University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

published_or_final_version / Humanities / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

Brian Chan Hok-shing. / Thesis (M.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- "Defining ""Code´ؤmixing""" / Chapter 1.2 --- Code-mixing in Hong Kong / Chapter 1.3 --- Aims and Objectives / Chapter 2. --- Syntactic Constraints on CM / Chapter 2.1 --- Language-universal constraints / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Free Morpheme constraint / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Equivalence constraint / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The Government constraint / Chapter 2.1.4 --- The Matrix Code Principle / Chapter 2.1.5 --- The Dual Structure Principle / Chapter 2.2 --- Language´ؤspecific constraints / Chapter 2.2.1 --- """Closed-Class"" word constraint" / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "The ""fragment"" constraint" / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "The ""innermost"" constituent constraint" / Chapter 3. --- A Linguistic Description of Cantonese -English code- mixing / Chapter 3.1 --- Data / Chapter 3.2 --- The major patterns and the minor patterns / Chapter 3.3 --- The major patterns: single word cases / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Verb-mixing / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Noun-mixing / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Adjective or adverb-mixing / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Preposition or conjunction-mixing / Chapter 3.4 --- The minor patterns: fragments / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Form and structure / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cantonese fragments under English phrase structure / Chapter 4. --- Critique of the major constraints and principles / Chapter 4.1 --- The Free Morpheme constraint / Chapter 4.2 --- The Equivalence constraint / Chapter 4.3 --- The Government constraint / Chapter 4.4 --- The Matrix Code principle / Chapter 4.5 --- The Dual Structure principle / Chapter 5. --- Revised constraints / Chapter 5.1 --- The Category Equivalence constraint / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Generalizations from the patterns / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Rationale of the Category Equivalence constraint / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Categorical non-equivalence / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Insufficiency / Chapter 5.2 --- The Bound Morpheme constraint / Chapter 5.3 --- The Specifier constraint / Chapter 6. --- Processes / Chapter 6.1 --- Previous Models / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The Equivalence model / Chapter 6.1.2 --- The Matrix Code model / Chapter 6.1.3 --- The Dual Structure model / Chapter 6.2 --- A revised model / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Assumptions / Chapter 6.2.1.1 --- The Distinction between the matrix code (MC) and the embedded code (EC) / Chapter 6.2.1.2 --- Interface between MC grammar and EC lexicon / Chapter 6.2.1.3 --- "Interface between EC lexicon, EC grammar and MC grammar" / Chapter 6.2.1.4 --- Other interfaces not activated / Chapter 6.3 --- Constraints revisited / Chapter 7. --- The Case of Nonce Borrowing / Chapter 7.1 --- Definitions / Chapter 7.2 --- Objections / Notes / Chapter Appendix: --- A Database of Cantonese-English Code´ؤmixing / Bibliography

The majority of previous studies on cognate words have found a robust cognate facilitation effect in picture naming using alphabetic languages. Research has also identified that if the cognates do not share phonology or meaning (i.e., false cognate inhibition effect), this effect may become inhibitory. These mixed findings seem to suggest that semantics, phonology and orthography may contribute differently to cognate word processing. In this thesis, two effects, the phonological overlap effect and the orthographical overlap effect were examined independently for the first time by testing picture naming in two non-alphabetic languages: Cantonese and Mandarin. Two types of cognate words were included: cognate and semi-cognate words. The orthography of both cognate and semi-cognate words is shared between L1 and L2, but only cognate words share phonology. The thesis study included three experiments. In the preparatory experiment, an on-line rating study was conducted, whereby cognate and semi-cognate words with mono-syllabic or bi-syllabic names in Mandarin and Cantonese were rated on word AOA, frequency, picture complexity, familiarity and image agreement. From the preparatory experiments a pictorial-word corpus was selected to use in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 1, Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals named pictures in the corpus in L1 (Cantonese). By contrasting cognate and semi-cognate word naming latency, the results showed a slowed naming latency for cognate words that was marginally significant. It is argued that this finding reflects a possible inhibitory effect from the difference in stages at which competition occurs and the difference in the cognitive load of that competition for cognate and semi-cognate words. In Experiment 2, Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals named the same pictures in L2 (Mandarin), showing a similar trend of cognate inhibition effect as that found in Experiment 1, albeit with a smaller magnitude of cognate inhibition. Taken together, the cognate inhibition effect can be explained by the different stages of cross-language competition that occur for cognate and semi-cognate words in picture naming. The cognitive load of overcoming that competition is larger for cognate than for semi-cognate words. / published_or_final_version / Speech and Hearing Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Arts