Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-100).

Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar parâmetros biomecânicos durante a saída de velocidade por meio da análise da força de reação do solo nas direções horizontal e vertical, o impulso resultante das forças de reação nas duas direções, o tempo de reação (agilidade) e a velocidade média em um determinado percurso em crianças praticantes e não praticantes de futebol de campo. A amostra foi constituída de 22 indivíduos com idades compreendidas entre 13 e 14 anos distribuídos em 2 grupos: G1, que foi considerado o grupo não praticante e G2, o grupo praticante de futebol de campo há mais de um ano. As medidas antropométricas utilizadas foram: a altura, o peso e o índice de massa corpórea (IMC). Os procedimentos estatísticos incluíram a média aritmética, o desvio padrão e o teste "t" de student com as duas amostras em par para média. Foi aceito um nível de significância de 5%. O programa estatístico utilizado foi o Biostat 4.0. Os resultados estatísticos demonstraram que o G2 obteve significativa relevância para a velocidade média no percurso em relação ao G1. Em contrapartida, para os demais parâmetros analisados, não apresentaram significância estatística. Conclusões: a) as plataformas desenvolvidas foram eficazes para a coleta de dados do estudo em questão; b) a velocidade média foi um parâmetro que apresentou significância estatística, como demonstrados nos estudos anteriores; c) os parâmetros de tempo de reação, força de reação horizontal e vertical e impulso resultante não apresentaram significância estatística, provavelmente pelo número pequeno da amostra e pela falta de um questionário específico para verificar se a criança é ativa ou não. Novas pesquisas deverão ser propostas para um posterior aperfeiçoamento dos resultados apresentados por esta pesquisa. / Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the biomechanical parameters during exit of speed by examining the strength of reaction soil in horizontal and vertical directions, the resulting movement of the forces of reaction in both directions, the time of reaction and average speed (agility), a route specializing in children practitioners and non-practitioners of soccer. The sample was composed of 22 individuals aged between 13 and 14 years divided into 2 groups: G1, who was considered the group not practitioners and G2, group of practitioners football field for over a year. The anthropometric measurements were used: the height, weight and body mass index (BMI). The statistical procedures included the arithmetic mean, standard deviation and the test "t" of student with the two samples in addition to average. It accepted a level of significance of 5%. The statistical program used was the Biostat 4.0. The statistical results showed that G2 received significant relevance for the average speed on the route on G1. In contrast, for all parameters analyzed, not statiscally significant. Conclusions: a) the developed platforms were effective for the collection of data from the study in question, b) the average speed was a parameter that presented statistical significance, as demonstrated in previous studies c) the parameters of the time of reaction , strength of reaction horizontal and vertical and impetus resulting, did not show statistical significance, probably by the small number of sample and the lack of a specific questionnaire to determine if the child is active or not. New research should be proposals for a further improvement of the results presented in this survey. / Orientador: Araildo Lima da Silva / Coorientador: José Geraldo Trani Brandão / Banca: Tamotsu Hirata / Banca: Luiz Alberto Batista / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_rhs_me_guara.pdf: 1620956 bytes, checksum: e70dbaf4dfb1c01921ef51fc17d1cb18 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fios ortodônticos são fabricados com uma série de materiais como aço inoxidável, metais, cerâmicas e polímeros. No meio bucal, eles estão sujeitos a fluídos corrosivos e variação de pH podendo levar a liberação de íons níquel nos tecidos e fluídos corpóreos. Neste estudo in vitro, filmes de carbono amorfo hidrogenado A-C:H foram depositados em fios ortodônticos empregando a técnica de PECVD para inibir a liberação de íons. O arranjo estrutural dos fios foi estudado a partir de Espectroscopia Raman e a molhabilidade avaliada medindo-se o ângulo de contato da superfície. Para avaliar a liberação de íons, os arcos ortodônticos (com e sem filme) foram montados em modelos confeccionados com resina e imersos em solução fisiológica a 37°C por 30 dias. Durante o tempo de imersão as amostras foram lavadas e/ou imersas em colutórios diariamente. Espectrofotometria de absorção atômica foi usada para medir a liberação de elementos a partir de amostras. Os resultados mostraram que o revestimento previne a liberação de Ni dos fios. O tratamento de superfície alterou o comportamento mecânico dos fios avaliados / Orthodontics wires are made from a variety of metals such as stainless steel, metals, ceramics and polymers. In oral environment, they are subjected to aggressive fluids and pH variation that can lead to nickel ions releasing to body tissues and fluids. In this in vitro study, A:C-H films were deposited on orthodontics wires by radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) from inhibited nickel ions release. The structural arrangement of films was probed by Raman spectroscopy and contact angle measurements were carried out in order to evaluate the wettability of surface. To evaluate ions release, orthodontics wires (coated and uncoated) were mounted in resin mould and immersed inn physiological serum for 30 days at 37°C. During the immersion time the samples were brushed and/or immersed in mouthwashes daily. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure the release of elements from the samples in solution. Results showed that the coating prevents Ni release of orthodontics wires. Surface treatment change mechanical properties of orthodontics wires

