Experimental and kinetic modeling studies were carried out on the conversion a wood-oil obtained from high pressure liquefaction of aspen poplar wood to liquid hydrocarbon fuels and useful chemicals in a fixed bed micro-reactor using HZSM-5 catalyst. Similar experiments were conducted using silicalite, H-mordenite, H-Y and amorphous silica-alumina catalysts. <p> Preliminary vacuum distillation studies showed that the wood-oil was made up of volatile and non-volatile fractions. A maximum yield of 62 wt% volatiles at 200 °C, 172 Pa was obtained. The volatile fraction consisted of over 80 compounds. These compounds were comprised of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, furans, phenols and some hydrocarbons. The characteristics of the oil showed that it was unstable with time, i.e., its physical properties and chemical composition changed with time probably due to the reaction of free radicals or the oxidative coupling of some of the wood-oil components. However, when the oil was mixed with tetralin, the stability improved. <p> Upgrading studies were first conducted over inert berl saddles in the presence and absence of steam (i. e. non-catalytic treatment/blank runs). Yields of hydrocarbons were between 16 and 25 wt% of the wood-oil. High residue fractions of between 32 to 56 wt% were obtained after processing. Some portions of wood-oil formed a carbonaceous material (char or coke) when exposed to the experimental temperatures. The chars (coke) fraction increased with temperature from 4.7 to 12.5 wt% when processing with steam and 8.0 to 20.4 wt% when processing without steam. <p> Catalytic upgrading studies were first carried out using HZSM-5 catalyst in the presence and absence of steam. The results showed that approximately 40 to 65 wt% of the oil could be converted to a hydrocarbon-rich product (i.e. desired organic liquid product (distillate). This contained about 45 to 70 wt% hydrocarbons with selectivities ranging between 0.47 to 0.88. This fraction was highly aromatic in nature and consisted mainly of benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX compounds) and other alkylated benzenes within the gasoline boiling point range. The yield and selectivities were strong functions of the process time and temperature. A comparison between the two processes, i.e. upgrading in the presence and absence of steam, showed that about 30 to 45 % reduction in coke formation and 5 to 18 wt% increase in organic distillate could be achieved when processing in the presence of steam. These changes were probably due to changes in the rates of cracking, deoxygenation, aromatization and polymerization reactions resulting from the competitive adsorption processes between steam and wood-oil molecules in addition to changes in contact time of molecules. However, the selectivity for hyqrocarbons decreased in the presence of steam. <p> Yields of organic distillate fractions of between 72 to 93 wt% and hydrocarbon yields and selectivities of 44 to 51 wt% and 0.93 to 1.13, respectively, were obtained when wood-oil volatile fraction was upgraded over HZSM-5 after separation from the non-volatile fraction by vacuum distillation. <p> The spent HZSM-5 catalyst could be easily regenerated and reused with little change in its performance. <p> The yields and selectivities for hydrocarbons when upgrading with the other catalysts were between 9 and 22 wt%, and 0.12 and 0.29, respectively for silicalite, 16 and 28 wt%, and 0.22 and 0.28, respectively for H-mordenite, 15.5 and 21 wt%, and 0.17 and 0.21, respectively for H-Y and S.5 and 26.2, and 0.13 and 0.36, resrectively for silica-alumina. Compared to HZSM-5 (yield between 34 and 43 wt%, selectivity of 0.66 to O.SS) these yields and selectivities were much lower. These experiments also showed that the pore size, acidity and shape selectivity of the catalyst influenced the distribution of hydrocarbons in terms of the carbon number. The yield and selectivity of H-mordenite and H-Y (large pore zeolites) were mostly for kerosene range hydrocarbons (C_{<font size=2>9</font>} to C_{<font size=2>15</font>}) and for silicalite and HZSM-5 (medium pore zeolites) for gasoline range hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon fraction from amorphous silica-alumina did not show any defined distribution. The performance followed the order: HZSM-5> H-mordenite> H-Y> Silicalite, Silica-alumina.