Denna studie granskar tre länder; Tyskland, Spanien och Danmark, som använt feed-in-tariffs (FIT) under en längre tid för att främja elproduktion från solceller. Granskningen omfattar hur användningen sett ut och förändrats, samt om det resulterat i en ökning av solceller. I granskningen ingår också en genomgång av det nuvarande stödsystemet för solceller i Sverige, huruvida det främjat industrin för solceller och om FIT:s skulle kunna användas i Sverige. Granskningens resultat visar att det är svårt att härleda användningen av en viss sorts stödsystem till en ökning av solceller, då det ofta är många olika incitament som används samtidigt. Dessutom kan utformningen av FIT:s skilja sig så mycket att bara användningen av FIT inte garanterar att mängden solceller kommer öka. För att FIT:s ska kunna användas för att främja solcellskapaciteten måste tariffen vara relativt hög, jämfört med exempelvis vindkraft, samt reformeras allteftersom för att hantera de problem som dyker upp på vägen. I Sverige, som sedan 2003 använt elcertifikat och ett investeringsstöd (sedan 2005), har ingen stor ökning av solcellskapaciteten skett jämfört med de andra länderna. Teoretiskt sett kan FIT:s användas i Sverige, men det kräver politisk beslutsamhet, och en justering av elcertifikatssystemet skulle vara mindre komplicerad. / This study analyses three cases where feed-in-tariffs (FIT) have been used, and whether it resulted in an increase of solar cells (PV). The cases were Germany, Spain and Denmark and the examination of these cases included how the use of FIT: s have appeared and changed. Then the current Swedish support system for PV was studied, to see whether the promotion has been successful, and lastly if an FIT-system could be brought into place in Sweden. The results showed that, firstly, it will be hard to trace the use of just one incentive to an increase of PV-installations since most often many incentives are used at once. Secondly, the design of a FIT-system can differ so much that the sole use of FIT: s doesn’t guarantee that PV will grow. For there to be a rise in PV, the tariff must be set relatively high, compared to wind power, and continuously reformed as new problems arise along the way. In Sweden, which since 2003 have used green certificates and an investment aid (since 2005), no significant increase of PV has occurred compared to the other countries. The discussion showed that even though a FIT-system theoretically can be used in Sweden it demands political determination, and that an adjustment or reformation of the certificate system would be less complicated.

This thesis investigates if rainwater collection methods in Zambia are efficient compared to methods used in Sweden. Since the climate changes will affect the rainwater distribution in Sweden, with heavy rainfall, storms and droughts, the comparison is necessary to provide methods for future collection and usage of rainwater in Sweden. The investigation includes the collection of rainwater and two methods for the supply of water onto the ground and the plants. The results show that a correctly built dam will create a good supply of water and thus makes a positive impact for the farm. A proper dam can be the key success factor for water supply all year around. One of the key elements for the dam is the collection of rainwater. The results show that in Zambia it is crucial to obtain a solid capacity of water. The results have shown that the techniques used in Zambia can make a positive impact for methods in Sweden for the collection of rainwater. / Denna uppsats undersöker om metoden som används vid uppsamling av regnvatten i Zambia är effektivt samt om det går att använda i Sverige. Eftersom klimatförändringarna kommer att påverka regnvattendistribution i Sverige, med skyfall, stormar och torka är jämförelsen nödvändig för att undersöka metoder för framtida insamling och användning av regnvatten i Sverige. Undersökningen insamlings kapacitet av regnvatten. Resultaten visar att en korrekt byggt damm kommer att skapa en god tillgång på vatten och därmed gör en positiv inverkan på verksamheten. En ordentlig damm kan vara en viktig framgångsfaktor för vattenförsörjning året runt. En av de viktigaste faktorerna för en bra damm är riklig insamling av regnvatten, resultaten visar att i Zambia är det viktigt att erhålla en effektiv vattenförvaring. Resultaten har visat att de tekniker som används i Zambia kan ge en studien studerar metoder i Sverige för insamling av regnvatten.

In the last century fossil fuel combustion has resulted in acidification and elevated metalcontent in Swedish lakes. To counteract anthropogenic acidification, Sweden began a fullscale liming treatment program in the mid 1970’s. Even though the pH in lime treated lakesincreases after treatment, lake productivity does not always recover. The hypothesis of thisstudy was that increased metal input to the sediment decreases available phosphorus (P) in thewater. In this study, sediment cores were taken from three different types of lakes: limed,limed with fertilizer (added P), and acid (reference) lakes in southwest Sweden to investigatethe possible link between low production (P availability) and sediment metal content inacidified and limed lakes. Sediment was investigated for metal content and experimentalphosphorus (P) additions were conducted to determine P sorption characteristics. Lowequilibrium P concentration and high maximum P sorption in the experiments indicates thatthe sediment will adsorb P from the water column making the already nutrition pore waterless productive, driven mainly by high concentrations of aluminium and iron in sedimentlayers effected by both acidification and lime treatment. There were also indications that limeaddition will elevate P sorbing metals in the sediment of acidified lakes, which can lead toless P in the water column. Perhaps making modification (i.e. P addition) to the treatmentmethod is important for success in restoring acidified lakes.

