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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Elaboração e avaliação da biodegradabilidade de compósitos à base de poliéster e amido com palha de milho / Elaboration and evaluation of the biodegradability of composites of polyestier and starch with corn husks

Teresa Maria Dias Fernandes 28 February 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de polímeros e de compósitos biodegradáveis se apresenta como uma solução para o problema gerado pelo descarte de grandes quantidades de resíduos plásticos no ambiente. Os polímeros convencionais, além de não biodegradáveis, tem como fonte um material não-renovável, o petróleo. Os polímeros biodegradáveis, produzidos a partir de materiais renováveis, frequentemente apresentam como desvantagem o alto custo e propriedades nem sempre satisfatórias. Neste contexto, os compósitos poliméricos se apresentam como uma alternativa, pela possibilidade de incorporar cargas, tanto de origem vegetal como mineral, para alterar propriedades, adequando-as à finalidade do material. Além disso, para viabilizá-los economicamente, há o uso de cargas de baixo custo, como resíduos agrícolas. Neste estudo foram elaborados compósitos de poli(adipato-co-tereftalato de butileno) e amido (ECOBRAS) com palha de milho, em diferentes concentrações. Foi utilizada a palha de milho in natura, resíduo agrícola abundante, como forma de reduzir os custos e aumentar a proporção de produtos naturais usados, considerando que o ECOBRAS já possui amido em sua composição. O ensaio de tração e análises de DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV foram utilizadas para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades dos compósitos. A matriz polimérica e os compósitos foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03, por períodos variando de 2 a 15 semanas. Após cada período de enterro, foram determinadas a perda de massa e a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas análises de TGA e FTIR. Os compósitos apresentaram menor resistência à tração que a matriz polimérica. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, todos os compósitos foram considerados biodegradáveis, embora o acréscimo de palha tenha aumentado o tempo de degradação / The use of polymers and biodegradable composites is presented as a solution for the problem created by the discarding of a high amount of plastic residue in the environment. The conventional polymers, besides being non-biodegradable, have a non-renewable source: oil. The biodegradable polymers produced via renewable materials often present as downsides the high cost and not always satisfactory properties. In this context, the polymeric composites can be an alternative, due to the possibility of incorporation of fillers, both of vegetable and mineral origins, to alter properties, making them adequate to the destined use of this material. Other than that, there is the use of low cost fillers, such as agricultural residues, to make them economically viable. In this study, composites of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and starch (ECOBRAS) were elaborated, with corn husks, in different concentrations. Corn husks in natura, being an abundant agricultural residue, were used in order to lower costs and increase the proportion of natural materials utilized, considering ECOBRAS already has starch in its composition. The stress strength tests and DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV analysis were used to characterize and evaluate the properties of the composites. The polymer matrix and the composites were submitted to biodegradability trials through burying in simulated soil, according to the ASTM G 160-03 norm, for periods varying between 2 and 15 weeks. After each trial period, the mass loss and morphology of each test subject were determined, and analysis of DSC, TGA and FTIR were made. The composites presented a higher resistance to stress strength tests than the polymer matrix. In the biodegradability trial, all composites were considered biodegradable, although the addition of corn husks increased the deterioration time
32

Elaboração e avaliação da biodegradabilidade de compósitos à base de poliéster e amido com palha de milho / Elaboration and evaluation of the biodegradability of composites of polyestier and starch with corn husks

