Orientador: Percival Bueno de Araujo / Resumo: Neste trabalho são apresentados quatro métodos de otimização bio-inspirados, Colônia de Abelhas Artificiais, Otimização por Enxame de Partículas, Algoritmo dos Vagalumes e um híbrido aqui denominado por Bee – PSO, que combina particularidades dos outros três. Estes métodos são utilizados no ajuste coordenado dos parâmetros dos controladores Proporcional-Integral e Suplementares de Amortecimento (Estabilizadores de Sistemas de Potência e o conjunto Unified Power Flow Controller – Power Oscillation Damping). O objetivo é inserir amortecimento adicional aos modos oscilatórios de baixa frequência e, consequentemente, garantir a estabilidade do sistema elétrico frente a pequenas perturbações. São considerados três cenários que englobam duas configurações de instalação dos controladores suplementares e duas condições de carregamento, uma fixa e outra variável. Uma formulação por injeções de corrente do dispositivo Unified Power Flow Controller é sugerida e incorporada ao Modelo de Sensibilidade de Corrente, utilizado para representar o sistema elétrico de potência. Análises estática e dinâmica foram realizadas nos sistemas teste Simétrico de Duas Áreas e New England para validar o modelo de injeções de corrente proposto para o Unified Power Flow Controller e determinar qual dos algoritmos apresentados é o mais eficiente no ajuste coordenado dos parâmetros dos controladores. Dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que a versão híbrida proposta neste trabalho possui desempenho s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work four bio-inspired optimization methods, Artificial Bee Colony, Particle Swarm Optimization, Firefly Algorithm, and a hybrid called Bee – PSO, which combines the characteristics of the other three are presented. These methods are used in the coordinated adjustment of the parameters of Proportional-Integral and Supplementary Damping Controllers (Power System Stabilizers and the Unified Power Flow Controller - Power Oscillation Damping). The goal is to insert additional damping into the low-frequency oscillatory modes and thus ensure the stability of the electrical system against minor disturbances. Three scenarios are considered that include two installation configurations of the supplementary controllers and two charging conditions, one fixed and one variable. A current injection formulation of the Unified Power Flow Controller is suggested and incorporated into the Current Sensitivity Model used to represent the electric power system. Static and dynamic analyzes were performed in the Two-Zone Symmetric and New England test systems to validate the proposed current injection model for the Unified Power Flow Controller and to determine which of the presented algorithms is the most efficient in the coordinated adjustment of the parameters of the controllers. From the results obtained it was possible to conclude that the hybrid version proposed in this work has superior performance in most scenarios analyzed, providing solutions with sufficient damping, even when smal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

L’objectif de ma thèse était d’améliorer les connaissances sur le rôle des liaisons métal-thiolates au sein des métalloenzymes en utilisant une approche bio-inspirée par l’étude des propriétés structurales, électroniques et/ou magnétiques de modèles chimiques ainsi que de leur réactivité.Dans ce contexte, nous avons synthétisé deux complexes de NiFe, modèle structuraux et fonctionnels de l’hydrogénase [NiFe], capables de produire H2 efficacement de manière électrocatalytique de H2. Des espèces intermédiaires ont été synthétisées et caractérisées par différentes techniques spectroscopiques. L’inhibition réversible de l’activité catalytique de ces catalyseurs en présence de CO a été étudiée et discutée.Nous décrivons également un nouvel exemple de complexe de Mn-thiolate, dont l’un des thiolates coordonné à un Mn est protoné. Ce complexe est capable d’activer l’oxygène moléculaire (O2) et de le réduire de manière catalytique par un processus à deux électrons en présence d’une source de protons et d’un agent de réduction. L’activation et la réduction de l’oxygène ont été étudiées en conditions stœchiométriques et catalytiques. Des complexes de Mn à hauts degrés d’oxydation résultant de l’activation d’O2 ont été isolés et caractérisés. Leur réactivité vis-à-vis de l’hydrogène (HAT) et de l’oxygène (OAT) a été évaluée.Une série de complexes métal-halogénure pentacoordinés, MIIIX (M = Mn ou Co ; X = Cl, Br, I) a été étudiée pour comprendre le rôle du métal dans la conversion disulfure/thiolate. Il a été montré que cette conversion est réversible pour les deux ions métalliques mais que le processus est plus rapide et quantitatif dans le cas du système à base de Co par rapport à celui du Mn. Ce travail nous a permis de comprendre comment les propriétés redox et électroniques du métal peuvent intervenir sur l’efficacité de cette interconversion.Enfin les propriétés magnétiques de la série des complexes de CoIII contenant un halogénure ont été étudiées. Ces complexes