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 resende_fls_me_guara.pdf: 781042 bytes, checksum: 90a752d449437b2098cb5b1a50b2cae7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a distribuição das cargas no sistema cadeira plataforma de força (C-PF) e verificar se há correlação entre as forças medidas no assento e encosto, na postura sentada adequada. Participaram 38 voluntários, classificados pelo biótipo (32 mulheres e 6 homens): idade média de 43,92 anos, estatura média de 1,60 m e peso corporal médio de 65,10 kgf. Uma cadeira, com células de carga nas partes anterior e posterior do assento e no encosto, e uma plataforma de força mediram a distribuição do peso corporal. Estabeleceram-se várias correlações entre as variáveis (peso corporal, altura, idade, e índice de massa corporal) e as cargas medidas e entre as próprias forças adquiridas. Uma das correlações determinou uma relação entre a força total no assento e a força medida no encosto. A distribuição do peso corporal observada foi: 20,04% na plataforma de força; 45,33% e 30,43%, nas partes anterior e posterior do assento, respectivamente; e 4,20% no encosto. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas na comparação das médias dos valores da distribuição do peso corporal tanto entre os sexos como entre os biótipos. Porém, como há diferenças na forma corporal de acordo com os sexos e com os biótipos, houve certa diferença nos valores das forças medidas, no sistema C-PF. / The aim of this study was to study the load distribution in chair-force plate system (CFP) and to verify if there is correlation between measured seat and backrest forces in the adequate sitting posture. 38 volunteers participated of the study, classifieds according to physical types (32 female and 6 male): mean age of 43,92 years old, mean height of 1,60 m and mean body weight of 65,10 kgf. An instrumented office chair with load cells in the anterior and posterior portions of the seat and backrest and a force plate were used to measure the forces and body weight distribution in C-FP system. This study was established many correlations among some variables (body weight, height, age and body mass index) and the measured loads and among the acquired forces. One of these correlations determined a relation among total force measured on seat and acquired force on lumbar backrest. The body weight distribution observed in the C-FP system was: 20,04% in the force plate, 45,33% and 30,43% in the anterior and posterior portions of the seat respectively, and 4,20% in the backrest. There were no statistics significant differences in comparison of values weight distribution averages as between gender as between physical patterns. But, there are some differences in the body shape according to gender and physical patterns, it there was some difference in the values of acquired forces in the C-FP system.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-25Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000807287.pdf: 653649 bytes, checksum: 86f360131853a430d43838283923d6a1 (MD5) / Os objetivos deste estudo foram construir uma plataforma de força capaz de simular várias alturas de salto do calçado, analisar a distribuição de percentual de peso aplicado em antepés e retropés e a angulação da coluna lombar e báscula pélvica em três alturas de salto, sendo elas: 1,70 cm, 5,20 cm e 7,92 cm. Participaram deste estudo 20 voluntárias com média de idade de 20,4 (2,7), IMC 21,4 (2,1) e número do calçado 36,3 (1,2). Segundo os resultados observados, quanto maior a altura do salto utilizado, maior é também o percentual de peso aplicado sobre antepés e menor é o percentual de peso aplicado sobre os retropés. Na altura de salto de 1,70 cm, a média obtida do percentual de peso aplicado em antepés não diferiu da média encontrada por Cavanagh (1987). Concluiu-se, então, que com altura de salto de 1,70 cm não ocorre sobrecarga na região plantar de antepés. Na análise da angulação da coluna lombar, encontrou-se que o aumento da altura do salto está associado ao aumento da lordose lombar, de forma que os valores da angulação lombar mostraram-se diferentes e menores com o aumento da altura do salto. Na análise da angulação da báscula pélvica não foram encontradas alterações significativas / The objectives of this study were to build a force platform able to simulate various heel heights of shoes, to analyze the distribution of percentage of weight applied on forefeet and hindfeet and the angulation of the lumbar spine and pelvis in three heel heights, namely: 1.70 cm, 5.20 cm and 7.92 cm. The study included 20 volunteers with a mean age of 20.4 (2.7), BMI 21.4 (2.1) and shoe size 7.5 (1.2). According to the observed results, the higher the heel height used, the largest the percentage of weight applied on forefeet and the lower the percentage of weight applied on hindfeet. In heel height of 1.70 cm, the mean obtained from the percentage of weight applied on forefeet did not differ from the mean found by Cavanagh (1987). Then, it was concluded that there is no overload on the plantar region of forefeet with heel height of 1.70 cm. In the analysis of the angulation of the lumbar spine, it was found that the increase in height of the heel is associated with an increase in lumbar lordosis, so that the lumbar angle values were different and smaller by increasing the heel height. In the analysis of the angulation of the pelvis no significant changes were found