Teresa Maria Dias Fernandes 28 February 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de polímeros e de compósitos biodegradáveis se apresenta como uma solução para o problema gerado pelo descarte de grandes quantidades de resíduos plásticos no ambiente. Os polímeros convencionais, além de não biodegradáveis, tem como fonte um material não-renovável, o petróleo. Os polímeros biodegradáveis, produzidos a partir de materiais renováveis, frequentemente apresentam como desvantagem o alto custo e propriedades nem sempre satisfatórias. Neste contexto, os compósitos poliméricos se apresentam como uma alternativa, pela possibilidade de incorporar cargas, tanto de origem vegetal como mineral, para alterar propriedades, adequando-as à finalidade do material. Além disso, para viabilizá-los economicamente, há o uso de cargas de baixo custo, como resíduos agrícolas. Neste estudo foram elaborados compósitos de poli(adipato-co-tereftalato de butileno) e amido (ECOBRAS) com palha de milho, em diferentes concentrações. Foi utilizada a palha de milho in natura, resíduo agrícola abundante, como forma de reduzir os custos e aumentar a proporção de produtos naturais usados, considerando que o ECOBRAS já possui amido em sua composição. O ensaio de tração e análises de DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV foram utilizadas para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades dos compósitos. A matriz polimérica e os compósitos foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03, por períodos variando de 2 a 15 semanas. Após cada período de enterro, foram determinadas a perda de massa e a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas análises de TGA e FTIR. Os compósitos apresentaram menor resistência à tração que a matriz polimérica. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, todos os compósitos foram considerados biodegradáveis, embora o acréscimo de palha tenha aumentado o tempo de degradação / The use of polymers and biodegradable composites is presented as a solution for the problem created by the discarding of a high amount of plastic residue in the environment. The conventional polymers, besides being non-biodegradable, have a non-renewable source: oil. The biodegradable polymers produced via renewable materials often present as downsides the high cost and not always satisfactory properties. In this context, the polymeric composites can be an alternative, due to the possibility of incorporation of fillers, both of vegetable and mineral origins, to alter properties, making them adequate to the destined use of this material. Other than that, there is the use of low cost fillers, such as agricultural residues, to make them economically viable. In this study, composites of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and starch (ECOBRAS) were elaborated, with corn husks, in different concentrations. Corn husks in natura, being an abundant agricultural residue, were used in order to lower costs and increase the proportion of natural materials utilized, considering ECOBRAS already has starch in its composition. The stress strength tests and DSC, TGA, FTIR, MO e MEV analysis were used to characterize and evaluate the properties of the composites. The polymer matrix and the composites were submitted to biodegradability trials through burying in simulated soil, according to the ASTM G 160-03 norm, for periods varying between 2 and 15 weeks. After each trial period, the mass loss and morphology of each test subject were determined, and analysis of DSC, TGA and FTIR were made. The composites presented a higher resistance to stress strength tests than the polymer matrix. In the biodegradability trial, all composites were considered biodegradable, although the addition of corn husks increased the deterioration time
33