This study looked at local concern and knowledge about and commitment to climate change in the municipality of Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The purpose of the study was to explore the difference in knowledge and the levels of concern shown, relating to climate change amongst genders and differing age brackets. The theoretical roots of the study are to be found within a WWFs survey from 2017 and survey from the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation conducted (Naturskyddsverket) in 2015. The data collection from this study was undertaken within the local population and consisted of 426 individuals across a diverse range of ages over 16 years old. The result of the study found that a majority of participants showed a high level of awareness when it came to the topic of climate change. However female respondents showed a higher level of knowledge and interest in the subject matter compared to the male respondents. The study also shows that most people believe they have personally experienced the effects of global warming, yet know little about the work being done to address the issue of climate change and global warming by local authorities.

No description available.

Att vatten blir brunare, så kallad brunifiering är en trend som har pågått de senaste decennierna och har uppmärksammats mer och mer. Vad som gör ett vatten brunt är koncentrationen av vattenlösligt organiskt kol (DOC). Problemet med brunifiering är de många negativa konsekvenserna som brunifieringen orsakar. Orsakerna till brunifieringen är flera men de centrala är klimatförändring med förändrade vädermönster, minskat surt regn, typ av marktäckning och ändrad markanvändning. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka vad som kan ligga bakom de höga färgtalen i ett av sjön Bolmens tillrinnande vattendrag, Murån. Vattenprover togs i tio diken som rinner in i Murån. För dessa diken togs bredd- och djupmått samt flödesmått. Utöver dikesprover, togs tio prover längs Murån i en spatial gradient från källa till utlopp.Resultaten visar att det inte finns samband mellan dikesbredd, vattendjup för DOC eller absorbans. Flöde kan däremot förklara skillnader i färgen på vattnet mellan diken. Resultaten från studien gör det tydligt att diken med ett stilla vatten har högre koncentrationer av DOC och absorbans (420 nm) än ett dike med flöde. Murån blir inte statistiskt brunare längs en spatial gradient mot utloppet. Detta skiljer sig mot de diken som rinner in i Murån som är brunare i Muråns nedre del, dvs närmare utloppet.Denna studie kan ligga till grund för framtida naturvårdsinsatser och fortsatt forskning av orsakerna till brunifieringen till en av Sveriges viktigaste råvattentäkter. Framtida studier kan förhoppningsvis fylla kunskapsluckan som finns för att kunna mildra effekten av den markanvändning som påverkar brunifieringen. / The fact that water turns browner, so-called brownification is a trend during the last decades that has received more and more attention. Causing the brown color is the increase in concentration of soluble organic material. The problem is not only that the water turns browner, but the negative effects that come with it. The causes of brownification are several but the main reasons are climate change and weather patterns, acid rain, land cover and land use. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reason behind the high watercolor in one of Lake Bolmens tributaries Murån. Water samples were collected in ten ditches that discharge into Murån. Additionally, width-, depth-, and flow measurements were noted. Ten water samples along a spatial gradient in Murån were also collected.The results of this study show that there was no correlation between width- or depth measurements and watercolor. Flow could explain the differences in watercolor between ditches, where a ditch with a slower flow had higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and watercolor. Murån does not have a darker watercolor following a spatial gradient towards the outflow. This differs from the findings from the ditches which are darker in the downstream part of Murån i.e., closer to the outflow.This study could form the basis for future research of the cause of brownification for one of Sweden’s most important drinking water sources and guide future work of conservation. Questions of interest for future studies would be what is causing the differences in watercolor between ditches in a watershed to create an understanding that can be put in use to mitigate further brownification.

No description available.

Algae are the most common primary producers in stream ecosystems, contributing as much as 80 % of the total primary production. The production of these ecosystems is strongly influenced by the terrestrial habitats, which are in turn likely to be altered by climate change. In arctic ecosystems, where the effects of climate may be most pronounced, there are important unknowns about how abiotic factors such as light, temperature, nutrients, flow regimes interact to influence stream productivity. This study therefore aimed to understand what controls the rate of benthic algal growth in Arctic streams by measuring the accumulation of algal biomass on artificial surfaces across arctic stream types in Norrbotten, Sweden. Ceramic tiles were placed at 36 locations distributed across tundra and birch forest streams. Algal accumulation on tiles was then measured over 7 weeks using a fluorometer (Bentothorch) together with a number of likely controlling factors (light, temperature, dissolved nutrients and depth). I observed a significant difference in algal accumulation between the stream types (p<0.05), with nearly three times greater biomass in birch forest compared to tundra streams. However, these differences were not related to variation in light and water temperature. Dissolved nitrogen had a significant correlation with algal accumulation although with a lot of unexplained variation. Unmeasured hydrological aspects such as stream flow may have had large significance for differences in algal growth between the higher-gradient tundra and lower-gradient birch forest streams.  Overall, I hypothesize that the productivity of these systems is limited by nitrogen or several parameters working together and/or that these systems are affected by an unmeasured parameter (e.g., grazing, hydrological disturbance). While my results did not clearly establish the factors regulating algal growth in these streams it suggests that dissolved nitrogen is an important factor. The observed differences between stream types suggest that the productivity of arctic streams and the potential effect of climate change may be affected by small-scale variation in geomorphology and hydrology.