abstract: The bony pelvis is a pivotal component of the locomotor system, as it links the hindlimb with the trunk and serves as anchorage for the primary propulsive musculature. Its shape is therefore expected to be adapted to the biomechanical demands of habitual locomotor behavior. However, because the relationship between locomotor mechanics and pelvic morphology is not well understood, the adaptive significance of particular pelvic traits and overall pelvic shape remains unclear. This study used an integrative, dual approach to elucidate the relationship between form and function in the primate pelvis. A biomechanical cylinder model of pelvic stress resistance was tested using in vitro strain analysis of monkey and ape cadaver specimens. These results were used to refine adaptive hypotheses relating pelvic form to locomotor mechanics. Hypotheses of adaptation were then tested via univariate and geometric morphometric methods using a taxonomically broad, comparative sample of 67 primate taxa. These results suggest that the pelvis exhibits some iliac and ischial adaptations to stress resistance that are associated with the biomechanical demands of habitual locomotor loading and of body size. The ilium and ischium exhibit relatively low levels of strain during experimental loading as well as adaptations that increase strength. The pubis exhibits relatively high strains during loading and does not vary as predicted with locomotion. This integrated study clarifies the relationship between strain and adaptation; these results support the hypothesis that bones adapted to stress resistance exhibit low strains during typical loading. In general, the cylinder model of pelvic biomechanics is unsupported. While the predictions of loading regimes were generally rejected, the inability of these methods to test the possible occurrence of overlapping loading regimes precludes outright rejection of the cylinder model. However, the lack of support for predicted global responses to applied loading regimes suggests that pelvic stress resistance may be better explained by a model that accounts for local, functional subunits of pelvic structure. The coalescence of a localized model of pelvic biomechanics and comparative morphometrics has great potential to shed light on the evolution of the complex, multi-functional structure of the pelvis. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2010

Table tennis playing involves complex spatial movement of the racket and human body. It takes much effort for the novice players to better mimic expert players. The evaluation of motion patterns during table tennis training, which is usually achieved by coaches, is important for novice trainees to improve faster. However, traditional coaching relies heavily on coaches qualitative observation and subjective evaluation. While past literature shows considerable potential in applying biomechanical analysis and classification for motion pattern assessment to improve novice table tennis players, little published work was found on table tennis biomechanics. To attempt to overcome the problems and fill the gaps, this research aims to quantify the movement of table tennis strokes, to identify the motion pattern differences between experts and novices, and to develop a model for automatic evaluation of the motion quality for an individual. Firstly, a novel method for comprehensive quantification and measurement of the kinematic motion of racket and human body is proposed. In addition, a novel method based on racket centre velocity profile is proposed to segment and normalize the motion data. Secondly, a controlled experiment was conducted to collect motion data of expert and novice players during forehand strokes. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the motion differences between the expert and the novice groups. The experts exhibited significantly different motion patterns with faster racket centre velocity and smaller racket plane angle, different standing posture and joint angular velocity, etc. Lastly, a support vector machine (SVM) classification technique was employed to build a model for motion pattern evaluation. The model development was based on experimental data with different feature selection methods and SVM kernels to achieve the best performance (F1 score) through cross-validated and Nelder-Mead method. Results showed that the SVM classification model exhibited good performance with an average model performance above 90% in distinguishing the stroke motion between expert and novice players. This research helps to better understand the biomechanical mechanisms of table tennis strokes, which will ultimately aid the improvement of novice players. The phase segmentation and normalization methods for table tennis strokes are novel, unambiguous and straightforward to apply. The quantitative comparison identified the comprehensive differences in motion between experts and novice players for racket and human body in continuous phase time, which is a novel contribution. The proposed classification model shows potential in the application of SVM to table tennis biomechanics and can be exploited for automatic coaching.

