Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os materiais poliméricos tem sido uma das causas dos problemas ambientais discutidos em todo mundo nos últimos tempos. Como uma das soluções para esse problema, estão os polímeros biodegradáveis que são materiais que se degradam pela ação de microorganismos. Uma Indústria sediada no Brasil lançou recentemente um poliéster biodegradável que surge boa alternativa para o crescimento no mercado dos polímeros biodegradáveis, principalmente por possuir em sua composição matéria prima de fonte renovável. Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos com matriz de poliéster biodegradável e fibra de coco verde com e sem modificação química por acetilação em misturador interno Haake. Foi estudada a biodegradabilidade em solo simulado do polímero puro e de seus compósitos e foram avaliadas as propriedades térmicas, morfológicas e mecânicas do polímero puro e de alguns de seus compósitos. O teste de biodegradabilidade foi feito pelo enterro das amostras em solo simulado por períodos distintos, variando de duas a dezessete semanas, seguindo a Norma ASTM G 160 03. Após cada período de teste, as amostras foram retiradas do solo e analisadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e análise mecânica de tração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que tanto o polímero puro quanto os seus compósitos sofreram biodegradação, a presença da fibra apenas atrasa o processo de biodegradação, as fibras de coco tiveram uma boa afinidade com a matriz polimérica, a incorporação de 5% fibra de coco na matriz torna o compósito mais rígido e a incorporação da fibra e o processo de biodegradação alteram as características da fase cristalina no material polimérico. / The final disposal of the polymer materials have been one of the causes of environmental problems discussed around the world in recent times. As one of the solutions to this problem comes the biodegradable polymers, which are materials that are degraded by microorganisms. An industry based in Brazil recently lauched a biodegradable polyester that comes good alternative for growth in the market for biodegradable polymer, mainly by having in its composition raw material from renewable resources. In this work, composites were prepared with biodegradable polyester matrix and green coconut fiber with and without chemical modification acetylation internal mixer Haake. The degradation of pure polymer and their composites in simulated soil were evaluated and also the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer and some of its composites. The biodegradability test was carried out by burying the samples in simulated soil for different periods ranging from two to seventeen weeks, following the ASTM G 160-03. After each test, samples were removed from the soil and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and analysis of stress strength. The results indicated that both the polymer pure as their composites suffered biodegradation, the presence of the fiber only delays the process of biodegradation. The coconut fibers had affinity with the polymer matrix and the incorporation of 5% coconut fiber in the matrix polyester made it became stiffer. Besides, the incorporation of the fiber and the biodegradation process changes the characteristics of the polymer crystalline phase.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josean_eBortolini.pdf: 1601181 bytes, checksum: 580412a5072cf9180422761979281cff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / The increasing population development has contributed to a significant increase in consumption and consequently poultry production, which results in a larger waste generation, since poultry litter receives excreta. One of the alternatives to treat waste and find a final disposal to it in this trial is the anaerobic digestion of poultry litter (PL), which not only generates bio-fertilizer, but also produces biogas. However, digester starting as well as quality and quantity of generated biogas are associated to the material to be digested and with the same operating conditions, since they are factors for inocula application. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the influence of digestate application as inoculum at anaerobic digestion from poultry litter. Firstly, specific biomethanogenic potential tests were carried out from poultry litter and there was a test to check if the digestate use as inocula has influenced on biogas production. Finally, this trial was carried out and inocula were tested (beef and swine digestate) during anaerobic digestion process of poultry litter, with daily diet, according to the volumetric loads that were tested - 0.67; 1.00; and 1.67 gSV.L-1day-1. It was concluded that poultry litter can be used as substrate in anaerobic digestion process and that digestate application as inoculum has shown adequate results regarding biogas production, since the treatment without inoculum addition showed the lowest biogas answers. So, when the inocula were compared with one another (beef and swine digestate), it was concluded that both of them are indicated in the digestion process with poultry litter. However, bovine inoculum showed the highest values of biogas and methane production, and also the lowest values in relation to the percentages of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (LIG), highlighting the advantages of its use as inoculum due to its greater capacity to degrade fibrous fractions. / O crescente aumento populacional contribui para o relevante aumento de consumo e consequentemente de produção de frangos, o qual acarreta maior geração de resíduos, pois a cama de aviário recebe as excretas. Uma das alternativas para o tratamento do resíduo e destinação final abordada neste trabalho é a digestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário (CA), que além de gerar o biofertilizante, produz o biogás. No entanto, tanto a partida do biodigestor como a qualidade e quantidade do biogás gerado estão relacionadas com o material a ser digerido e com as condições de operação do mesmo, os quais são fatores para a utilização de inóculo. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar a influência de aplicação de digestato como inóculos na biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário. Para isso, inicialmente, foram realizados testes de potencial biometanogênico específico da cama de aviário e teste para verificar se o uso de digestato como inóculo influenciava a produção de biogás. Por fim, realizou-se o experimento e os inóculos foram testados (digestatos bovino e suíno) no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário, com alimentação diária, conforme as cargas volumétricas testadas - 0,67; 1,00; e 1,67 gSV.L-1dia-1. Foi possível concluir que a cama de aviário pode ser utilizada como substrato no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, assim como a utilização de digestato como inóculo apresentou resultados satisfatórios em relação à produção de biogás, uma vez que o tratamento sem adição de inóculo apresentou a menor média de produção de biogás. Em relação à comparação entre os inóculos, (digestato bovino e suíno), foi possível concluir que ambos são indicados no processo de biodigestão com cama de aviário. Contudo, o inóculo bovino apresentou os maiores valores em relação à produção de biogás e metano, e os menores valores em relação às porcentagens de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e lignina (LIG), evidenciando as vantagens de sua utilização como inóculo em função de sua maior capacidade na degradação das frações fibrosas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josean_eBortolini.pdf: 1601181 bytes, checksum: 580412a5072cf9180422761979281cff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / The increasing population development has contributed to a significant increase in consumption and consequently poultry production, which results in a larger waste generation, since poultry litter receives excreta. One of the alternatives to treat waste and find a final disposal to it in this trial is the anaerobic digestion of poultry litter (PL), which not only generates bio-fertilizer, but also produces biogas. However, digester starting as well as quality and quantity of generated biogas are associated to the material to be digested and with the same operating conditions, since they are factors for inocula application. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the influence of digestate application as inoculum at anaerobic digestion from poultry litter. Firstly, specific biomethanogenic potential tests were carried out from poultry litter and there was a test to check if the digestate use as inocula has influenced on biogas production. Finally, this trial was carried out and inocula were tested (beef and swine digestate) during anaerobic digestion process of poultry litter, with daily diet, according to the volumetric loads that were tested - 0.67; 1.00; and 1.67 gSV.L-1day-1. It was concluded that poultry litter can be used as substrate in anaerobic digestion process and that digestate application as inoculum has shown adequate results regarding biogas production, since the treatment without inoculum addition showed the lowest biogas answers. So, when the inocula were compared with one another (beef and swine digestate), it was concluded that both of them are indicated in the digestion process with poultry litter. However, bovine inoculum showed the highest values of biogas and methane production, and also the lowest values in relation to the percentages of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (LIG), highlighting the advantages of its use as inoculum due to its greater capacity to degrade fibrous fractions. / O crescente aumento populacional contribui para o relevante aumento de consumo e consequentemente de produção de frangos, o qual acarreta maior geração de resíduos, pois a cama de aviário recebe as excretas. Uma das alternativas para o tratamento do resíduo e destinação final abordada neste trabalho é a digestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário (CA), que além de gerar o biofertilizante, produz o biogás. No entanto, tanto a partida do biodigestor como a qualidade e quantidade do biogás gerado estão relacionadas com o material a ser digerido e com as condições de operação do mesmo, os quais são fatores para a utilização de inóculo. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar a influência de aplicação de digestato como inóculos na biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário. Para isso, inicialmente, foram realizados testes de potencial biometanogênico específico da cama de aviário e teste para verificar se o uso de digestato como inóculo influenciava a produção de biogás. Por fim, realizou-se o experimento e os inóculos foram testados (digestatos bovino e suíno) no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de aviário, com alimentação diária, conforme as cargas volumétricas testadas - 0,67; 1,00; e 1,67 gSV.L-1dia-1. Foi possível concluir que a cama de aviário pode ser utilizada como substrato no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, assim como a utilização de digestato como inóculo apresentou resultados satisfatórios em relação à produção de biogás, uma vez que o tratamento sem adição de inóculo apresentou a menor média de produção de biogás. Em relação à comparação entre os inóculos, (digestato bovino e suíno), foi possível concluir que ambos são indicados no processo de biodigestão com cama de aviário. Contudo, o inóculo bovino apresentou os maiores valores em relação à produção de biogás e metano, e os menores valores em relação às porcentagens de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e lignina (LIG), evidenciando as vantagens de sua utilização como inóculo em função de sua maior capacidade na degradação das frações fibrosas.