Avaliação da biodegradabilidade de filmes de polihidroxibutirato com borracha natural / Evaluation of the biodegradability of polyhydroxybutyrate films with natural rubber

Pricila Silva de Souza 21 February 2014 (has links)
A modernidade exige materiais versáteis, resistentes e, durante um longo tempo os plásticos serviram a esse propósito. Entretanto, o acúmulo desses materiais ao serem descartados no meio ambiente tornou-se um problema Os polímeros biodegradáveis surgiram neste cenário como alternativa para evitar o acúmulo de resíduos plásticos no meio ambiente. O polihidroxibutirato (PHB) representa uma classe de polímeros biodegradáveis, mas que apresenta um alto custo e possui ainda propriedades térmicas limitadas. A borracha natural possui excelentes propriedades mecânicas, resistência ao envelhecimento, flexibilidade e apresenta melhor custo benefício se comparada com as borrachas sintéticas. Neste estudo, foram elaboradas misturas poliméricas de polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e látex de borracha natural em diferentes concentrações, por prensagem à quente. Os ensaios de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectrometria na região do infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades das misturas poliméricas. O PHB e as misturas com borracha natural foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, conforme a norma ASTM G 160-03, variando por um período de 2 a 17 semanas. Ao final de cada período foram determinadas a perda de massa, a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas as análises de DSC, TGA e FTIR. As misturas poliméricas apresentaram menor resistência térmica do que o PHB. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, as misturas foram consideradas biodegradáveis, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03 e tiveram a porcentagem de cristalinidade reduzida, tendo o teor de borracha natural contribuído para aumentar a taxa de biodegradação. As análises por MEV comprovaram a existência de consórcios de microrganismos, responsáveis pela biodegradação do PHB e das misturas poliméricas / Modernity requires versatile , sturdy materials , and for a long time plastic served this purpose. However , the accumulation of these materials to be discarded in the environment has become a problem Biodegradable polymers have emerged in this scenario as an alternative to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment . The polyhydroxybutyrate ( PHB ) is a class of biodegradable polymers , but it is costly and still has limited thermal properties . Natural rubber has excellent mechanical properties , aging resistance , flexibility and presents best value compared to synthetic rubbers . In this study, polymer mixtures of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB ) and natural rubber latex in different concentrations were prepared by hot pressing . Tests of differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) , thermal gravimetric analysis ( TGA ) , infrared spectroscopy (FTIR ) , optical microscopy (OM ) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM ) were used to characterize and evaluate the properties of polymer blends . The PHB and blends with natural rubber were subjected to biodegradation test by simulated soil burial , according to ASTM G 160-03 , for a period ranging 2-17 weeks. At the end of each period were determined mass loss , the morphology of the specimens and the analysis of DSC , TGA and FTIR were performed . The blends showed lower thermal resistance than the PHB . In the biodegradability test , the mixtures were considered biodegradable according to ASTM G 160-03 and had reduced the percentage of crystallinity , and the content of natural rubber contributed to increase the rate of biodegradation. The SEM analysis confirmed the existence of consortia of microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation of PHB and the polymer blends
34

EstratÃgias de PrÃ-Tratamentos para a ProduÃÃo de Metano a Partir dos ResÃduos LignocelulÃsicos dos BiocombustÃveis / Pretreatment Strategies for the Production of Methane From Waste Lignocellulosic Biofuels

Adriana GuimarÃes Costa 17 July 2013 (has links)
nÃo hà / Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a biodegradabilidade anaerÃbia e o potencial de produÃÃo de metano (PPM) de trÃs resÃduos lignocelulÃsicos proveniente da cadeia produtiva do biocombustÃvel (fibra do mesocarpo do dendà - FMD), (bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar - BCA) e lÃnter de algodÃo tipo 4 - (LA4). Para tanto, empregou-se trÃs diferentes tipos de prÃ-tratamentos fÃsico-quÃmicos (hidrÃlise hidrotÃrmica, hidrÃlise Ãcida e hidrÃlise alcalina), onde foram usados diversos tempos de reaÃÃo, temperaturas, razÃes massa/volume e concentraÃÃes de Ãcido ou Ãlcali, de forma a buscar o melhor mÃtodo para facilitar a digestÃo anaerÃbia do material. Os prÃ-tratamentos foram avaliados usando-se planejamento fatorial multivariado 22 ou 23, com ponto central em triplicata. O PPM e a biodegradabilidade anaerÃbia obtidos com FMD, BCA e LA4 sem prÃ-tratamento foram, respectivamente, 77,8, 35,6 e 165,3 L CH4/kg substrato e 8,7, 4,4 e 24,1%. Os resultados obtidos com a FMD mostraram que o melhor PPM (199 L CH4/kg substrato) foi obtido utilizando o prÃ-tratamento Ãcido com [HCl] de 1,97 M , durante 34 min, a 103 ÂC, o qual promoveu 19% de biodegradabilidade. A digestÃo anaerÃbia do BCA à mais beneficiada quando se utiliza hidrÃlise hidrotÃrmica (10 min, 200 ÂC), resultando em PPM de 199 LCH4/kg Subst. e biodegradabilidade anaerÃbia de 27,4%. Os melhores resultados de PPM e biodegradabilidade do LA4 foram de 397,1 L CH4/kg Subst e 49,1%, obtidos com o prÃ-tratamento Ãcido ([HCl] 1M, 136 ÂC, 20 min). Apesar dos diversos prÃ-tratamento causarem aumento significativo da hidrÃlise anaerÃbia destes resÃduos lignocelulÃsicos, a energia gerada a partir do metano (FMD = 6,9 MJ/kg Subst.; BCA = 6,8 MJ/kg Subst. e LA4 = 13,2 MJ/kg Subst.) foi menor do que a obtida por uma eventual queima direta da fibra (FMD = 9,6 MJ/kg Subst.; BCA = 7,2 MJ/kg Subst. e LA4 = 17,3 MJ/kg Subst. â na forma de briquete). Uma alternativa à utilizar o prÃ-tratamento alcalino para reaproveitamento da lignina extraÃda, alÃm da geraÃÃo de energia. Desta forma, pode-se extrair atà 91% da lignina presente em FMD e 80% em BCA, que pode ser utilizada na indÃstria quÃmica em geral, e gerar 180 e 313,4 L CH4/kg de FMD e BCA hidrolisados, respectivamente. Estes valores sÃo suficientes para gerar 6,2 e 11,2 MJ/kg Subst, respectivamente. / This study aimed the evaluation of the anaerobic biodegradability and methane production potential (MPP) of three lignocellulosic wastes derived from the biofuels production chain: palm oil mesocarp fiber (PMF), sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and cotton linter type 4 (CL4). Three different types of physico-chemical pretreatments were used (hydrothermal hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis), which were evaluated based on the solubilisation of sugars or extraction of lignin. Different reaction times, temperatures, mass/volume ratios, and concentrations of acid or alkali were used for seeking the best pretreatment that improves the anaerobic digestion of the material. The data of the pretreatments were analysed using multivariate factorial design 22 or 23, with the central point in triplicate (level 0) and six star-points (when necessary). The MPP and anaerobic biodegradability obtained with PMF, SCB and CL4 without pretreatment were, respectively, 77.8, 35.6 and 165.3 L CH4/kg substrate and 8.7, 4.4 and 24.1%. The results obtained with the PMF showed that the best MPP (199 L CH4/kg substrate) was obtained using acid hydrolysis with [HCl] of 1.97 M, during 34 min, at 103  C, which promoted 19% of biodegradability. Anaerobic digestion SCB is improved when using hydrothermal hydrolysis (10 min, 200 ÂC) resulting in a MPP of 199 L CH4/kg substrate and an anaerobic biodegradability of 27.4%. The best results of CL4 were MPP of 397.1 L CH4/kg substrate and biodegradability of 49.1% obtained with acid hydrolysis ([HCl] of 1 M, 136 ÂC, 20 min). Despite the several pretreatment cause significant increase in the anaerobic hydrolysis of these lignocellulosic wastes, the power generated from methane (PMF = 6.9 MJ/kg Subst, SCB = 6.8 MJ/kg Subst, CL4 = 13.2 MJ/kg Subst.) were lower than that obtained by the eventual direct combustion of the fibre (PMF = 9.6 MJ/kg Subst, SCB = 7.2 MJ/kg Subst, CL4 = 17.3 MJ/kg Subst. CL4 in the form of briquette). An alternative is to use the alkaline hydrolysis for extracting lignin and further use in the chemical industry, as well as for power generation. The results show that it is possible to extract up to 91% of the lignin present in the PMF and 80% in the SCB, which can generate up to 180 and 313.4 L CH4/kg of the hydrolysed PMF and SCB, respectively. These values are sufficient to produce 6.2 and 11.2 MJ/kg Subst, respectively.
35

Síntese química de poli(3,4-etilenodioxitiofeno) (PEDOT): novas arquiteturas para diferentes aplicações / Chemical synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): new archictetures for different aplications

Tatiana Augusto 19 December 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta estudos sobre a síntese química do PEDOT com o objetivo de desenvolver diferentes arquiteturas e propriedades para melhorar a taxa de degradabilidade deste polímero. As estratégias foram as preparações de uma blenda, um copolímero e um nanocompósito. O estudo foi iniciado pela síntese química oxidativa do PEDOT (poli (3,4- etilenodioxitiofeno)) em microestruturas utilizando condições brandas e ambientalmente amigáveis, porém o material obtido não apresentou solubilidade e boas condições de se produzir um filme. Então foi sintetizado quimicamente o PEDOT dopado com PSS (poli estireno sulfonado) (PEDOT:PSS), o mesmo foi usado para preparar blendas com o PLGA (poli (ácido láctico-co-glicólico), para melhorar sua degradabilidade. Foi possível produzir um filme fino e nanoestruturado através de deposição eletrostática camada por camada (LBL) que pode ser utilizado para modificação de eletrodos ou de suportes tridimensionais para engenharia celular. Para garantir a degradabilidade do material, foi realizada a síntese de copolímeros de PEDOT e PLLA (poli(lactídeo)) em que foi variada a proporção de PEDOT na cadeia polimérica. Os copolímeros foram caracterizados por IV, RMN, UV, análises térmicas e submetidos a testes de degradabilidade e de viabilidade celular, apresentando excelentes resultados. Foi possível a obtenção de microfibras deste material. A outra alternativa estudada foi a síntese de um nanocompósito, preparado através da síntese química do PEDOT, partindo do monômero EDOT (3,4- etilenodioxitiofeno)usando HAuCl4 como oxidante e NaPSS como dopante e dispersante. O nanocompósito obtido foi caracterizado apresentando diâmetros médio próximos de 4 nm e com uma estrutura caroço-casca, apresentando nanopartícula de ouro como caroço e o polímero PEDOT:PSS como casca. Foram obtidos filmes deste material por deposição por evaporação de solvente, LBL, utilizando como policátion o PDDA (cloreto de poli (dialil dimetil amônio)) e quitosana, e por deposição eletroforética, que apresentou excelentes propriedades eletrocrômicas como rápidos tempos de respostas com bons contrastes ópticos / This work presents studies about the chemical synthesis of PEDOT (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) with the aim of preparing different architectures and properties to improvement the degradability rate of this polymer. The strategies used to achieve this pupose were the preparation of polymer blends, copolymers and nanocomposites. The study was started by the chemical synthesis of microstructures PEDOT in mild and environment friendly conditions, but the material did not show solubility which enable film formation. Then, PEDOT was synthetized by chemical synthesis doped with PSS (poly(styrene sulfonic acid)), (PEDOT:PSS) to prepare blends with PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) to improve its degradability. It was possible to prepare a thin and nanostructured film, by electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition (LBL), which could be used for electrodes or scaffold surface modification. In order to ensure the material\'s degradability, PEDOT and PLLA (poly(lactide)) copolymers were prepared, changing PEDOT proportion in the polymeric structure. The copolymers were characterized by, IR, NMR, UV, thermal analysis and then degradability and cell viability tests, which shown important results. Fibers were able to be obtained with these materials. The next strategy was the preparation of a nanocomposite by one-spot chemical synthesis, initiated by the monomer EDOT (3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) using HAuCl4 as oxidant and NaPSS as both dopant and dispersant. The nanocomposite obtained was characterized showing diameter of around 4nm and a core-shell structure, with gold nanoparticle as core and PEDOT:PSS as the shell. Films were obtained by this material by casting, by LBL, using PDDA (Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride) and chitosan as polycations, and by electrophoretic deposition. The latter method shows excellent characteristics as fast response time with a good optical contrast
36

Avaliação da aplicação de ozônio como pré-tratamento ao processamento anaeróbio de vinhaça / Assessment of ozone application as pre-treatment to the anaerobic processing vinasse