The burbot (Lota lota, Linnaeus 1758) is a benthic and predatory cod-relative that only occurs in fresh- and brackish water around the northern hemisphere. It has long been a common catch in Swedish lakes and rivers, but the species has seen a decline by over 20% since the mid 1980’s. This led to the burbot being red listed as nearly threatened (NT) in 2010. A decline of this magnitude might be alarming, the burbot is mostly declining in smaller lakes and rivers in southern Sweden and it’s still showing significant numbers in larger lakes such as Vänern – Sweden’s largest lake. Although recent monitoring of the burbot shows an erratic population that’s declining over several years, only to bounce back a couple of years later. This peculiar pattern made me interested in the historical aspects of the burbot population and its potential influencing factors in lake Vänern. In this study I compare data from the oldest known gillnet sampling done in lake Vänern that also contain burbot with more contemporary samplings (2010, 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2018). I manage to show that the number of large burbot caught were in line later years, but I also manage to show a decline by over 80% in the number of middle-sized burbot between 1973 and the later years. Furthermore, I produced results showing that the burbot seems to be aggregating deeper in later years compared to 1973. Finally, I correlate the population changes to environmental data and get statistically significant correlations showing that the declining numbers of fish and their decent into deeper areas of the lake are connected to the rising water temperatures. This result is in line with ecological studies that describes the burbot as cold-water dependent with a preferred temperature of around 10 – 14 °C. This study suggests that the burbot is affected by rising average water temperatures caused by climate change.

Bakgrund: Laktos maldigestion är ett vanligt förekommande tillstånd hos mer än 75 procent av den vuxna befolkningen runt om i världen. Hypolaktasi innebär en minskad laktosnedbrytning på grund av en otillräcklig mängd av enzymet laktas. Laktosintolerans känneteckas av gastrointestinala symtom efter intag av laktosinnehållande produkt. Probiotika definieras som levande bakteriekultur och andra mikroorganismer, som i adekvata mängder har en hälsosam effekt hos en värd. Probiotika utgör en del av människans bakterieflora och har i flera studier uppvisat positiva egenskaper på människans mag-tarmhälsa och immunsystem. Syfte: Föreliggande litteraturstudie utvärderar effekten av probiotika vid hypolaktasi och laktosintolerans. Metod: Arbetet inkluderar sju vetenskapliga artiklar som utvärderar effekten av probiotika hos laktosintoleranta individer. Artiklarna erhölls från databasen Pubmed och sökningarna gjordes mellan september 2018 och februari 2019. Resultat: En sammanställning av studiernas resultat har visat på varierande grader av probiotikas effektivitet. I samtliga studier användes probiotika som ett enda behandlingsalternativ av laktos maldigestion. Metoden som användes vid bestämning av graden av intolerans i studierna, var ett laktosbelastningstest följt av utandningstest som är de vanligaste metoderna vid diagnostisering av hypolaktasi  och laktosintolerans. Probiotiska stammar som användes i försöken var olika stammar från Lactobacillus- (L. acidophilus, L. reuteri) och Bifidobakteriefamiljen (B. longum, B. animalis). I fyra av sju studier uppvisade probiotika en statistiskt säkerställd skillnad hos någon eller några av variabler som studerades. En minskning av vätekoncentrationen i utandningsluften efter probiotika tillskott kunde påvisas i tre granskade studierna. En minskning av gastrointestinala symtom så som diarré och flatulens registrerades i fyra av sju studier. Slutsats: En positiv relation har kunnat påvisas mellan probiotiska stammar och hypolaktasi. Regelbundet intag av produkter berikade med probiotika, kan minska symtom så som diarré och flatulens hos laktosintoleranta patienter. Det finns dock fortfarande för lite kunskap kring ämnet för att kunna rekommendera probiotika som ett enda behandlingsalternativ vid hypolaktasi. Det krävs mer forskning med fokus på de specifika probiotiska stammarna, dess ursprung och den adekvata dosen. Probiotika bör dock utan tvekan rekommenderas som ett komplement till behandlingen med enzymet laktas.