<p> With the aid of model compound reactions involving acetic acid methyl ester, propanoic acid, 4-methylcyclohexanol, methylcyclopentanone, 2-methylcyclopentanone, methoxybenzene, ethoxybenzene, phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, a synthetic and wood-oil volatile, two reaction pathways were proposed to explain the chemical steps through which the final products of upgrading were obtained. Also, reaction pathways were proposed for each chemical group. These experiments showed that the final products were formed probably through cracking, deoxygenation, olefin formation, oligomerization, hydrogen and hydride transfer, cyclization, isomerization, alkylation and polymerization reactions. <p> Rate models were derived based upon the two reaction pathways and the power law rate model. The rates of formation of products followed the general order: Organic distillate> Hydrocarbons> Residue> Coke> Gas >Aqueous Fraction. Estimates of the values of the kinetic parameters showed that the rate constants ranged between 10^{<font size=2>-6</font>} (aqueous fraction) and 1.81 (volatile fraction), activation energies between 6.7-76.0 x 10^{<font size=2> 3</font>} KJ/Kmol and reaction orders from 0.7 (gas formation) to 2.5 (residue formation). Two mathematical models were derived based on the integral reactor design equation and on the two reaction pathways. This was used to estimate the yield of products. The models predicted the experimental results fairly accurately. Model discrimination showed that the model based on coke and residue formation from both volatile and non­-volatile fractions of the wood-oil best predicted the experimental results.<p> Hydrocarbon selectivity relations which were based on coke, residue and combined coke and residue as undesired products were also derived. Application of these relations showed that lower temperatures and concentrations were most appropriate for higher hydrocarbon selectivity. However, this was at the expense of higher conversions.

Experimental and kinetic modeling studies were carried out on the conversion a wood-oil obtained from high pressure liquefaction of aspen poplar wood to liquid hydrocarbon fuels and useful chemicals in a fixed bed micro-reactor using HZSM-5 catalyst. Similar experiments were conducted using silicalite, H-mordenite, H-Y and amorphous silica-alumina catalysts. <p> Preliminary vacuum distillation studies showed that the wood-oil was made up of volatile and non-volatile fractions. A maximum yield of 62 wt% volatiles at 200 °C, 172 Pa was obtained. The volatile fraction consisted of over 80 compounds. These compounds were comprised of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, furans, phenols and some hydrocarbons. The characteristics of the oil showed that it was unstable with time, i.e., its physical properties and chemical composition changed with time probably due to the reaction of free radicals or the oxidative coupling of some of the wood-oil components. However, when the oil was mixed with tetralin, the stability improved. <p> Upgrading studies were first conducted over inert berl saddles in the presence and absence of steam (i. e. non-catalytic treatment/blank runs). Yields of hydrocarbons were between 16 and 25 wt% of the wood-oil. High residue fractions of between 32 to 56 wt% were obtained after processing. Some portions of wood-oil formed a carbonaceous material (char or coke) when exposed to the experimental temperatures. The chars (coke) fraction increased with temperature from 4.7 to 12.5 wt% when processing with steam and 8.0 to 20.4 wt% when processing without steam. <p> Catalytic upgrading studies were first carried out using HZSM-5 catalyst in the presence and absence of steam. The results showed that approximately 40 to 65 wt% of the oil could be converted to a hydrocarbon-rich product (i.e. desired organic liquid product (distillate). This contained about 45 to 70 wt% hydrocarbons with selectivities ranging between 0.47 to 0.88. This fraction was highly aromatic in nature and consisted mainly of benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX compounds) and other alkylated