During pulp and papermaking process a huge amount of water is used. The wastewater contains a large amount of pollutants and has to be treated before it reaches the recipient. In March 2004 a new bleaching plant was started up at SCA Graphic Sundsvall AB, Ortviken’s paper mill using peroxide. The production of bleached thermo mechanical pulp and thus the load to the wastewater plant increased. During bleaching substances dissolve from the pulp and the amount of COD in the wastewater increase. To keep the efficiency of chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD, BOD) removal, the aerated lagoon is supplied by liquid oxygen. In November the same year a new pre-step including a pre-aeration, carrier and selector step was added to the existing wastewater plant. The COD-loading to the lagoon decreased and the supply of liquid oxygen was reduced. This master thesis has been carried out at SCA Graphic Research AB, Sundsvall. The aim was to chemically characterize the wastewater with focus on the composition of carbohydrates, lignin and extractives and its influence on the biodegradability. Measurements have been carried out on total samples, suspended solids, colloidal and dissolved substances using GF/A and ultra filtration. Measurements were performed on process water from the bleaching plant and on water during the wastewater treatment process. The results show that the chemical composition of dissolved substances has a larger impact on the biodegradability than the total amount of COD. A large amount of lignin will make the wastewater harder to degrade. Suspended solids have lower biodegradability compared to the dissolved fraction. Analyzes of suspended material from the bleaching plant show a relative composition of around 41 % lignin. Analyzes done before on the dissolved fraction show a composition of 29 %. It seems that a larger amount of lignin is represented in suspended solids compared to the dissolved fraction. This can explain the low biodegradability, combined with the theory that the suspended solids are less accessible for the microorganisms. To reduce the outgoing COD the incoming flow of dissolved lignin and suspended solids to the active sludge plant has to decrease. COD in the outgoing wastewater to the recipient consists of around 90 % lignin. Extractives as saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acid plus lignans (which is interpreted as a byproduct from lignin degradation) do not degrade remarkable during wastewater treatment. Flocculation of COD is one way to reduce the discharge to the recipient. Addition of 2,6 g/l PAX-18 (a high charged aluminum complex) to the wastewater from the bleaching plant gives a reduction of 40 % COD and 50 % lignin in laboratory scale and it is recommended to study further. Time related studies of BOD show that the microorganisms need five days to degrade organic material and the hydraulic retention time in the aerated lagoon has to be guaranteed. / Vid massa- och pappersframställning åtgår stora mängder vatten. Det processberörda avloppsvattnet innehåller mycket föroreningar varför det måste renas innan det släpps ut till recipienten. I mars 2004 startades ett nytt väteperoxidblekeri vid SCA Graphic Sundsvall AB, Ortvikens pappersbruk varvid produktionen av blekt termomekanisk massa ökade och den biologiska reningen belastades hårdare. Blekning löser ut vedämnen från massan och bidrar således till ökad mängd syreförbrukande ämnen i avloppet. För att upprätthålla reduktionen av syreförbrukande ämnen (COD, BOD) tillförs ren syrgas till den luftade dammen. I november samma år utökades den externa reningsanläggningen med ett biologiskt försteg, en s.k. multibioanläggning bestående av ett frisimmarsteg, ett bärarsteg samt ett selektorsteg. COD-belastningen in till den luftade dammen minskade och tillförseln av ren syrgas kunde reduceras. Examensarbetet har utförts vid SCA Graphic Research AB, Sundsvall med syftet att kemiskt karaktärisera avloppsvattnets sammansättning av kolhydrater, lignin och extraktivämnen och dess inverkan på vattnets grad av biologisk nedbrytbarhet. Analyser har gjorts på totalprov, suspenderande ämnen samt