On the one hand, the strain Filô-HE was selected exhibiting as the main characteristic high measures of exploration of environments which are usually avoided by other animals. On the other hand, the strain Filô-LE was selected (up to the eighth generation) exhibiting very little exploration of potentially dangerous environments. These results may be interpreted as, respectively, (a) low and high frequency of behaviors associated to anxiety and fear, (b) low and high frequency of behaviors associated to impulsivity, (c) high and low levels of difficulty in learning related to emotional memories, or (d) even the joint effect of all these behavioral characteristics. However, for a more reliable knowledge it is necessary that the studies above begin to explore neurophysiological, psychopharmacological, biochemical and genetic aspects, broadening the investigation ot hte selected emotional components, as well as promoting a more strict control of the selected traits and of its relations with other components that may interfere in the selection