benzenes within the gasoline boiling point range. The yield and selectivities were strong functions of the process time and temperature. A comparison between the two processes, i.e. upgrading in the presence and absence of steam, showed that about 30 to 45 % reduction in coke formation and 5 to 18 wt% increase in organic distillate could be achieved when processing in the presence of steam. These changes were probably due to changes in the rates of cracking, deoxygenation, aromatization and polymerization reactions resulting from the competitive adsorption processes between steam and wood-oil molecules in addition to changes in contact time of molecules. However, the selectivity for hyqrocarbons decreased in the presence of steam. <p> Yields of organic distillate fractions of between 72 to 93 wt% and hydrocarbon yields and selectivities of 44 to 51 wt% and 0.93 to 1.13, respectively, were obtained when wood-oil volatile fraction was upgraded over HZSM-5 after separation from the non-volatile fraction by vacuum distillation. <p> The spent HZSM-5 catalyst could be easily regenerated and reused with little change in its performance. <p> The yields and selectivities for hydrocarbons when upgrading with the other catalysts were between 9 and 22 wt%, and 0.12 and 0.29, respectively for silicalite, 16 and 28 wt%, and 0.22 and 0.28, respectively for H-mordenite, 15.5 and 21 wt%, and 0.17 and 0.21, respectively for H-Y and S.5 and 26.2, and 0.13 and 0.36, resrectively for silica-alumina. Compared to HZSM-5 (yield between 34 and 43 wt%, selectivity of 0.66 to O.SS) these yields and selectivities were much lower. These experiments also showed that the pore size, acidity and shape selectivity of the catalyst influenced the distribution of hydrocarbons in terms of the carbon number. The yield and selectivity of H-mordenite and H-Y (large pore zeolites) were mostly for kerosene range hydrocarbons (C_{<font size=2>9</font>} to C_{<font size=2>15</font>}) and for silicalite and HZSM-5 (medium pore zeolites) for gasoline range hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon fraction from amorphous silica-alumina did not show any defined distribution. The performance followed the order: HZSM-5> H-mordenite> H-Y> Silicalite, Silica-alumina.<p> With the aid of model compound reactions involving acetic acid methyl ester, propanoic acid, 4-methylcyclohexanol, methylcyclopentanone, 2-methylcyclopentanone, methoxybenzene, ethoxybenzene, phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, a synthetic and wood-oil volatile, two reaction pathways were proposed to explain the chemical steps through which the final products of upgrading were obtained. Also, reaction pathways were proposed for each chemical group. These experiments showed that the final products were formed probably through cracking, deoxygenation, olefin formation, oligomerization, hydrogen and hydride transfer, cyclization, isomerization, alkylation and polymerization reactions. <p> Rate models were derived based upon the two reaction pathways and the power law rate model. The rates of formation of products followed the general order: Organic distillate> Hydrocarbons> Residue> Coke> Gas >Aqueous Fraction. Estimates of the values of the kinetic parameters showed that the rate constants ranged between 10^{<font size=2>-6</font>} (aqueous fraction) and 1.81 (volatile fraction), activation energies between 6.7-76.0 x 10^{<font size=2> 3</font>} KJ/Kmol and reaction orders from 0.7 (gas formation) to 2.5 (residue formation). Two mathematical models were derived based on the integral reactor design equation and on the two reaction pathways. This was used to estimate the yield of products. The models predicted the experimental results fairly accurately. Model discrimination showed that the model based on coke and residue formation from both volatile and non­-volatile fractions of the wood-oil best predicted the experimental results.<p> Hydrocarbon selectivity relations which were based on coke, residue and combined coke and residue as undesired products were also derived. Application of these relations showed that lower temperatures and concentrations were most appropriate for higher hydrocarbon selectivity. However, this was at the expense of higher conversions.