kolloidalt och löst material via fraktionering med hjälp av GF/A- och ultrafiltrering. Analyser gjordes dels på processvatten från blekerierna och dels på avloppsvatten under reningsprocessen. Resultaten visar att den kemiska sammansättningen hos löst material har större inverkan på avloppsvattnets grad av nedbrytbarhet än den absoluta halten av syreförbrukande ämnen. En hög andel lignin ger ett mer svårnedbrytbart vatten. Suspenderat material är vidare mer svårnedbrytbart än de lösta fraktionerna. Analys av suspenderande substans hos blekpressat visar att andelen lignin är omkring 41 % medan arkiverade analysresultat på den lösta fasen visar ett innehåll på omkring 29 %. Det tyder alltså på en betydligt högre andel lignin i den partikulära fasen jämfört med den lösta, vilket i kombination med att materialet inte är lika lättillgängligt för mikroorganismerna kan förklara den låga bionedbrytbarheten. Om COD-utsläppet ska minskas bör inkommande flöde av löst lignin och suspenderande substans till den biologiska reningen reduceras. COD-halten i utgående avloppsvatten till recipienten utgörs av omkring 90 % lignin. De extraktivämnen som inte bryts ned är mättade fettsyror, exempelvis palmitin- och stearinsyra samt lignan, vilket antas bildas som restprodukt vid degradering av lignin. Flockning av syreförbrukande ämnen är ett sätt att gå till väga för att minska utsläppet av dessa till recipienten. Genom tillsats av 2,6 g/l PAX-18 (ett högladdat aluminiumkomplex) till blekeriavloppet kunde 40 % COD och 50 % lignin reduceras. Flockningsförsöket är gjort i laboratorieskala vid rumstemperatur och ytterligare utvärdering rekommenderas. Tidsstudier av BOD visar att mikroorganismerna behöver fem dagars uppehållstid för att hinna bryta ned organiskt material i avloppsvattnet, varför omloppstiden i den luftade lagunen inte bör understiga denna tidsrymd.

Le projet de recherche appliquée portait sur la valorisation des huiles de friture usagées en tant que biolubrifiant pour chaîne de tronçonneuse. Ces huiles collectées dans les différentes enseignes de restauration présentent une teneur élevée en composés polaires, une acidité élevée, une grande variabilité dans leur composition en acides gras, relatives aux différentes marques d'huiles végétales utilisées. Ces mélanges d'huiles végétales (colza, tournesol, arachide, palme, coprah), déjà valorisés dans la filière des biocarburants, présentent des propriétés physico-chimiques intéressantes (indice de viscosité, biodégradabilité, composition en acides gras) qui leur permettraient de concurrencer les lubrifiants d'origine minérale ou végétale que l'on trouve sur le marché, notamment dans le secteur forestier. Un procédé d'ultrafiltration par membrane céramique a permis de réduire la teneur en composés polaires ainsi que l'acidité consécutive au procédé de friture profonde, tout en réduisant le phénomène de colmatage. L'utilisation de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse a contribué à optimiser les paramètres de température, pression, porosité des membranes, afin d'améliorer les débits de filtration. La formulation de ce biolubrifiant à partir du mélange d'huiles obtenu, optimisé par plan de mélanges, a conduit à l'obtention d'un produit de grade ISO 150 dont les caractéristiques «filant», «adhésivité » et « point d'écoulement » répondent au cahier des charges. Une étude de biodégradabilité selon la norme OCDE 301B a montré que l'huile formulée est biodégradable à 90%, faiblement toxique selon les tests OCDE 201, 202, 203, et ne présente pas d'allergénicité / The applied research project focused on the valuation of used frying oils as bio-lubricant for chainsaw. Those collected in the various restaurant chains oils have a high content of polar compounds , high acidity , a great variability in their composition , fatty acids on different brands of vegetable oils . These mixtures of vegetable oils (rapeseed, sunflower , peanut, palm , coconut ) , already valued in the biofuels , have interesting physicochemical properties ( viscosity , biodegradability , fatty acid composition ) that would allow them to compete with lubricants mineral or vegetable that