Samuel de Aquino 31 May 2012 (has links)
A presença de substâncias recalcitrantes na vinhaça causa inibição da anaerobiose. Pesquisas indicam que a oxidação destas substâncias com ozônio (\'O IND.3\') promova um aumento da biodegradabilidade da vinhaça (DBO5/DQO) de aproximadamente 25%. A introdução de vinhaça pré-ozonizada em reatores anaeróbios resultou em ganhos no rendimento de metano da ordem de 15% (mL\'CH IND.4\'/gDQO removida). Por outro lado, sabe-se que a composição da vinhaça varia bastante de acordo com a matéria-prima, solo, clima e processo industrial empregado para a produção de etanol. Assim, é necessário verificar o efeito da ozonização sobre a biodegradabilidade de uma vinhaça proveniente de uma destilaria brasileira. Além disso, é necessário responder se a quantidade de energia produzida pela combustão do metano adicionalmente gerado por conta da ozonização compensaria a energia consumida por um ozonizador em escala real. Desta forma, esta pesquisa pretendeu avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de ozônio na biodegradabilidade de uma vinhaça bruta proveniente de uma destilaria brasileira, assim como realizar uma avaliação econômica da ozonização em escala real. Procedeu-se a operação de um reator em escala de bancada para ozonização de vinhaça em batelada (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas), com a aplicação das doses de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 g \'O IND.3\'/L, respectivamente. A ozonização deu-se em três valores iniciais de pH (4.8, 7 e 9). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: DQO, DBO5, COT, cor, fenóis e Abs254, DBO5/DQO e DQO/COT. De acordo com os resultados, observou-se que a aplicação de 2 g \'O IND.3\'/L elevou a biodegradabilidade da vinhaça em 22% e 10% em pH inicial 4,8 e 7, respectivamente. A avaliação econômica preliminar mostrou que a quantidade de energia elétrica consumida por um ozonizador em escala real seria 6 vezes maior (278.400 kWh) do que aquela possivelmente produzida pela combustão do metano adicionalmente gerado (44.780 kWh). Estes resultados indicam que a ozonização de vinhaça bruta com o objetivo específico de se produzir metano adicional em um reator anaeróbio posteriormente instalado é inviável do ponto de vista econômico. / The presence of recalcitrant substances in the vinasse causes inhibition in anaerobic process. Research indicates that oxidation of these substances with ozone (\'O IND.3\') promotes an increase in biodegradabilidade of vinasse (DBO5/DQO) in approximately 25%. The introduction of vinasse pre-ozonated in anaerobic reactors resulted in gains in the yield of methane on the order of 15% (mL\'CH IND.4\'/gDQO removed). However, it is known that the composition of vinasse varies greatly depending on the raw material, soil, climate and industrial process used to produce ethanol. It is therefore necessary to verify the effect of ozonation on biodegrability of a vinasse from a Brazilian distillery. Moreover, it is also necessary to answer if the amount of energy produced by combustion of methane additionally generated by ozonation would off set the energy consumed by a full-scale ozonator. Thus, this study sought to evalu-ate the effects of ozone on the biodegradability of a raw stillage from a Brazilian distillery, as well as conduct an economic evaluation of a full-scale ozonation. The procedure was the operation of a bench scale reactor for the batch ozonation of vinasse (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours), with the application of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g \'O IND.3\'/L, respectively. The ozonation occurred in three starting values of pH (4.8, 7 and 9). The parameters evaluated were: COD, BOD5, TOC, color, phenols and Abs254, DBO5/DQO and COD / TOC. According to the results, it was observed that the application of 2 g \'O IND.3\'/L increased biodegradability of vinasse in 22% and 10% at initial pH 4,8 and 7, respectively. The preliminary economic assessment showed that the amount of electricity consumed by a full-scale ozonator would be 6 times greater (278.400 kWh) than that energy, possibly produced by combustion of additional methane generated (44.780 kWh). These results indicate that the ozonation of raw vinasse with the specific goal of producing additional methane in an anaerobic reactor later installed, it is unfeasible from an economic perspective.
37

Modifikace parametrů nanočástic z polyesterů alifatických hydroxykyselin. / Modification of parameters of nanoparticles prepared from aliphatic hydroxyacids polyesters.

Křivková, Marie January 2017 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. Student: Marie Křivková Title of Thesis: Modification of parameters of nanoparticles prepared from aliphatic hydroxyacids polyesters Polyesters of aliphatic α-hydroxyacids are mentioned in the theoretical part. A significant part of it is mostly devoted to the polyester PLGA. Physicochemical properties, the process of biodegradation and biodistribution are described there. Subsequently, some examples of PLGA utilization in pharmacy and medicine are mentioned. The theoretical part deals also with the method of diffusion used for nanoparticles preparation, which was used in the experimental part, and the principles of size and surface charge measurements of these nanoparticles. The crucial part of this master thesis is based upon an experiment. It is focused on various approaches to the formulation of nanoparticles out of aliphatic polyester carriers with variable molecular constitution. Polymer PLGA with linear molecule and polymers containing PLGA branched on tripentaerythritol and polyacrylic acid were used. Using the diffusion method, nanoparticles were prepared out of these carriers. The outer water-based phase was modified by use of cetrimide of different...
38