<p>This thesis investigates the theoretical dimension of fuel transition in developing countries; and assesses the role of socio-cultural factors as determinants of fuel choice at household level. Past research has focused on income as a determining factor for fuel transition, as depicted by the energy ladder model, and the more development oriented energy leapfrogging model. This thesis challenges this notion by providing empirical evidence from Catembe, Mozambique; suggesting that socio-cultural factors are just as important determinants for household energy transition. By applying psycho-anthropologic research techniques, a series of qualitative and quantitative results from 402 households in Catembe, provide a framework for understanding the core factors responsible for household cooking energy choice. It was determined that factors such as taste preferences, cooking practices, local cuisine, kitchen type, gender relations and fuel preferences are culturally determined, and significantly influence on the adoption of modern cooking technologies. To demonstrate the importance for considering such factors, the introduction of an ethanol cook-stove is simulated and evaluated in terms of its applicability to user needs and preferences in Catembe. Results show that despite meeting developmental objectives, the stove falls short in conforming to the culinary traditional of intended beneficiaries.</p>

This thesis investigates the theoretical dimension of fuel transition in developing countries; and assesses the role of socio-cultural factors as determinants of fuel choice at household level. Past research has focused on income as a determining factor for fuel transition, as depicted by the energy ladder model, and the more development oriented energy leapfrogging model. This thesis challenges this notion by providing empirical evidence from Catembe, Mozambique; suggesting that socio-cultural factors are just as important determinants for household energy transition. By applying psycho-anthropologic research techniques, a series of qualitative and quantitative results from 402 households in Catembe, provide a framework for understanding the core factors responsible for household cooking energy choice. It was determined that factors such as taste preferences, cooking practices, local cuisine, kitchen type, gender relations and fuel preferences are culturally determined, and significantly influence on the adoption of modern cooking technologies. To demonstrate the importance for considering such factors, the introduction of an ethanol cook-stove is simulated and evaluated in terms of its applicability to user needs and preferences in Catembe. Results show that despite meeting developmental objectives, the stove falls short in conforming to the culinary traditional of intended beneficiaries.

This study is a part of a poly generation project which will use animal waste or agricultural waste to produce biogas and will provide cooking gas, electricity and arsenic free clean water for drinking in rural areas of Bangladesh.  The study mainly analyzes the cooking and lighting energy demand of households across different income groups in a village named “Pani Para” in the Faridpur district in Bangladesh and also looks at the potential of biogas in the village. It has been done by adopting case study method and conducting a survey in the village using a questionnaire. Fuel mix across different income groups for meeting their cooking and lighting energy needs have also been studied along with socio-economic situation of the villagers and their preferences to change their current cooking fuel utilization patterns. Various scenarios like variation in fuel consumption patterns, priority of income expenditure and access to fuel with income level have been examined. The study also focuses to analyze the awareness of the villagers about biogas technology and their willingness to contribute for the poly generation project along with the willingness of households to pay for embracing change in current cooking and lighting fuels. Biomass potential i.e. cow dung and agricultural waste is also calculated in the surveyed village along with the production of biogas from the available biomass resources. The scenarios to provide the cooking gas, electricity and clean water through biogas poly generation project from the available resources are also investigated. Analysis reveals that the total energy consumption (cooking and lighting) increases with the increase in the income level among the households. Average household cooking and lighting energy demand by low, medium and high income groups is 8492 kWh/yr, 9789 kWh/yr and 14806 kWh/yr respectively. Cooking energy demand and agricultural waste consumption also show an increasing trend with the increase in land holding size. Among the income expenditure priorities food is one of the most important priorities and energy being less important due to availability of biomass at little or no cost. Awareness of biogas technology among the households and willingness to contribute for the poly generation plant shows an increasing trend with the increase in education level. The study shows that there is a positive response of the villagers for being willing to embrace the change in the current cooking patterns as well as welcoming new technologies that could support such a change. It was found that the cow dung resource in the village is not enough to produce sufficient biogas for the poly generation project. With the incorporation of the agricultural waste with the cow dung, biogas production comes quite close to requirement of the poly generation plant but however could not suffice it completely due to the lack of raw material in the studied village. In that case the scenario of providing electricity and clean water to all the villagers and providing all the three facilities to the 2/3rd of households is investigated. 