is found on the market, particularly in the forestry sector origin . A method of ceramic membrane ultrafiltration has reduced content of polar compounds and the subsequent acidity of the deep frying process , while reducing the clogging phenomenon . The use of response surface methodology has helped to optimize the parameters of temperature, pressure, porous membranes, to improve filtration rates . The formulation of this biolubricant from the mixture of oils obtained optimized plan mixtures led to the production of a product of ISO 150 grade which features " spinning ", " stickiness " and " pour point " meet the specifications . A study of biodegradability according to OECD 301B showed that formulated oil is 90% biodegradable , low toxicity tests according to OECD 201, 202, 203, and does not show allergenicity

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os materiais poliméricos tem sido uma das causas dos problemas ambientais discutidos em todo mundo nos últimos tempos. Como uma das soluções para esse problema, estão os polímeros biodegradáveis que são materiais que se degradam pela ação de microorganismos. Uma Indústria sediada no Brasil lançou recentemente um poliéster biodegradável que surge boa alternativa para o crescimento no mercado dos polímeros biodegradáveis, principalmente por possuir em sua composição matéria prima de fonte renovável. Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos com matriz de poliéster biodegradável e fibra de coco verde com e sem modificação química por acetilação em misturador interno Haake. Foi estudada a biodegradabilidade em solo simulado do polímero puro e de seus compósitos e foram avaliadas as propriedades térmicas, morfológicas e mecânicas do polímero puro e de alguns de seus compósitos. O teste de biodegradabilidade foi feito pelo enterro das amostras em solo simulado por períodos distintos, variando de duas a dezessete semanas, seguindo a Norma ASTM G 160 03. Após cada período de teste, as amostras foram retiradas do solo e analisadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e análise mecânica de tração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que tanto o polímero puro quanto os seus compósitos sofreram biodegradação, a presença da fibra apenas atrasa o processo de biodegradação, as fibras de coco tiveram uma boa afinidade com a matriz polimérica, a incorporação de 5% fibra de coco na matriz torna o compósito mais rígido e a incorporação da fibra e o processo de biodegradação alteram as características da fase cristalina no material polimérico. / The final disposal of the polymer materials have been one of the causes of environmental problems discussed around the world in recent times. As one of the solutions to this problem comes the biodegradable polymers, which are materials that are degraded by microorganisms. An industry based in Brazil recently lauched a biodegradable polyester that comes good alternative for growth in the market for biodegradable polymer, mainly by having in its composition raw material from renewable resources. In this work, composites were prepared with biodegradable polyester matrix and green coconut fiber with and without chemical modification acetylation internal mixer Haake. The degradation of pure polymer and their composites in simulated soil were evaluated and also the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer and some of its composites. The biodegradability test was carried out by burying the samples in simulated soil for different periods ranging from two to seventeen weeks, following the ASTM G 160-03. After each test, samples were removed from the soil and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and analysis of stress strength. The results indicated that both the polymer pure as their composites suffered biodegradation, the presence of the fiber only delays the process of biodegradation. The coconut fibers had affinity with the polymer matrix and the incorporation of 5% coconut fiber in the matrix polyester made it became stiffer. Besides, the incorporation of the fiber and the biodegradation process changes the characteristics of the polymer crystalline phase.