Mechanical properties and compostability of injection-moulded biodegradable compositions

Burns, Mara Georgieva 19 January 2009 (has links)
Please read the abstract in the dissertation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted
39

Lignin-Modified Phenolic Syntan: A Contributor to Our Bio-Based Solutions

Ma, Yujie, Berends, Petra, Pauli, René, Wijland, Mark, Rumnit, Roberto, Meulenbroek, Rob 26 June 2019 (has links)
Content: In order to contribute to a more sustainable leather manufacturing process and leather value chain, in 2016 Smit & zoon started its own designing process of new products through the Bio-Based innovation platform. As a logical first step, answers to several key questions have been looked for: What is Bio-Based? What is renewable? Which term and method do we use to define the Bio-Based content in the Bio-Based platform? What is biodegradable? How do our current products perform? What is our vision for future products? In the process of answering these questions and guided by the Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) CertifiedTM program, Material Reutilization Score (MRS) was used to obtain deeper insights into the formulation and environmental performance of our leather chemicals and treated as the basis for the design of new generation bio-based chemicals. Three main focus areas are setting the tone of current activities in the Bio-based platform: 1. increasing the renewable contents of the existing product groups; 2. smart valorization of industrial side streams from biological origin and 3. improving the biodegradability of leather chemicals. While focusing on these topics, it is well-understood that a proper balance needs to be found between cost, sustainability and performance. In the meantime, leather’s end of life scenario plays a role and needs to be looked at again. One of the first results of this focused approach is our patentpending polyphenolic syntan product, in which industrial lignins are used during the chemical conversion process to replace part of the phenol (40-50 w/w%) used in the production of otherwise 100% petro-based polyphenolic retanning chemicals. We have shown that our innovative technology is compatible with most of the industrial lignins (kraft, soda, organosolv, hydrolysis) from different origins (soft/hard wood, grass, straw). The obtained polyphenolic products have real tanning power and are suitable to be used as retanning agents for various types of leather rendering good organoleptic properties with additional added value of increased bio-based content, improved biodegradability thus a higher MRS. The improved biodegradability of these products can contribute to decrease the effluent treatment load. Moreover, these products can be tailor-made to meet low emission (low free phenol, low free formaldehyde) requirements as well. In addition to the lignin-based polymers, the quickly developing project portfolio within the biobased platform manifests that Smit & zoon is making steady steps towards a largely sustainable leather value chain by 2025. Take-Away: Bio-Based products contritbute to a sustainable leather manufacturing process and leather value chain. Both the raw material renewability and product biodegradability are important parameters to evaluate the environmental impact of leather chemicals. Smit & zoon has developed a patent-pending bio-based synthan product using industrial lignins to replace part of the petro-based phenols in the production process.
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Posouzení vlivu monomerů formaldehydových pryskyřic na životní prostředí / Assessment of the effect of formaldehyde resin monomers on the environment

Kalčíková, Gabriela January 2009 (has links)
Thousand of new substances with unknown environmental effect are produced and used daily. Many of them are deliberately or by negligence released and deposited into the environment where they could undergo different transport and degradation mechanisms. They are able to affect different types of organisms, as well as humans. For this reason, the awareness of the problems, associated with pollution of all environmental compartments is growing. The environmental impact of monomer formaldehyde resins, which are produced for commercial use, on the environment were studied in this research. For the purposes of ecotoxicological evaluation samples of melamine-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resin were chosen and three toxicity tests were run: acute test with measurement of inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna, the acute test with luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri and acute test with measurement of inhibition of oxygen consumption by activated sludge. For more comprehensive assessment of the impact of these substances on the environment, biodegradability was also determined. Both tested substances showed minor hazardous impact to testing organisms and it can be concluded, that these substances should not present a significant risk to the environment.

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