1/3rd of the low income households then could meet their cooking demands by provision of improved cooking stoves as cooking gas could not be provided to them due to limited feedstock. The study shows that despite of the fact that cooking and lighting energy needs increase with income but there is not much variation in the fuel mix and almost everyone in the village rely on biomass to meet their energy demand. It is because there is very limited access to the modern fuel for cooking and no electricity access in the village, so the households have to rely on the traditional fuels. / <p>KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Energy Technology, Division of Energy and Climate studies</p>

Increased amounts of available biomass residues from agricultural food production are present widely around the globe. These biomass residues can find essential applications as bioenergy feedstock and precursors to produce value-added materials. This study assessed the production of biogenic silica (SiO2) from different biomass residues in Africa, including cornhusk, corncob, yam peelings, cassava peelings and coconut husks. Two processes were performed to synthesize the biogenic silica. First, the biomass fuels were chemically pre-treated with 1 and 5% w/v citric acid solutions. In the second stage, combustion at 600 °C for 2 h in a muffle oven was applied. The characterization of the untreated biomasses was conducted using Inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting ashes from the combustion step were subjected to ICP, nitrogen physisorption, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD). ICP results revealed that the SiO2 content in the ashes varies between 42.2 to 81.5 wt.% db and 53.4 to 90.8 wt.% db after acidic pre-treatment with 1 and 5 w/v% acid, respectively. The relative reductions of K2O by the citric acid in yam peel was the lowest (79 wt.% db) in comparison to 92, 97, 98 and 97 wt.% db calculated for corncob, cassava peel, coconut husk and cornhusk, respectively. XRD analysis revealed dominant crystalline phases of arcanite (K2SO4), sylvite (KCl) and calcite (CaCO3) in ashes of the biomass fuels pre-treated with 1 w/v% citric acid due to potassium and calcium ions present. In comparison, the 5 w/v% citric acid pre-treatment produced amorphous, biogenic silica with specific surface areas of up to 91 m2/g and pore volumes up to 0.21 cm3/g. The examined biomass residues are common wastes from food production in Africa without competition in usage with focus application. Our studies have highlighted a significant end-value to these wastes by the extraction of high quality, amorphous silica, which can be considered in applications such as catalyst support, construction material, concrete and backing material.

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has reached epidemic proportions in South Africa. The availability of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) prolongs life in HIV-infected persons, who may subsequently present with chronic manifestations of HIV-infection. The respiratory morbidity attendant to HIV-infection, even in the presence of HAART is high, the aftermath of which is lung tissue destruction and bronchiectasis. As a consequence of the political decision not to offer HAART to HIV-infected children, a number of children in South Africa have been left with severe consequences of uncontrolled HIV-infection. Bronchiectasis is one of those and because children with this devastating condition were numerous in the Pretoria region, the author and her colleagues began a Chronic Lung Disease Clinic in that region. This prompted the idea of investigating both the epidemiological profiles of these children and an attempt to intervene with both standard bronchiectasis guideline care and the use of a form of therapy commonly employed in other forms of bronchiectasis. This thesis explores those ideas. Important new and novel findings that were consequent were; that bronchiectasis is diagnosed late in HIV-infected children at a mean age of 6.9 years. The predominant organisms cultured from the airways are Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae in 49% of samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), common in cystic fibrosis (CF)-bronchiectasis is an uncommon pathogen in HIV-related bronchiectasis; isolated in only 2% of specimens. Tuberculosis (TB), at least as reported, is a significant antecedent of bronchiectasis, reported in 48.5%of children. A further 21.2% of the patients had received more than two courses of anti-TB treatment. However, proof of TB infection has been lacking. Respiratory morbidity is significant with the mean forced expiratory flow in one second (FEV1) of 53%, in this cohort at the time of presentation. Thirty-six percent of all children were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, although this was not correlated with disease severity or HIVdisease progression. There is elevation of immunoglobulins in HIV-related bronchiectasis, with a mean IgE of 79 kU/l. This was not, though, associated with HIV disease progression as previously described in adult studies, nor with the presence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The elevation in IgE was also not associated with an elevation of T helper-2 mediated cytokines, confirming the lack of association with atopy. The predominant cytokine, identified is interleukin (IL)-8, both systemically and locally (in airway secretions). There was elevation of other T helper-1 driven cytokines, reflecting an ability to mediate adequate inflammatory responses, which was independent of the level of immunosuppression. With the presence of HAART, there was a decline in the pro-inflammatory cytokines over time, which may be attributed to the ongoing effect of HAART that ties in to, or goes beyond the restoration of T cell numbers. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM), an innate immune marker, is elevated in children with HIV-related bronchiectasis when compared to a control group of children with cystic fibrosis-related bronchiectasis. sTREM is not associated with the presence of exacerbations and the level of immunosuppression. The use of an anti-inflammatory drug erythromycin also did not impact the sTREM values. There was also no relationship between sTREM and pro and antiinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) could not reliably predict the presence of pulmonary exacerbations. Its diagnostic value was limited to identifying disease activity in acute pneumonia. 18F-FDG PET also had no significant correlation with CRP, inflammatory cytokines or markers of HIV disease activity. In a randomised controlled trial of erythromycin, a cost-effective immunomodulatory drug, compared to placebo, erythromycin was ineffective in reducing the number of pulmonary exacerbations. Erythromycin also failed to demonstrate any effect on systemic and local pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. With access to anti-retroviral therapy, airway clearance, nutritional rehabilitation and vigilant follow up there was an improvement in pulmonary function parameters and stability of the degree of bronchiectasis that we propose is probably in keeping with an organ system disease modifying effect that may be, an as yet, undefined and undescribed byproduct of HAART. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Paediatrics and Child Health / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5317.pdf: 4354756 bytes, checksum: c3428f42cdc8f5cda6298342a6938dab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-19 / In light of the scientific evidence for global warming, the United Nations established the Framework Convention on Climate Change and defined the Kyoto Protocol that provided opportunities for sustainable social and economic development. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the protocols applicable to developing countries such as Brazil. Opportunities for industries to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be led by thermal energy integration studies. In addition, sustainable processes can result in energy savings as well as help to mitigate GHG emissions. This work presents a study of heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis in order to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions, and the benefits are evaluated in terms of energy savings and carbon credits for CDM projects. It was proposed to two case studies using HEN data from literature, one concerns burning fossil fuels, and other one was evaluated the bagasse combustion. Both studies were applied the Aspen Energy Analyzer® software and its performance of the design of the HEN employed the Automatic Retrofit and Automatic Recommend Designs features were evaluated too. GHG emissions were mitigated; the first case confirmed that the carbon credits improve Capital Expenditure Index, returning 13% less in payback depending on fossil fuel price. The second case presents a maximum value of reduction of 26.2% burning bagasse, 7.7% GHG emissions, 30% increase power generation, together with 19,411 carbon credits per year. / Em virtude da constatação inequívoca do aquecimento global, foi estabelecida pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) a Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima. No seu âmbito, foi criado o Protocolo de Quioto, que define mecanismos que enquadram responsabilidades e obrigações, abrindo oportunidades de desenvolvimento social e econômico sustentável. Um dos mecanismos estabelecido é o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), o único aplicável a países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Assim, no âmbito industrial existem várias oportunidades de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) aliados a trabalhos de integração energética. Além do comprometimento sustentável, é possível obter cenários economicamente viáveis devido à redução de energia associada à mitigação das emissões de GEE. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a síntese de rede de trocadores de calor (RTC) na redução do consumo de utilidades e de emissões de GEE, além de contabilizar os benefícios gerados na economia de combustíveis e a obtenção de créditos de carbono ligados a projetos que promovem o desenvolvimento limpo. Foram realizados dois estudos de casos com os dados da RTC obtidos da literatura, um referente à queima de combustíveis fósseis e outro referente à combustão do bagaço. Em ambos os estudos foi utilizado o software Aspen Energy Analyzer®, tendo como opções as ferramentas Automatic Retrofit e Automatic Recommend Designs, sendo estas avaliadas quanto ao seu desempenho na otimização da RTC. Foram mitigadas as emissões dos GEE, sendo que o primeiro caso foi comprovado que os créditos de carbono promovem um retorno financeiro mais rápido de até 13% dependendo do combustível fóssil e no segundo foi obtida uma redução de até 26,2% da queima do bagaço, 7,7% das emissões de GEE, geração extra de energia elétrica de até 30% e crédito de carbono de até 19.411 t CO2 ao ano.