The objective of the present research was to establish the biomechanical, physiological and perceptual responses of male operators to dynamic pushing tasks. The pushing tasks were performed using an industrial pallet jack with varying load/frequency combinations, in a controlled laboratory environment. Thirty healthy male subjects comprised the sample. Experimental procedures were conducted utilising the Chatillon ™ Dynamometer to measure force output in the initial, sustained and ending phases. The K4b2 Ergospirometer was used to assess physiological responses (heart rate and oxygen consumption [V02])' Nine recorded forces and nine experimental conditions formed the basis of this study, with subjects required to push three loads (200kg, 350kg, 500kg) at three frequencies (1120 sec, 1/40 sec, 1/60 sec) at a speed of 3.6km.h-1 over 14 metres on a co-efficient of friction controlled walkway for six minutes. Gait analysis, along with perceptions of exertion (,Central ' and 'Local' RPE) were collected during the third and sixth minutes of each condition . Body discomfort and contribution were identified upon completion of each condition. The results demonstrated that load and frequency interacted to influence responses within each domain. Increasing loads required increased force output during each stage of the push, which had a concomitant effect on physiological and perceptual responses. Significant differences arose between the initial, sustained and ending forces for each load, showing the direct relationship between load and force exertion. The combination of heaviest load/quickest frequency required the greatest physiological output, exceeding recommended guidelines for heart rate, V02 and energy expenditure responses. Intermediate combinations required moderate and acceptable energy cost. Linear relationships were established between heart rate and oxygen consumption , as well as between load and V02 , thus providing industrial practitioners an opportunity to evaluate task demands in situ. The combination of high forces and elevated physiological responses increased the subjective rating of the condition. The results emphasise the need to holistically consider all contributing factors in a dynamic pushing task. Dynamic pushing tasks place biomechanical, physiological and perceptual demands on the human operator, which must be minimised in order to ensure that this form of manual materials handling becomes sustainable in the long term.

Submitted by WELLINGTON DE LIMA NOGUEIRA null (wellnogue@gmail.com) on 2018-09-11T13:34:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Wellington.pdf: 1914218 bytes, checksum: 7a8dd3c4b8a4953eeee744de302ddbbe (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Rimoli de Oliveira null (anapaula@foa.unesp.br), reason: Favor incluir ficha catalográfica. on 2018-09-11T14:45:28Z (GMT) / Submitted by WELLINGTON DE LIMA NOGUEIRA null (wellnogue@gmail.com) on 2018-09-11T14:53:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Mestrado.pdf: 1866035 bytes, checksum: 7e039256c516a5a862aad1f7ea929f86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Rimoli de Oliveira null (anapaula@foa.unesp.br) on 2018-09-11T17:23:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_wl_me_araca_int.pdf: 1866035 bytes, checksum: 7e039256c516a5a862aad1f7ea929f86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T17:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_wl_me_araca_int.pdf: 1866035 bytes, checksum: 7e039256c516a5a862aad1f7ea929f86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-05 / Outra / O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os resultados de rigidez do ensaio mecânico de compressão axial com a rigidez da análise por elementos Finitos (FEA), gerar modelos biomecânicos que apresentem com precisão a geometria tridimensional do osso e realizar análise pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos propondo uma metodologia para a simulação computacional mecânica de estruturas ósseas de peças de fêmures e tíbias de coelhos cadáveres. Previamente ao ensaio mecânico de compressão, fez-se uma análise mecânica da estrutura óssea, reconstruindo 20 modelos a partir de tomografia computadorizada utilizando o software de processamento de imagem ScanIP. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise mecânica de rigidez da estrutura óssea simulada pelo método dos elementos finitos 3D no software Ansys. Após construção da malha de elementos finitos, ensaios mecânicos de compressão axial foram realizados nas amostras e seus resultados de rigidez foram então comparados com os resultados de rigidez do modelo biomecânico. Nessa comparação o menor desvio apresentado foi de 0,02% e o maior desvio foi de 8,68%. A diferença entre a média da rigidez extrínseca dos ensaios foi de 1,07%. A média dos resultados para a rigidez intrínseca dos modelos biomecânicos obtidas do pós processamento foi 25258,63 N⁄mm. Concluiu-se que o uso dessa metodologia nos permitiu uma validação experimental do método dos elementos finitos aplicados à biomecânica das amostras testadas. Além disso, foi