The thesis deals with hemp (Cannabis sativa) and its utilization in many different branches of industry, food processing industry and other spheres of human existence. It results from many reasons: lead the human activities to respect his environment, to change the way of human activities, life style and thinking in relation with environment. I try to show the way, how to keep living standard without negative impacts. It means not to limit surroundings and not to harm environment. This is the way, how to live economically and ecologically. Production works on assumption of interests of consumers. For that reason I investigate possibilities and perspectives of use of products from technical hemp in Czech market. Also I investigate the technological, economical, political and societal view. Marketing study of interest in products of technical hemp shows, that there is serious interest of respondents in these products. In the future it is necessary to deal with initiate problems mainly from the view of consumers, study the market branches and each individual hemp commodities. In the first instance it is necessary to press technical hemp as the useful and multilaterally effective plant. We can{\crq}t do that only because of trading profits, which are not so attractive. We have to do that, because we know we support the good thing. Really, it is not important, if we will do it, but when we will start with it. I would like to point out, that there is not only welfare of individuals, but also welfare of the whole society. Still the fundamental is to respect all living creatures as well as to all things.

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio híbrido (RAnH) em escala piloto no tratamento da fração líquida de estrume bovino, visando à remoção de matéria orgânica e à produção de biogás. O RAnH estudado apresentava volume total 6,2 m3 e foi composto por manta de lodo, na qual a biomassa encontrava-se suspensa, e leito fixo, no qual utilizou-se Biobob® como material suporte para imobilização da biomassa. Para dar suporte a partida do RAnH, a água residuária em estudo foi submetida a teste de biodegradabilidade visando avaliar a influencia da inoculação do reator no potencial de biodegradabilidade e de produção de metano. No teste, a inoculação mostrou-se adequada, apresentando biodegradabilidade de 57 ± 4% e produção de metano de 344 ± 26 mL CH4. g SV-1. A operação do RAnH foi realizada por 260 dias e foi dividida em duas etapas: etapa inicial, na qual se procedeu a adequação da operação do reator, e etapa experimental, na qual se avaliou o desempenho do reator perante o aumento progressivo da carga orgânica aplicada. Durante a operação do reator foi alcançada a aplicação de COV bruta total de 25,50 ± 2,53 kg DQO.m-3.d-1 e a COV solúvel total de 7,69 ± 0,02 kg DQO.m-3.d-1, sendo atingido o TDH de 1,27 ± 0,004 d. O RAnH apresentou eficiência de remoção média de 65 ± 4 % durante a etapa experimental. A produção média de metano foi de 0,310 ± 0,095 m3 CH4. m-3.d-1 e 0,098 ± 0,018 m3 CH4. kg SVad, com 89 ± 3% de metano na composição do biogás. O potencial de produção de energia elétrica estimada com base no reaproveitamento metano produzido no RAnH foi de 0,89 kWh.m-3. O aproveitamento desta energia em sistema com vazão de 3.500 m3.d-1 geraria energia suficiente para abastecer 615 residências e uma economia mensal de R$ 11.835,09. / The main objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a pilot-scale anaerobic hybrid reactor (RAnH) in the treatment of the liquid fraction of dairy manure, in order to remove organic matter and produce biogas. The applied RAnH had a total volume of 6.2 m3 and was composed of sludge blanket, in which the biomass was suspended, and fixed bed, in which Biobob® was applied as a support material for biomass immobilization. In order to support RAnH startup, the wastewater under study was submitted to a biodegradability test to evaluate the influence of reactor inoculation on the biodegradability potential and methane production potential. In the test the inoculated condition presented appropriate biodegradability (57 ± 4%) and higher methane production potential (344 ± 26 mL CH4.gVS-1). The RAnH operation was performed for 260 days and was divided into two stages: initial stage, in which the reactor operation was adjusted, and the experimental stage, in which the reactor performance was evaluated with the progressive increase of the applied organic load. During the reactor operation was reachead total raw VOC application of 25.50 ± 2.53 kg COD m-3.d-1 and total soluble VOC of 7.69 ± 0.02 kg COD m-3.d-1, with the HRT of 1.27 ± 0.004 d. The RAnH presented average removal efficiency of 65 ± 4% during the experimental stage. The average methane production was 0.310 ± 0.095 m3 CH4.m-3.d-1 and 0.098 ± 0.018 m3 CH4. kg VSad, with 89 ± 3% of methane in the biogas composition. The potential of electric energy production estimated based on the reuse of the methane produced in the RAnH was 0,89 kWh.m-3. The use of this energy in a system with a flow of 3,500 m3.d-1 would generate sufficient energy to supply 615 homes and a monthly saving of R$ 11,835.09.

The purpose of this Bachelor thesis was to establish a method for determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation in wastewater from cruise liners. COD fractions of interest were soluble biodegradable (SS), particulate biodegradable (XS), soluble unbiodegradable (SI) and particulate unbiodegradable (XI). Three types of wastewater (gray water, black water and permeate) were analysed and a method with a physiochemical approach was established. The method was originally elaborated by Jun Wu et al in the study “Wastewater COD biodegradability fractionated by simple physical–chemical analysis” (2014) Chemical Engineering Journal[ES1] [JB2]  258, p 450-459. The method was also used for comparison reasons of the COD fractionation in permeate before and after advanced treatment with nanofiltration and ozonation. Total COD in permeate was almost half of the initial value after nanofiltration and XI was eliminated. After ozonation no significant difference was observed neither in total COD concentration or fractionation pattern. The conclusion is that this method to determine the COD fractions has potential but it needs further optimization in form of adjusting the methods matrix specifically based on wastewater from cruise liners. / NAUTEK

Climate change is causing larger wildfires and more extreme precipitation events throughout the world. As these ecological disturbances increasingly coincide, they are altering lateral fluxes of sediment, organic matter, and nutrients. Increased lateral flux of nutrients could exacerbate eutrophication and associated harmful algal blooms, and increased sediment and organic matter flux could degrade the water supply. Here, we report the immediate stream chemistry response of watersheds in central Utah (USA) that were affected by a megafire followed by an extreme precipitation event in 2018. The wildfires burned throughout the summer of 2018 until the remnants of Hurricane Rosa released torrential rain on the still smoldering, 610-km2 burn scar. To assess how these multiple stressors affected lateral material fluxes, we collected daily to hourly water samples at 10 stream locations starting immediately before the storm event until three weeks after it finished. We quantified suspended sediment, solute and nutrient concentrations, water isotopes, and the concentration, optical properties, and reactivity of dissolved organic matter. For all land-use types, the wildfire caused substantial increases in sediment concentration and flux, increasing total suspended sediment by over 20-fold, attributable to the loss of stabilizing vegetation and increased runoff. Unexpectedly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was 2.1-fold higher in burned watersheds, despite the decrease in plant and soil organic matter, and this DOC was 1.3-fold more biodegradable and 2.0-fold more photodegradable than in unburned watersheds based on 28-day light and dark incubations. However, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were higher in watersheds with high anthropogenic influences, regardless of burn status. Likewise, direct human land use had a greater effect than wildfire on runoff response, with rapid storm water signals in urban and agricultural areas and a slow arrival of storm water in unburned areas without direct human influence. These findings indicate how megafires and intense rainfall fundamentally increase short-term sediment flux and alter organic matter concentration and characteristics, confirming previous research. These fluxes of degradable dissolved and particulate organic matter could exert short-term pressure on ecosystems already fragmented by human infrastructure. However, in contrast with previous research, which overwhelming focuses on burned-unburned comparisons in pristine watersheds, we found that the presence of urban and agricultural activity exerted a much greater influence on nutrient status than the wildfire. This novel finding suggests that reducing nutrient fluxes from urban and agricultural areas could make ecosystems more resilient to megafire and extreme precipitation events. Together with reducing anthropogenic climate change to reduce the frequency and extent of large wildfires, improving nutrient management should be a priority in semi-arid regions such as Utah.