présentent un spin S = 1 intermédiaire et leur anisotropie magnétique est sensible à la nature de l’halogénure de manière inattendue : la plus grande valeur de D a été mesurée pour le complexe chloré et la plus petite pour le composé iodé. Ce comportement a été rationalisé au travers d’une étude théorique. / The aim of my thesis was to improve the knowledge on the role of metal-thiolate bonds in metalloenzymes using a bio-inspired approach by investigating the structural, electronic and/or magnetic properties of chemical models as well as their reactivity.In this context, we report the synthesis and analysis of two heterodinuclear NiFe complexes, structural and functional models of the active site of [NiFe] hydrogenase, which produce H2 electrocatalytically at high rates. Intermediate species have been generated and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. The reversible inhibition of the catalytic activity by CO has been also investigated and discussed.We also describe the synthesis and characterization of a new manganese-thiolate complex, bearing a pendant thiol group bound (in its -SH form) to one MnII ion. This complex is capable of activating dioxygen, and is an active catalyst for selective 2-electron O2 reduction in the presence of a one-electron reducing agent and a proton source. The O2 activation and reduction pathways have been studied under both stoichiometric and catalytic conditions. Several high valent Mn complexes resulting from O2 activation have been isolated and characterized and their reactivity toward hydrogen or oxygen atom transfer (HAT or OAT, respectively) has been evaluated.A series of pentacoordinated metal-halide complexes MIIIX (M = Co and Mn ; X = Cl, Br, I) has been investigated with the aim of understanding the role of the metal ion in disulphide/thiolate interconversion. While such conversion is reversible in the presence of both Co and Mn, the process becomes much faster and quantitative for the Co–based system with respect to the Mn one. Besides, this work has allowed improving the understanding of how the electronic and redox properties of the metal centers should be fine-tuned to permit a disulphide/thiolate (inter)conversion, mediated by metal ions, to occur efficiently.Finally, the magnetic properties of the series of mononuclear CoIIIX complexes have been investigated. They display a rare intermediate S = 1 spin state and their magnetic anisotropy is sensitive to the nature of the halide in an unexpected way: the largest D-value has been measured for the chloride compound and the smallest for the iodide one. This behavior has been rationalized through a theoretical study.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Wagner Tanaka Botelho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2016. / A robotica movel tem se desenvolvido fortemente nas ultimas decadas. Os estudos de robôs com pernas, em especial, ganham destaque pela capacidade de transpor obstaculos com maior efetividade em relação aos demais meios de locomoção. Aliado a este estudo, encontra-se a robotica bioinspirada, que faz uso de elementos funcionais da natureza como inspiração para a robótica. A construção do prototipo do TB-Horse II, objetivo principal deste trabalho, é um robô quadrupede bioinspirado no cavalo. Este robô possui diversas aplicações, como por exemplo, no resgate de feridos, no transporte de cargas frágeis, entre outras. Entretanto, antes do seu desenvolvimento, foi realizado o estudo, análise e simulação do projeto em CAD-3D proposto na primeira vers~ao do robô, conhecida como TB-Horse I. Após a análise, juntamente com o estudo da biodinâmica do cavalo, foi poss'vel propor um novo projeto mecânico estrutural, simulado no Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP) e desenvolvido no Autodesk Inventor, conhecido como TB-Horse II. A estabilidade do TB-Horse II foi analisada e validada no V-REP. O tamanho das pernas foi investigado e dois métodos matematicos foram propostos com base nos dados reais da locomoção do cavalo. O cavalo possui diversos tipos de andamentos, sendo a marcha a locomoção o utilizada neste trabalho. Neste estudo, pode-se concluir que o TB-Horse II teve maior estabilidade quando as pernas da frente são maiores que as traseiras. Além disso, o projeto eletrînico foi simulado no Proteus. Finalmente, o protótipo do TB-Horse II foi construído e validado no mundo real, em um terreno plano e sem obstáculos, juntamente com os circuitos eletrônicos. Vale ressaltar que uma estrutura de apoio foi construção para auxiliar na validação do TB-Horse II durante os experimentos. Este robô tem como pontos fortes uma estrutura mais parecida com o cavalo real e aliado a bioinspirac~ao o movimento, possibilita um controle maior da sua estabilidade. / The mobile robotics has been strongly developed in recent decades. The robots with legs are highlighted by the ability to overpass obstacles more eectively compared with other types of locomotion. The bio-inspired robotics use functional elements of natures for inspiration. The development of the TB-Horse II prototype is the main target of this work. It is a bio-inspired quadruped robot with biological features of horse locomotion. The robot can be used to rescue injured people, to carry fragile loads, among others applications. However, before its construction, it was necessary to analyze and simulate the CAD-3D structural mechanical design already developed in the rst version of the robot, called TB-Horse I. After that, and also with the study of horse biodynamic, it was possible to propose the TB-Horse II. The mechanical design of this robot has similarity with real horse, and also the stability is controlled because of its bio-inspiration. This robot was simulated in the Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP), the mechanical structure was designed in the Autodesk Inventor and the electronic project was proposed and simulated using the Proteus software, before its implementation. The stability analysis of the robot was validated in V-REP. The leg length was investigated and two methods were proposed based on the real data of the horse's locomotion. It is important to point out that horse has dierent types of locomotion. However, the gait is used in the simulation and real experiment. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the TB-Horse II had more stability when the front legs are longer than the rear legs. Finally, the robot prototype was developed and the experimental validation was realized on a at ground without obstacles. In order to avoid the robot to fall over unsafe and prevent it from being damaged in the experiments, a support structure was developed.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2207161 bytes, checksum: 5877bbc22ccba855f94681eca5267aa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In many different fields of science we are faced to optimization problems. Many approaches have been proposed to solve such types of problems, including the use of Evolutionary Algorithms (AEs) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs). However, just a low quantity of works tried to create generic tools, capable to be reused in many different problems. Most of the current proposals show different implementations of GAs or AEs applied to specific purposes. Raising all these assertions, it is verified the need for the development of optimization tools that are capable of solving any kind of optimization problems. In such context, the main objective of this work is the development of an optimization tool, named X-GAT (XML based Genetic Algorithm Toolkit), that is: capable of solving any kind of optimization problem; configurable; operating system portable; extensible; a framework that helps the implementation of AEs; and can be used to build heterogenic systems. Using some computational techniques, parts of the algorithm can be abstracted, preventing that much time is spent on coding and validating the optimization technique. Aiming to achieve such objectives, some tools and techniques were used: Java programming language and its reflection API; the data description language XML (eXtensible Markup Language); and software design patterns. In order to verify and validate that the developed tool attended the proposed objectives, many different optimization problems were chosen. First, it is shown the optimization of some mathematical functions that have known optimum value. Then, the X-GAT tool is applied to the calibration of for rainfall-runoff models input parameters, which are common problems in hydrology. Finally, the X-GAT tool is used in an optimization process of input parameters of clustering algorithms for grouping trajectories points of moving objects. The motivation behind applying these algorithms is the addition of semantic information to spatiotemporal data. From the results obtained in many different fields of science, the proposed toolkit showed to be flexible and robust, in addition to being able to be easily applied in many problems, once it is properly configured. / Em vários campos da ciência nos deparamos com problemas de otimização. Muitas abordagens foram propostas para resolver tais problemas, incluindo o uso de algoritmos evolucionários (AEs) e algoritmos genéticos (AGs). Entretanto poucos trabalhos tentaram criar ferramentas genéricas, capazes de serem reutilizadas em vários problemas distintos. A maior parte dos trabalhos vistos na literatura mostram diversas implementações de AGs ou AEs, sendo estas dirigidas a um propósito específico. Verifica-se assim a necessidade da criação de ferramentas de otimização que sejam de propósito geral. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma ferramenta de otimização, chamada X-GAT (XML based Genetic Algorithm Toolkit), que resolva problemas de otimização através do uso AGs, sendo esta ferramenta de propósito geral, configurável, portável, expansível, que possa funcionar em sistemas heterogêneos e que também seja um framework de suporte a otimizações com AEs. Diante disso, o esforço para realizar uma otimização se concentra na forma de configurar a ferramenta, e não em como a técnica deve ser implementada. A partir de algumas técnicas computacionais utilizadas algumas partes do algoritmo podem ser abstraídas, evitando que se gaste muito tempo em codificação e validação da técnica. Para que estes objetivos fossem alcançados, foram utilizados no seu desenvolvimento: a linguagem de programação Java e sua API de reflexão, a linguagem de descrição de dados eXtensible Markup Language (XML) e padrões de projeto (design patterns) de software. A fim de validar e verificar que a ferramenta atendeu a todos os princípios propostos, foram selecionados problemas de otimização de áreas distintas. Primeiramente, são mostradas otimizações de algumas funções matemáticas a fim de validar o algoritmo. Posteriormente a ferramenta é aplicada a problemas de otimização de parâmetros de entrada de modelos hidrológicos de transformação de chuva em vazão. Por fim, a ferramenta é aplicada no processo de otimização de parâmetros de entrada de algoritmos de clusterização de pontos de trajetórias de objetos móveis, que são usados com freqüência para adição de informações semânticas em dados espaciais. A partir dos resultados obtidos em diferentes áreas da ciência, pode-se concluir que a ferramenta é bastante flexível e robusta, podendo ser aplicada de forma simples e prática, desde que configurada de forma adequada.

Submitted by LUIS FABIANO BARONE MARTINS null (luis_barone@ig.com.br) on 2017-08-30T14:29:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-luis-fabiano-barone-martins.pdf: 3400963 bytes, checksum: 6361e93ee21ab8eb5a35cb9dd7d0bd28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-30T17:52:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_lfb_dr_ilha.pdf: 3400963 bytes, checksum: 6361e93ee21ab8eb5a35cb9dd7d0bd28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T17:52:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_lfb_dr_ilha.pdf: 3400963 bytes, checksum: 6361e93ee21ab8eb5a35cb9dd7d0bd28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 / Neste trabalho são apresentados quatro métodos de otimização bio-inspirados, Colônia de Abelhas Artificiais, Otimização por Enxame de Partículas, Algoritmo dos Vagalumes e um híbrido aqui denominado por Bee – PSO, que combina particularidades dos outros três. Estes métodos são utilizados no ajuste coordenado dos parâmetros dos controladores Proporcional-Integral e Suplementares de Amortecimento (Estabilizadores de Sistemas de Potência e o conjunto Unified Power Flow Controller – Power Oscillation Damping). O objetivo é inserir amortecimento adicional aos modos oscilatórios de baixa frequência e, consequentemente, garantir a estabilidade do sistema elétrico frente a pequenas perturbações. São considerados três cenários que englobam duas configurações de instalação dos controladores suplementares e duas condições de carregamento, uma fixa e outra variável. Uma formulação por injeções de corrente do dispositivo Unified Power Flow Controller é sugerida e incorporada ao Modelo de Sensibilidade de Corrente, utilizado para representar o sistema elétrico de potência. Análises estática e dinâmica foram realizadas nos sistemas teste Simétrico de Duas Áreas e New England para validar o modelo de injeções de corrente proposto para o Unified Power Flow Controller e determinar qual dos algoritmos apresentados é o mais eficiente no ajuste coordenado dos parâmetros dos controladores. Dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que a versão híbrida proposta neste trabalho possui desempenho superior na maioria dos cenários analisados, fornecendo soluções com amortecimento suficiente, mesmo quando pequenas variações no carregamento do sistema são consideradas. / In this work four bio-inspired optimization methods, Artificial Bee Colony, Particle Swarm Optimization, Firefly Algorithm, and a hybrid called Bee – PSO, which combines the characteristics of the other three are presented. These methods are used in the coordinated adjustment of the parameters of Proportional-Integral and Supplementary Damping Controllers (Power System Stabilizers and the Unified Power Flow Controller - Power Oscillation Damping). The goal is to insert additional damping into the low-frequency oscillatory modes and thus ensure the stability of the electrical system against minor disturbances. Three scenarios are considered that include two installation configurations of the supplementary controllers and two charging conditions, one fixed and one variable. A current injection formulation of the Unified Power Flow Controller is suggested and incorporated into the Current Sensitivity Model used to represent the electric power system. Static and dynamic analyzes were performed in the Two-Zone Symmetric and New England test systems to validate the proposed current injection model for the Unified Power Flow Controller and to determine which of the presented algorithms is the most efficient in the coordinated adjustment of the parameters of the controllers. From the results obtained it was possible to conclude that the hybrid version proposed in this work has superior performance in most scenarios analyzed, providing solutions with sufficient damping, even when small variations in system loading are considered.

Técnicas de Agrupamento vêm obtendo bons resultados quando utilizados em diversos problemas de análise de dados, como, por exemplo, a análise de dados de expressão gênica. Porém, uma mesma técnica de agrupamento utilizada em um mesmo conjunto de dados pode resultar em diferentes formas de agrupar esses dados, devido aos possíveis agrupamentos iniciais ou à utilização de diferentes valores para seus parâmetros livres. Assim, a obtenção de um bom agrupamento pode ser visto como um processo de otimização. Esse processo procura escolher bons agrupamentos iniciais e encontrar o melhor conjunto de valores para os parâmetros livres. Por serem métodos de busca global, Algoritmos Genéticos podem ser utilizados durante esse processo de otimização. O objetivo desse projeto de pesquisa é investigar a utilização de Técnicas de Agrupamento em conjunto com Algoritmos Genéticos para aprimorar a qualidade dos grupos encontrados por algoritmos de agrupamento, principalmente o k-médias. Esta investigação será realizada utilizando como aplicação a análise de dados de expressão gênica. Essa dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas abordados no projeto, a descrição da metodologia utilizada, seu desenvolvimento e uma análise dos resultados obtidos. / Clustering techniques have been obtaining good results when used in several data analysis problems, like, for example, gene expression data analysis. However, the same clustering technique used for the same data set can result in different ways of clustering the data, due to the possible initial clustering or the use of different values for the free parameters. Thus, the obtainment of a good clustering can be seen as an optimization process. This process tries to obtain good clustering by selecting the best values for the free parameters. For being global search methods, Genetic Algorithms have been successfully used during the optimization process. The goal of this research project is to investigate the use of clustering techniques together with Genetic Algorithms to improve the quality of the clusters found by clustering algorithms, mainly the k-means. This investigation was carried out using as application the analysis of gene expression data, a Bioinformatics problem. This dissertation presents a bibliographic review of the issues covered in the project, the description of the methodology followed, its development and an analysis of the results obtained.

Orientador: Akebo Yamakami / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rampazzo_PriscilaCristinaBerbert_M.pdf: 1295026 bytes, checksum: ad0738bc161445ec5b9f0db0db565f09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é explorar a utilização de um Sistema Imunológico Artificial, baseado no princípio de Seleção Clonal, na resolução de problemas de Otimização Multiobjetivo. Os Sistemas Imunológicos Artificiais apresentam, em sua estrutura elementar, as principais características requeridas para a resolução de problemas de Otimização Multiobjetivo: exploração, explotação, paralelismo, elitismo, memória, diversidade, mutação e clonagem proporcionais à afinidade e população dinâmica. A abordagem proposta utiliza o conceito de Pareto dominância e factibilidade para identificar os anticorpos (soluções) que devem ser clonados. Nos experimentos, foram consideradas algumas situações importantes que podem aparecer nos problemas reais: presença de restrições (lineares e não-lineares) e formato da Fronteira de Pareto (convexa, côncava, contínua, descontínua, discreta, não-uniforme). Na maioria dos problemas, o algoritmo obteve resultados bons e competitivos quando comparados com as propostas da literatura. Palavras-chave: Otimização Multiobjetivo, Algoritmos Bio-inspirados, Sistemas Imunológicos Artificiais, Seleção Clonal / Abstract: The aim of this work is to explore an Artificial Immune System, based on the Clonal Selection principle, in the solution of Multiobjective Optimization problems. Artificial Immune Systems have, in their elementary structure, the main characteristics required to solve Multiobjective Optimization problems: exploration, exploitation, paralelism, elitism, memory, diversity, mutation and proliferation proportional to the affinity, and dynamic repertorie. The proposed algorithm uses the Pareto dominance concept and feasibility to identify the antibodies (solutions) that must to be cloned. In the experiments, some important situations that occurs in real problems were considered: the presence of constraints (linear and non-linear) and Pareto Front format (convex, concave, continuous, discontinuous, discrete, non-uniforme). In the major part of the problems, the algorithm obtains good and competitive results when compared with approaches from the literature. Keywords: Multiobjective Optimization, Bio-inspired Algorithms, Artificial Immune Systems, Clonal Selection / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T13:26:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgefelipebarbosamota.pdf: 2249566 bytes, checksum: 432c0da8b02f3dd942bb9fb9af4add75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-13T18:36:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgefelipebarbosamota.pdf: 2249566 bytes, checksum: 432c0da8b02f3dd942bb9fb9af4add75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T18:36:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgefelipebarbosamota.pdf: 2249566 bytes, checksum: 432c0da8b02f3dd942bb9fb9af4add75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-09 / As concessionárias de energia são obrigadas a aplicar parte de sua receita operacional líquida na execução de projetos de eficiência energética, de acordo com a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). O projeto do tipo baixa renda é parte desse portfólio de projetos possíveis e capta a maior parte dessa aplicação. Dessa forma, torna-se de suma importância a criação de uma metodologia para dimensionar os projetos dessa tipologia e direcionar as tomadas de decisões das concessionárias de energia do Brasil. Métodos de otimização bioinspirados tratam de problemas combinatórios e não lineares, caso do equacionamento matemático do cálculo da relação custo benefício de projetos de eficiência energética de tipologia baixa renda. O presente trabalho propõe a aplicação de dois métodos de otimização reconhecidos, a otimização por colônia de formigas, ou Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), e a otimização por enxame de partículas, ou Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), para calcular e otimizar a relação custo benefício de projetos de eficiência energética regulatórios do tipo baixa renda. Sendo assim, aplica métodos computacionais bioinspirados no dimensionamento dos projetos de eficiência energética, além de otimizar esses projetos, obtendo o melhor resultado operacional, do ponto de vista da eficiência energética, com o melhor custo para a sociedade. / The electricity utilities are required to invest part of its net operating income in the implementation of energy efficiency projects, according to the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). The low-income type design is part of portfolio of possible projects and captures most of this application. Thus, it becomes very important to create a methodology to scale projects of this type and direct decision making of utilities in Brazil. Bioinspired optimization methods deal with combinatorial and nonlinear problems, if the mathematical equations for calculating the cost benefit rate of energy efficiency projects in low-income type. This paper proposes two recognized bioinspired optimization methods, the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to calculate and optimize the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency regulatory projects, the low-income type. Thus, propose a scientific methods of sizing of the energy efficiency projects, while optimizing these projects, obtaining the best operating result, from the point of view of energy efficiency with the best cost to society.

This thesis focuses on novel approaches to distributed and parallel computing that are inspired by the mechanism and functioning of biological cells. We refer to this concept as cellular distributed and parallel computing which focuses on three important principles: simplicity, parallelism, and locality. We first give a parallel polynomial-time solution to the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) based on a theoretical model of cellular distributed and parallel computing, which is known as neural-like P systems (or neural-like membrane systems). We then design a class of simple neural-like P systems to solve the fundamental maximal independent set (MIS) selection problem efficiently in a distributed way, by drawing inspiration from the way that developing cells in the fruit fly become specialised. Building on the novel bio-inspired approach to distributed MIS selection, we propose a new simple randomised algorithm for another fundamental distributed computing problem: the distributed greedy colouring (GC) problem. We then propose an improved distributed MIS selection algorithm that incorporates for the first time another important feature of the biological system: adapting the probabilities used at each node based on local feedback from neighbouring nodes. The improved distributed MIS selection algorithm is again extended to solve the distributed greedy colouring problem. Both improved algorithms are simple and robust and work under very restrictive conditions, moreover, they both achieve state-of-the-art performance in terms of their worst-case time complexity and message complexity. Given any n-node graph with maximum degree Delta, the expected time complexity of our improved distributed MIS selection algorithm is O(log n) and the message complexity per node is O(1). The expected time complexity of our improved distributed greedy colouring algorithm is O(Delta + log n) and the message complexity per node is again O(1). Finally, we provide some experimental results to illustrate the time and message complexity of our proposed algorithms in practice. In particular, we show experimentally that the number of colours used by our distributed greedy colouring algorithms turns out to be optimal or near-optimal for many standard graph colouring benchmarks, so they provide effective simple heuristic approaches to computing a colouring with a small number of colours.

Les nano-oscillateurs à transfert de spin sont des composants radiofréquences magnétiques non-linéaires, nanométrique, de faible consommation en énergie et accordables en fréquence. Ce sont aussi potentiellement des candidats prometteurs pour l’élaboration de larges réseaux d’oscillateurs couplés. Ces derniers peuvent être utilisés dans les architectures neuromorphiques qui nécessitent des assemblées très denses d’unités de calcul complexes imitant les neurones biologiques et comportant des connexions ajustables entre elles. L’approche neuromorphique permet de pallier aux limitations des ordinateurs actuels et de diminuer leur consommation en énergie. En effet pour résoudre des tâches cognitives telles que la reconnaissance vocale, le cerveau fonctionne bien plus efficacement en terme d’énergie qu’un ordinateur classique. Au vu du grand nombre de neurone dans le cerveau (100 milliards) une puce neuro-inspirée requière des oscillateurs de très petite taille tels que les nano-oscillateurs à transfert de spin. Récemment, une première démonstration de calcul neuromorphique avec un unique nano-oscillateur à transfert de spin a été établie. Cependant, pour aller au-delà, il faut démontrer le calcul neuromorphique avec plusieurs nano-oscillateurs et pouvoir réaliser l’apprentissage. Une difficulté majeure dans l’apprentissage des réseaux de nano-oscillateurs est qu’il faut ajuster le couplage entre eux. Dans cette thèse, en exploitant l'accordabilité en fréquence des nano-oscillateurs magnétiques, nous avons démontré expérimentalement l'apprentissage des nano-oscillateurs couplés pour classifier des voyelles prononcées avec un taux de reconnaissance de 88%. Afin de réaliser cette tache de classification, nous nous sommes inspirés de la synchronisation des taux d’activation des neurones biologiques et nous avons exploité la synchronisation des nano-oscillateurs magnétiques à des stimuli micro-ondes extérieurs. Les taux de reconnaissances observés sont dus aux fortes accordabilités et couplage intermédiaire des nano-oscillateurs utilisés. Enfin, afin de réaliser des taches plus difficiles nécessitant de larges réseaux de neurones, nous avons démontré numériquement qu’un réseau d’une centaine de nano-oscillateurs magnétiques peut être conçu avec les contraintes standards de nano-fabrication. / Spin-torque nano-oscillators are non-linear, nano-scale, low power consumption, tunable magnetic microwave oscillators which are promising candidates for building large networks of coupled oscillators. Those can be used as building blocks for neuromorphic hardware which requires high-density networks of neuron-like complex processing units coupled by tunable connections. The neuromorphic approach allows to overcome the limitation of nowadays computers and to reduce their energy consumption. Indeed, in order to perform cognitive tasks as voice recognition or image recognition, the brain is much more efficient in terms of energy consumption. Due to the large number of required neurons (100 billions), a neuromorphic chip requires very small oscillators such as spin-torque nano-oscillators to emulate neurons. Recently a first demonstration of neuromorphic computing with a single spin-torque nano-oscillator was established, allowing spoken digit recognition with state of the art performance. However, to realize more complex cognitive tasks, it is still necessary to demonstrate a very important property of neural networks: learning an iterative process through which a neural network can be trained using an initial fraction of the inputs and then adjusting internal parameters to improve its recognition or classification performance. One difficulty is that training networks of coupled nano-oscillators requires tuning the coupling between them. Here, through the high frequency tunability of spin-torque nano-oscillators, we demonstrate experimentally the learning ability of coupled nano-oscillators to classify spoken vowels with a recognition rate of 88%. To realize this classification task, we took inspiration from the synchronization of rhythmic activity of biological neurons and we leveraged the synchronization of spin-torque nano-oscillators to external microwave stimuli. The high experimental recognition rates stem from the weak-coupling regime and the high tunability of spin-torque nano-oscillators. Finally, in order to realize more difficult cognitive tasks requiring large neural networks, we show numerically that arrays of hundreds of spin-torque nano-oscillators can be designed with the constraints of standard nano-fabrication techniques.