possível predizer o comportamento do osso visto que a precisão da análise é melhor quanto mais o modelo biomecânico se aproxima da estrutura real. / The aim of this study was to compare the stiffness results of the axial compression mechanical test with the FEA stiffness, to generate biomechanical models that accurately present the three- dimensional bone geometry and to perform analysis by the Finite Element Method proposing a methodology for the mechanical computational simulation of bony structures using parts of femurs and tibiae from rabbits that were healthy. Prior to mechanical compression testing, it was made a mechanical analysis of the bone structure, rebuilding 20 models from computed tomography using image processing software ScanIP. Then, it was performed mechanical analysis of stiffness of the simulated bone structure by the 3D finite element method in Ansys software. After finite element mesh construction, axial compression tests were performed on the samples and their stiffness results were compared with the stiffness results of the biomechanical model. In this comparison, the lowest deviation was 0,02% and the highest deviation was 8,68%. The difference between the mean extrinsic stiffness of the tests was 1.07%. The average of the results for the intrinsic rigidity of the biomechanical models obtained from the post-processing was 25258,63 N⁄mm. It was concluded that the use of this methodology enabled experimental validation of finite element method applied to biomechanics. Moreover, it was possible to predict the behavior of the bone because the accuracy of the analysis is better the more the biomechanical model approaches the actual structure.

Orientador: Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz / Coorientador: Amanda Piaia Silvatti / Banca: Adalgiza Souza Carneiro de Rezende / Banca: Rogerio Abdallah Curi / Banca: Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi / Banca: Paulo Aléscio Canola / Resumo: Considerando a importância nacional da raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM) e sua crescente internacionalização, estudos que avaliam diferentes aspectos de seus andamentos singulares, marcha batida (MB) e marcha picada (MP), são necessários. Os objetivos desse estudo foram descrever e comparar as variáveis cinemáticas (VCine) da MB e da MP e verificar associações entre as medidas morfométricas e as VCine de equinos da raça MM; avaliar a influência do alelo mutante do DMRT3 em homozigose (AA) ou heterozigose (AC) no padrão de movimento da MP; identificar, por meio de estudo amplo de associação do genoma (GWAS), polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) e regiões genômicas que contenham possíveis genes responsáveis pelo fenótipo da MB na raça MM. Para análise cinemática, dezoito câmeras optoeletrônicas (240 Hz) foram posicionadas para a aquisição dos dados tridimensionais de três marcadores retrorreflexivos fixados no casco. Determinou-se duração, comprimento, frequência e velocidade de cada passada; dissociação relativa diagonal de decolagem e de apoio; e distribuição do tempo da passada em cada tipo de apoio (quadrupedal, tríplice, bipedal, monopedal e suspensão). Quarenta e oito cavalos pertencentes aos dois grupos de andamentos distintos: MP com genótipo AA e AC do SNP 22999655C>A (n=20) e MB com genótipo CC (n=28) foram analisados por meio do Equine SNP70 BeadChip e em seguida realizado GWAS. Para caracterização cinemática dos andamentos, os dados foram submetidos à analise desc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the national significance of the Mangalarga Marchador (MM) breed and its increasing internationalization, studies that evaluate different aspects of their singular gaits, marcha batida (MB) and marcha picada (MP) are necessary. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the kinematic variables (VCine) of MB and MP and to verify associations between the morphometric measurements and the VCine of MM horses; to evaluate the influence of the mutant allele of DMRT3 on homozygous (AA) or heterozygosis (AC) in the MP movement pattern; to identify, through genome-wide association study (GWAS), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genomic regions containing possible genes responsible for the phenotype of the MB in MM breed. For kinematic analysis, eighteen optoelectronic cameras (240 Hz) were positioned to acquire the three-dimensional data of three retroreflective markers fixed to the hooves. Duration, length, frequency and speed of each stride; diagonal advanced placement and lift-off and support phases (quadrupedal, tripedal, bipedal, Monopedal and suspension) were determined. Fortyeight horses belonging to the two gait groups, MP with AA and AC genotypes of the 22999655C>A SNP (n = 20) and MB with CC genotype (n = 28), were analyzed using the Equine SNP70 BeadChip and then performed GWAS. For kinematic characterization of the gaits, the data were submitted to descriptive analysis. For comparison between females and males, and for comparison between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor